高血压性脑出血患者血肿周围组织GFAP和cyclinDl的表达

目的 探讨脑出血后血肿周围组织GFAP和cyclinD1的表达与脑出血后神经修复的关系.方法 选取30例高血压性脑出血后不同时间死亡患者的脑组织,自出血灶边缘向外1～3cm及出血灶对侧相应部位的脑组织进行取材,出血灶对侧设为对照组.应用HE染色,免疫组织化学技术观察不同时间点出血灶周围GFAP和eyclinD1在脑组织中的表达和变化规律,实验结果应用SPSS11.5软件进行统计学分析.结果 脑出血2h后出血灶周围GFAP阳性细胞数量开始增)311(22.6±1.4个/高倍视野).4～5d进一步增多(44.5±1.5个/高倍视野),6～15d达高峰(52.5±2.1个/高倍视野);15～19d后逐渐减弱(38.0±1.7个/高倍视野),与对照组比较,差异显著(P＜0.01).脑出血2h后出血灶周围星形胶质细胞即有cyclinD1的表达(11.5±1.2个/高倍视野),1～5d cyclinD1阳性表达的胶质细胞数量逐渐增多,6～15d达高峰(42.6±1.3个/高倍视野);16～19d后逐渐减弱(29.9±1.2个/高倍视野),仍显著高于对照组(P～0.01).GFAP与cyclinD1之间存在明显的相关性.结论 人脑出血后出血灶周围GFAP与cyclinD1表达增加,对脑出血后神经修复有促进作用.cyclinD1参与了脑出血后胶质细胞的增生和活化.     

高血压脑出血血肿周围脑组织缺氧诱导因子-1α的表达及意义

目的研究高血压脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织缺氧诱导因子-1α的表达及其与继发性神经元损伤的关系。方法选择行血肿清除术的脑出血患者32例,选取手术过程中获得的血肿周围脑组织,采用免疫组织化学技术、HE染色及TUNEL染色方法检测缺氧诱导因子-1α的表达及凋亡细胞的变化。结果出血4h,血肿周围脑组织即可见散在缺氧诱导因子-1α表达的神经元[(2.8±0.8)个/高倍视野],24~48h时达到高峰[(12.5±3.9)个/高倍视野],49~72h高表达持续存在[(12.2±1.8)个/高倍视野];出血4h可见神经元细胞及血管内皮细胞肿胀,出血12h可检测到明显的凋亡细胞[阳性细胞数为(11.2±4.1)个/高倍视野],24~48h凋亡细胞明显增多[(29.7±8.4)个/高倍视野],49~72h达到高峰[(33.2±4.3)个/高倍视野]。缺氧诱导因子-1α的表达与凋亡细胞呈正相关性(r=0.788,t=7.02,P<0.01)。结论脑出血后血肿周围神经元发生一系列形态学变化,其演变规律与缺氧诱导因子-1α的表达有密切相关性。     

人脑出血后血肿周围组织HO-1、GFAP和cyclinD1的表达研究

目的探讨脑出血后血肿周围组织血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和细胞周期蛋白D1(cvclinD1)表达规律,及其与神经修复之间的关系。方法 HE染色观察脑出血后神经元和星形胶质细胞形态变化,免疫组织化学染色检测脑出血后不同时间点血肿周围组织H0-1、GFAP和cycIinD1表达水平。结果脑出血后2h星形胶质细胞胞质内即开始表达HO-1[(5.30±1.00)个/高倍视野]、GFAP[(22.60±1.40)个/高倍视野]和cvclinD1[(11.50±1.20)个/高倍视野],达峰值水平后逐渐下降,脑出血后不同时间点表达水平均高于健侧正常脑组织,且差异具有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。结论人脑出血后血肿周围组织HO-1、GFAP和cvclinD1表达变化呈"抛物线"样,HO-1和cvclinD1共同参与了脑出血后星形胶质细胞的增生与活化,以及脑出血后的继发性损伤和修复。     

