发育期小鼠肾脏的细胞凋亡

目的研究小鼠肾脏在发育过程中细胞凋亡的变化规律。方法选择不同胚龄和出生后小鼠肾脏做常规光镜标本,进行原位末端标记法（TUNEL）染色后通过光镜、荧光显微镜进行观察。结果胚龄12d小鼠肾脏输尿管芽中可见细胞凋亡,皮质中的肾小体凋亡高峰出现在胚龄18d,而肾小管、髓放线以及髓质的凋亡高峰均出现在生后7d。结论凋亡现象在后肾开始形成时就存在,与输尿管芽的改建有关;生肾区的细胞凋亡主要与肾小体的完善有关;髓质中的细胞凋亡则与肾小管和集合管的改建、完善有关。     

小鼠肾发育中集合管细胞的超微结构变化及AQP-的表达

 目的 观察小鼠肾发育过程中集合管细胞的超微结构变化及水通道蛋白4（AQP-4）的表达,探讨AQP-4与小鼠肾集合管细胞发育的关系及作用。方法 应用透射电镜、免疫组织化学、免疫印迹技术,并结合体视学方法观察并检测胚龄14,16,18 d 胎鼠及生后1,3,7,14,21,42 d仔鼠肾发育过程中集合管细胞的超微结构变化及AQP-4的表达。结果 小鼠胚龄18 d可见发育早期的主细胞。生后7~21d,主细胞形态结构发育基本完善。A型闰细胞在胚胎18 d出现,B型闰细胞生后21 d出现。AQP-4于胚龄14 d表达在集合管细胞的基底膜和侧膜,随着胚龄的增加表达逐渐增强,于生后1 d达到高峰。结论 集合管细胞在胚胎时期出现,但其形态结构在生后才逐渐完善。AQP- 4对胚胎期小鼠肾脏水平衡的调节起了重要的作用,而在生后只起辅助性作用。     

Calbindin—D28k在胚胎期小鼠肾组织的表达

目的 观察Calbindin-D28k在胚胎发育不同时期小鼠肾组织中的表达规律,探讨Calbindin-D28k在胚胎小鼠肾发育中的作用.方法 应用免疫荧光技术及蛋白印迹技术(Western blotting)对胚龄10、12、14、16、18 d小鼠肾组织中Calbindin-D28k的表达进行定性观察和半定量分析.结果 Calbindin-D28k在胚龄12 d胎鼠肾输尿管芽开始微弱表达,之后随胚龄增加其表达量逐渐增加.胚龄12 d在输尿管芽表达;胚龄14 d在输尿管芽Y型分支表达;胚龄16 d在榆尿管芽壶腹表达,且在S小体与输尿管芽壶腹连接处有少量表述;胚龄18 d定位于连接小管、皮质集合管上皮细胞胞浆内.结论 推测Calbindin-D28k可能对胚胎小鼠肾集合管系的发育有一定作用.     

成纤维细胞生长因子受体2在小鼠肾发生发育中的表达

目的观察成纤维细胞生长因子受体2（FGFR2）在小鼠肾发生发育中的表达规律和定位,探讨FG-FR2与小鼠肾发生发育的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学技术和蛋白印迹技术（Western blotting）对胚龄12、14、16、18 d和生后1、7、14、21、40 d小鼠肾组织中FGFR2的表达进行定性观察和定量分析。结果FGFR2在生肾区输尿管芽微弱表达,在生后肾组织及各期肾小体未见表达。随着肾脏发育成熟,FGFR2主要表达于远端小管,且远直小管表达较强,远曲小管表达较弱;近端小管和集合管无阳性表达。蛋白印迹检测显示随着胚日龄的增加,FGFR2在肾组织的表达量逐渐增多。结论推测FGFR2在肾组织的表达可能与远端小管的发育密切相关。     

小鼠肾发育中Slit2 及其受体Robo1 的表达

目的 观察并检测Slit2 及其受体Robo1 在小鼠肾发育中的表达变化。方法 通过免疫组织化学技 术系统观察小鼠肾脏Slit2 和Robo1 的表达和定位;应用蛋白印迹技术检测小鼠肾脏Slit2 和Robo1 表达的变 化规律。结果 Slit2 和Robo1 在胚龄12 d 小鼠肾脏生肾区开始表达;Slit2 在小鼠输尿管芽及其周围的间充质 聚集的部位阳性表达,Robo1 在小鼠肾脏生肾区广泛表达,主要分布于生后肾组织和输尿管芽上皮细胞基底 面;在肾单位发育过程中,Slit2 定位表达于逗号小体阶段和S 小体阶段,且表达较强,在Ⅲ期肾小体阶段、Ⅳ 期肾小体阶段及成熟肾小体阶段有微弱表达;Robo1 定位表达于逗号小体阶段、S 小体阶段、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期肾小 体阶段,且表达较强,在成熟肾小体阶段有微弱表达;Slit2 及其受体Robo1 在肾脏泌尿小管如近端小管、远 端小管及集合管发育过程中均有表达。蛋白印迹检测从小鼠胚龄14 d 开始,Slit2 表达先递增,至胚龄16 d 达 峰值,而后逐渐递减。Robo1 表达从小鼠胚龄14 d 开始逐渐递减。结论 Slit2 及其受体Robo1 参与肾输尿管 芽的萌出、输尿管芽与生后肾组织的诱导、肾小体发育及泌尿小管发育和成熟过程。     

