罗哌卡因与布比卡因心脏毒性研究进展

本文综述了布比卡因和罗哌卡因心脏毒性程度的比较研究，心脏毒性的机理以及影响布比卡因心脏毒性的因素。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因心脏毒性研究进展

本文综述了布比卡因和罗哌卡因心脏毒性程度的比较研究、心脏毒性的机理以及影响布比卡因心脏毒性的因素。     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于老龄患者下肢手术麻醉中的对比研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨在老龄患者下肢手术的麻醉中等效剂量罗哌卡因和布比卡因麻醉效果以及对手术的影响。方法 选择拟行股骨颈骨折手术老龄患者50例,随机分为罗哌卡因组(R组)和布比卡因组(B组)。两组均采用腰硬联合麻醉(CSEA),分别给予0.5%罗哌卡因2.5 mL和0.5%布比卡因2.5 mL注入蛛网膜下腔。术中麻醉效应不足时硬膜外给予2%利多卡因。术中监测呼吸循环状况,评估麻醉效果,并观察不良反应。结果 两组麻醉效果,最高阻滞平面及不良反应的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组的血压下降更加明显(P<0.05),R组下肢感觉阻滞起效更慢,持续时间更短(P<0.05),下肢运动阻滞程度显著低于B组(P<0.05)。结论 罗哌卡因和布比卡因在老龄患者下肢手术的腰硬联合麻醉都有效,罗哌卡因对循环系统影响更小,运动神经阻滞更轻且恢复迅速,更适合老龄患者下肢手术麻醉中的应用。     

0.1%罗哌卡因与0.1%布比卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛

罗哌卡因是一种新型长效酰胺类局麻药 ,其化学结构与布比卡因相似 ,但对中枢神经及心血管毒性明显低于布比卡因[1] 。低浓度时 ,罗哌卡因对感觉和运动神经可呈分离阻滞[2 ] 。本研究拟观察小剂量罗哌卡因合并芬太尼硬膜外持续输注进行分娩镇痛的临床效果 ,并与相同浓度的布比卡因进行比较。资料与方法采用随机、双盲、对照、平行试验。对自愿接受无痛分娩的 6 0例名足月初产妇 ,年龄 2 1～ 31岁 ,ＡＳＡ分级 1～ 2级 ,随机分为 (1)试验组 :罗哌卡因组 (Ｒ组 )和 (2 )对照组 :布比卡因组 (Ｂ组 )。Ｒ组 ,负荷剂量 :罗哌卡因 10ｍｇ 0 1ｍｇ…     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因对新生大鼠心室肌细胞钠通道电流的影响

罗哌卡因是一种长效的酰胺类局麻药,与布比卡因相比具有心脏毒性小、运动和感觉阻滞更为分离的特点,因而广泛应用于产科麻醉和分娩镇痛。目前有关其心脏毒性的研究结果大多来源于成年人或成年动物,对胎儿及新生儿的心脏毒性如何尚无定论。本研究拟比较不同浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因对新生大鼠心室肌细胞钠通道电流的影响,为     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因在分娩镇痛中应用效果比较

目的:对比低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于分娩镇痛的效果。方法:取条件相同能经阴道分娩的ASA分级Ⅰ 级足月妊娠产妇30例,随机分为A、B两组,A组为0.1％罗哌卡因+3ug·ml-1芬太尼组,B组为0.1％的布比卡因+3ug·ml-1芬太尼组。采用双盲法进行视觉摸拟疼痛评分(VAS)和下肢运动神经阻滞评分(MBS)。记录产程、生命体征、分娩方式和新生儿Apgar评分。结果:两组产妇分娩镇痛效果良好且无显著性差异(P>0.05)。MBS评分A组15例(100％)均为6分,所有产妇均能下床行走和自主排尿,而B组仅10例(67％)为6分,即67％的产妇能下床行走和自主排尿,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。比较两组产程、新生儿Apgar评分均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:低浓度罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛效果优于等浓度布比卡因。     