脑出血灶周组织ICAM-1与MMP-9表达的实验研究

目的研究大鼠实验性脑出血后血肿周围脑组织细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1），基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）的表达。方法采用立体定向技术将自体不凝血注入大鼠尾状核区制备脑出血模型，免疫组化染色法检测血肿周围脑组织ICAM-1，MMP-9的表达。结果脑出血后6h血肿旁有少量ICAM-1表达阳性细胞，12h开始增多，3d达高峰；脑出血后6h血肿周围就有较多MMP-9表达阳性细胞，2d时阳性细胞最多；脑出血后ICAM-1与MMP-9的表达呈正相关（y=0．768，P〈0．05）。结论血肿周围组织ICAM-1、MMP-9表达上调提示两者可能参与了脑出血后继发性脑损伤。     

脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9及其抑制剂的表达

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)及其抑制剂在高血压脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织中的表达规律,及其在早期脑水肿发生中的作用.方法应用免疫组织化学方法对高血压性脑出血患者出血后24h内血肿周围脑组织中MMP-9及基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)的表达进行测定,根据患者头部CT扫描计算血肿周围水肿体积.结果高血压性脑出血患者血肿周围有明显的脑水肿发生,对照组中未发现明显的MMP-9和TIMP-1阳性表达,而在脑出血组则呈现明显表达(P<0.01),而且MMP-9的表达明显高于TIMP-1(P<0.01).结论脑出血后血肿周围脑组织中MMP-9表达显著上调,打破了生理状态下与TIMP-1的平衡,可能参与了出血后继发性脑水肿的发生.     

大鼠脑出血后脑组织MMP-2、MMP-9 表达的实验研究

目的　探讨大鼠脑出血后不同时程脑组织中的基质金属蛋白酶 - 2 ( MMP- 2 )、基质金属蛋白酶 - 9( MMP- 9)的表达及其规律。方法　采用立体定向技术制作大鼠脑出血模型 ,在脑出血后不同时间分别断头取脑 ,免疫组化法测定脑组织 MMP- 2、MMP- 9的表达量。结果　 ( 1)与假手术对照组比较 ,脑出血后 6 h血肿周围可见到微血管内皮表达 MMP- 9( P<0 .0 1) ,48h达高峰 ,至 5～ 7d后下降 ,但仍高于假手术对照组 ( P<0 .0 1) ,2周时降至零表达 ;12～ 2 4h中性粒细胞亦表达 MMP- 9;( 2 ) MMP- 2的表达要迟于 MMP- 9,2 4h可见到少量的 MMP- 2表达 ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,5～ 7d时逐渐达高峰 ( P<0 .0 1) ,主要在巨噬细胞上表达 ,2周时仍保持较高水平 ( P<0 .0 1)。结论　脑出血后出血侧血肿边缘有 MMP- 9、MMP- 2表达 ,推测 MMP- 9在急性期参与了脑水肿的形成 ,而 MMP- 2在脑出血后期可能参与了脑组织的修复.     

脑出血大鼠血肿周围脑组织含水量与基质金属蛋白酶-9、组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1及谷氨酸表达水平的关系

目的 探讨脑出血大鼠血肿周围脑组织含水量与基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)及谷氨酸表达水平的关系.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠48只,随机分为正常对照组(n=8)、假手术组(n=8)、脑出血组(n=32),脑出血组又分为脑出血后12h、24h、72 h、7d4个亚组,每亚组8只大鼠.采用自体血尾状核注入法制备脑出血模型.采用干湿重法测定脑含水量,免疫组化法检测血肿周围脑组织MMP-9、TIMP-1及谷氨酸的表达.结果 脑出血组各时间点亚组大鼠血肿周围脑组织含水量与MMP-9、TIMP-1及谷氨酸表达水平均显著高于正常对照组和假手术组(均P＜0.01).脑出血组中,72 h亚组大鼠脑组织含水量及MMP-9、TIMP-1表达水平最高(P ＜0.01);24 h亚组大鼠脑组织谷氨酸表达水平最高(P＜0.01).多重线性回归分析结果显示,脑组织含水量(Y)与脑组织MMP-9(X1)及谷氨酸(X3)表达水平呈直线关系,多元回归方程为Y=68.894+0.281X1-0.052X3.结论 脑出血后血肿周围组织含水量及MMP-9、TIMP-1、谷氨酸的表达水平明显增高,MMP-9、谷氨酸在脑出血后血肿周围组织水肿的发生发展中具有重要作用.     