小鼠肾间质纤维化动物模型的实验探索与研究

目的：观察单侧输尿管结扎（UUO）小鼠模型中肾脏的各项病理改变,肾组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）表达的变化,探讨单侧输尿管结扎建立小鼠肾间质纤维化模型的可行性。方法：小鼠随机分为假手术组（SOR）和UUO组。随机选取各组中的7只小鼠分别于单侧输尿管结扎术后5d、8d、11d、13d、15d、18d和21d处死,收集双侧肾组织进行相应检测分析。结果：U-UO组术后第5天,肾脏组织出现早期纤维化的病理改变。随着梗阻时间延长,小管间质纤维化程度逐渐加重。术后第18天,病变最典型。结论：单侧输尿管结扎能建立理想的小鼠肾间质纤维化动物模型。     

小鼠前庭感觉器官发育的形态学研究

目的：探讨小鼠前庭感觉器官发育的特点及规律。方法：应用光镜对昆明种小白鼠的前庭感觉器官从胚胎第10天（ED10）至出生后第14天（P14）的发育过程进行形态学研究。结果：小鼠前庭感觉器官的形态发育过程可分为四个时期：1）耳泡发育期；2）前庭感觉器官上皮增殖期；3）前庭感觉器官上皮分化期；4）前庭感觉器官发育成熟期。结论：小鼠在出生时，前庭感觉器官的上皮巳充分分化发育，出生后2周时巳完全发育成熟。     

水通道蛋白-6在胚胎小鼠肾脏发育中的表达

目的观察水通道蛋白6(AQP-6)在胚胎小鼠肾脏发育中的表达,探讨其与肾脏发育的关系及作用。方法应用免疫组化方法检测胚龄14、16、18 d小鼠肾脏中AQP-6蛋白表达。结果 AQP-6于胚龄14d的胎鼠肾脏可见微弱表达,表达在肾小管和集合管上皮细胞中,其后随着肾脏发育成熟表达逐渐增多。结论 AQP-6与胎鼠肾脏的发育和功能成熟密切相关。     

Megalin在胚胎期小鼠肾脏中的表达

目的观察胞吞受体megalin在胚胎发育不同时期小鼠肾脏中的表达。方法采用免疫组织化学技术及体视学方法检测胚龄9．5、11、14、16、18d小鼠肾脏megalin的表达。结果Megalin在胚龄9．5d小鼠表达于中肾管上皮细胞游离面,胚龄11d表达于输尿管芽的上皮细胞游离面,胚龄14d megalin表达量逐渐增多,主要分布于输尿管芽的壶腹部和发育中的肾近端小管上皮细胞游离面及较成熟的近端小管刷状缘。胚龄16d至胚龄18d megalin主要表达于近端小管的刷状缘,肾小球内也有微量表达。结论Megalin在胚胎肾发生中的表达存在着时空顺序,可能与肾小管,乃至肾单位的分化及成熟有关。     

膈淋巴管发育及其与腹腔直接通连的过程

（1）目的：探讨膈淋巴管的发育及淋巴管小孔与腹腔直接通车的过程。（2）方法：应用组织化学，氢氧化钾腐蚀，扫描电镜及透射电镜观察等方法，对174只Wistar大鼠膈淋巴管的发育过程进行了观察。（3）结果：胚胎第16天，膈淋巴管首先出现在膈胸腔面的两侧部，此阶段内皮细胞含有大量的粗面内质网，线粒体，高尔基体和少理的吞饮泡。胚胎第18天，淋巴管内开始出现瓣膜，生后第42天，集合淋巴管长有平滑肌。肌胚第19天，膈的腹腔面开始出现淋巴管，随着年龄增长，胸腔面的淋巴管发出枝芽互相连接形成多角形淋巴管网，腹腔面的淋巴管形成梯形网。生后第0天，膈淋巴管小孔开始开孔于腹腔，此阶段以后，淋巴管小孔急剧增加直至生后第70天。（4）结论：Wistar大鼠膈淋巴管出现于胚胎期；出生后，膈淋巴管开始具有运送腹腔液体的功能。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.