低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的 对比低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因自控硬膜外分娩镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）的效果。方法 ５２例单胎初产妇随机分为０．１％罗哌卡因－芬太尼组和０．０７５％布比卡因－芬太尼组。采取双盲法进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（ＶＡＳ）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（ＭＢＳ）。记录产程时间、生产方式、胎儿心率（ＦＨＲ）及新生儿ＳｐＯ２。结果 两组产妇分娩镇痛效果良好且无显著性差别（Ｐ〉０．０５）。罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组中无运动神经阻滞者分     

上胸段硬膜外麻醉罗哌卡因和布比卡因的量效关系及效价比

目的探讨以罗哌卡因和布比卡因行上胸段硬膜外麻醉的半数有效浓度(EC50)、95%有效浓度(EC95)和最佳有效浓度及其效价比.方法选择拟施上胸段硬膜外麻醉ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级乳腺癌根治术病人197例,分为罗哌卡因组122例(R组)、布比卡因组75例(B组).观察血压、心率、脉搏血氧饱和度,测定血气、麻醉平面,评价镇痛效果.结果罗哌卡因和布比卡因的EC50分别为0.10%和0.09%,其效价比为10.9;EC95 R组为0.14%,B组为0.12%,其效价比为10.86;最佳浓度R组为0.17%～0.18%,B组为0.14%～0.15%,其效价比为10.78;剂量分别为0.8～1.0 mg/kg和0.75～0.85mg/kg.结论上胸段硬膜外麻醉采用罗哌卡因和布比卡因的EC50和EC95麻醉时只对部分患者有效,而采用罗哌卡因和布比卡因的最佳浓度和剂量可获得镇痛完善、足够的阻滞平面和副作用最小的疗效.两药的效价比与浓度成正相关.     

0.75%和0.5%罗哌卡因与0.5%布比卡因应用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床比较

目的 观察罗哌卡因应用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果。方法 选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级上肢手术病人30例,随机分为三组,每组10例。分别以0.75％罗哌卡因、0.5％罗哌卡因和0.5％布比卡因采用肌间沟法进行臂丛神经阻滞,注入量20ml。分别记录病人感觉阻滞和运用阻滞的起效时间,峰值时间(达到完全阻滞可以开始手术的时间),追加阻滞药物的比率,术中病人对阿片类药物的需要,病人的满意程度等指标。对比各组间的各项指标。结果 两组罗哌卡因与0.5％布比卡因比较在注射10、15、20 min后达到完全的感觉和运动阻滞的比率较高(P<0.01)。罗哌卡因组的平均峰值时间明显短于布比卡因组(R50=16.3±3.16min,R75=14.6±3.33min,B=22.4±4.17 min,P<0.05)。根据病人术中对阿片类药的需要和全部病人的满意程度,认为罗哌卡因有较高的麻醉质量(P<0.05)。其他各项指标无显著差异。结论 罗哌卡因在臂丛神经阻滞中出现了较布比卡因平均峰值时间短、阻滞完善的优越性。在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中应该使用0.5％的罗哌卡因。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于硬膜外阻滞麻醉效果的Meta分析

目的 评价罗哌卡因在硬膜外阻滞麻醉应用中的效果与安全性. 方法 检索PubMed、中国学术期刊全文等数据库中罗哌卡因与布比卡因在硬膜外阻滞麻醉的对比研究,利用Meta分析专用软件RevMan 5.0进行系统评价,重点分析罗哌卡因与布比卡因在感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞恢复时间以及低血压发生率间的差异. 结果 12项研究纳入Meta分析,其中罗哌卡因组362例,布比卡因组377例.罗哌卡因与布比卡因比较,具有较短的感觉阻滞起效时间(Z=2.24,P=0.02,I2=20.5％,P＞0.05),与运动阻滞恢复时间(Z=5.70,P＜0.01,I2=58.9％,P＞0.05),但两者低血压发生率差别无统计学意义(Z=1.06,P＞0.05,I22=0,P＞0.05).结论 罗哌卡因麻醉效果确切,运动阻滞恢复快,具有较高的硬膜外阻滞麻醉优越性.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.