高血压脑出血患者急性期血肿周围组织的炎症反应特征

目的探讨高血压脑出血患者血肿周围组织的炎症反应特征。方法29例基底节区脑出血患者行微创血肿清除术,按出血后手术时间分为6—24h组、24～48h组及〉48h组,将手术中引流的血肿周围脑组织行白细胞共同抗原（LCA）和细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）免疫组化染色,并与对照组（非脑病尸检患者6例）进行比较。结果脑出血组脑组织标本免疫组化染色可见LCA、ICAM-1免疫阳性微血管及细胞,与对照组相比,表达量显著提高（均P〈0．01）;各时段组间LCA的表达差异无统计学意义;ICAM-1的表达24～48h组及〉48h组显著高于6—24h组（均P〈0．01）,24～48h组与〉48h组间差异无统计学意义。结论脑出血急性期血肿周围脑组织存在急性炎症反应;ICAM-1的表达在出血后48h内逐渐增多。     

人脑出血后血肿周围组织HO-1、GFAP和cyclinD1的表达研究

目的探讨脑出血后血肿周围组织血红素氧合酶-1（HO-1）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和细胞周期蛋白D1（cvclinD1）表达规律,及其与神经修复之间的关系。方法HE染色观察脑出血后神经元和星形胶质细胞形态变化,免疫组织化学染色检测脑出血后不同时间点血肿周固组织HO-1、GFAP和cvclinD1表达水平。结果脑出血后2h星形胶质细胞胞质内即开始表达HO-1[（5．30±1．00、）个,高倍视野]、GFAP[（22．60±1．40）个／高倍视野]和cyclinD1[（11．50±1．20）个,高倍视野],达峰值水平后逐渐下降,脑出血后不同时间点表达水平均高于健侧正常脑组织．且差异具有统计学意义（均P=0.000）。结论人脑出血后血肿周围组织HO-1、GFAP和cvclinD1表达变化呈“抛物线”样,HO-1和evclinD1共同参与了脑出血后星形胶质细胞的增生与活化,以及脑出血后的继发性损伤和修复。     

脑出血灶周MMP-9的表达与脑水肿的实验研究

目的明确脑出血后灶周脑组织不同时间点MMP-9蛋白的表达规律,在脑水肿的发生、发展过程中可能作用,相关性及临床意义。方法本研究以不同时间点高血压脑出血患者开颅手术中取的脑出血灶周组织为实验组标本,按脑出血发病时间分为6 h、6~24 h、24 h~3 d、3 d组。以手术入路时少量破坏的脑组织做为对照组标本,通过干湿比重法测脑组织含水量,同时应用HE染色,RT-PCR方法观察各时间点各组脑出血灶周脑组织MMP-9的表达变化。结果 (1)脑出血灶周脑组织含水量的变化:脑出血后灶周脑水肿程度随出血时间的延长逐渐增加,在出血6 h内含水量即开始增加,24 h后较6 h明显增高,3 d左右达到峰值,之后减轻(P0.05);(2)在人脑出血血肿灶周中MMP-9圴有表达,出血组与对照组相比均有显著性意义(P0.05),且出血各组之间比较均有差异(P0.05)。出血6 h后免疫阳性细胞数开始增加,3 d组阳性细胞数最多,之后逐渐下降。MMP-9与脑水肿成正相关。结论 (1)脑出血灶周MMP-9的表达与脑水肿密切相关;(2)在高血压脑出血后脑水肿中MMP-9的异常表达起重要作用,促进脑水肿的发生,为脑出血的治疗提供新的靶点。     

Dopamine-derived alkaloids in alcoholism and in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases

Summary Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) alkaloids and 1-carboxy TIQ derivatives have been found in human fluids and/or tissues. The possible biosynthetic pathways of salsolinol (Sal), taken as an example of TIQs, are discussed, and the possibility that biosynthesis occurs through a stereospecific enzymatic reaction is considered. In this respect, it is reported that the R enantiomer of Sal predominates in urines of healthy volunteers, whereas the S enantiomer predominates in port wine and possibly in other beverages and foods, suggesting that Sal present in humans could have, at least partially, and endogenous enzymatic origin.TIQs and other dopamine-derived alkaloids are weak MAO inhibitors, the R enantiomer of Sal and salsolidine being more potent than the S form.The changes in monoamine oxidase activity and the nigrostriatal concentrations of dopamine and homovanillic acid in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases and in alcoholism are reviewed. In these pathological situations, changes in the levels of dopamine-derived alkaloid levels may occur. The possibility that the modifications found might cause or contribute to changes in mental and/or neurophysiological states in these pathological situations is considered.     

Genetic findings in obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence and in adulthood

Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) are on the rise, and affected children, 1-2% of the general population, often are seriously impaired in their development. OCD is characterized by recurrent, intrusive and disturbing thoughts as well as by repetitive stereotypic behaviours. Depending on their age and developmental status, patients usually try unsuccessfully to suppress the obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours. The current state of genetic research on OCD and early-onset OCD is presented and discussed. OCD, especially early-onset OCD, has been shown to be familial. Convincing evidence indicates that both environmental and genetic factors substantially influence OCD. Various approaches, including linkage and association studies, yielded conflicting results as well as the notion that multiple genes of modest effect sizes, in interaction with environmental factors, cause vulnerability to the disorder. The phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of OCD complicate the identification of specific genetic factors. Further studies have to be designed in consideration of subtypes, e.g. age at onset, symptom dimensions, or comorbid disorders.     

Platelet MAO activity and monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in depressed and suicidal patients and in healthy controls

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG) were simultaneously measured in 20 currently depressed patients, 11 recovered depressed patients, 15 nondepressed suicide attempters, and 42 healthy control subjects. Both 5HIAA and HVA were positively and significantly correlated to platelet MAO activity in the healthy subjects, but not in any of the patient groups. Suicide attempters had significantly lower CSF 5HIAA than nonsuicidal patients.     

Carbamazepine and Its Metabolites in Human Perfused Placenta and in Maternal and Cord Blood

Summary: Placental transfer and metabolism of carbamazepine (CBZ) was studied in a dual recirculating placental cotyledon perfusion system and was also evaluated in 16 pairs of maternal venous and cord blood samples. Among the parameters studied as possible indicators of a successful perfusion, volume changes in perfusate divided the perfusions into two groups, whereas no significant differences between perfusions were noted in blood gas analysis or in antipyrine transfer. CBZ added into the maternal circulation crosses the placenta in the beginning quicker than antipyrine which is in agreement with the different lipid solubilities of these compounds. Because the transfer rates of antipyrine and CBZ were about the same, the mechanism of transfer of CBZ is probably similar to that of antipyrine (passive diffusion). No metabolites of CBZ could be detected in the perfusate by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatographyhass spectrometry. With the improved HPLC methodology for CBZ metabolites, six metabolites were detected in clinical samples, including 10-hydroxy-10, 11-dihydro-CBZ (10-OH-CBZ), which has been described earlier in only 1 uremic patient. Relative levels of metabolites showed significant individual differences. CBZ crosses perfused placenta rapidly, but this does not contribute to CBZ metabolites detected in maternal and fetal circulation.     

Cellular origin and regulation of D- and L-serine in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia

D-Serine is known to be essential for the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the excitation of glutamatergic neurons, which have critical roles in long-term potentiation and memory formation. D-Serine is also thought to be involved in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. The deletion of serine racemase (SRR), which synthesizes D-serine from L-serine, was recently reported to improve ischemic damage in mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. However, the cell type in which this phenomenon originates and the regulatory mechanism for D-/L-serine remain elusive. The D-/L-serine content in ischemic brain increased until 20 hours after recanalization and then leveled off gradually. The results of in vitro experiments using cultured cells suggested that D-serine is derived from neurons, while L-serine seems to be released from astroglia. Immunohistochemistry studies of brain tissue after cerebral ischemia showed that SRR is expressed in neurons, and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH), which synthesizes L-serine from 3-phosphoglycerate, is located in astrocytes, supporting the results of the in vitro experiments. A western blot analysis showed that neither SRR nor 3-PGDH was upregulated after cerebral ischemia. Therefore, the increase in D-/L-serine was not related to an increase in SRR or 3-PGDH, but to an increase in the substrates of SRR and 3-PGDH.