Volume determinations by transrectal ultrasonography in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: Correlation with removed prostate weight

Estimation of prostate gland volume with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) provides important information in the evaluation of benign and malignant prostate disease. We evaluated 119 patients with clinically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by TRUS. Sixty-eight of these underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P), and 51 patients underwent open prostatectomy. In both groups the estimated weight correlated well with the removed prostatic weight (r=0.643, p<0.0001 in TUR-P and r=0.729, p<0.0001 in open prostatectomy). We found that TRUS is a valuable method for estimation of prostatic volume in patients with BPH.     

排尿期尿道测压在BPH中的应用价值

目的探讨前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）致膀胱流出道梗阻（ＢＯＯ），及其相关问题。方法采用排尿期尿道测压（ＭＵＰＰ）检测４３例ＢＰＨ患者，以压力下降梯度（ＭＵＰＰＧ）计算梗阻程度，同时行膀胱等容收缩试验测最大逼尿肌等容收缩压（Ｐｉｓｏ）；进行国际前列腺症状评分（ＩＰＳＳ），经腹壁Ｂ超测前列腺体积（Ｖ）。结果４３例ＢＰＨ中３８例存在ＢＯＯ（８８％），梗阻位于膀胱颈部２８例（７７％）；ＭＵＰＰＧ与ＩＰＳＳ、Ｖ、Ｐｉｓｏ呈正相关。结论ＭＵＰＰ能检测并计算ＢＯＯ程度；ＢＯＯ是ＢＰＨ的病理基础，临床症状、逼尿肌代偿与其相关。     

Role of Doppler ultrasound and resistive index in benign prostatic hypertrophy

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess the resistive index in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and the role of power Doppler ultrasonography. METHODS: From April 1996 to December 1997, a total of 214 men aged 48-86 years with symptoms of BPH were prospectively enrolled to participate in our study. All patients presented to our clinic with lower urinary tract symptoms. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to calculate the total prostate volume (TPV), transition zone (TZ) volume, transition zone index (TZI = TZ volume/TPV) and presumed circle area ratio (PCAR). Power Doppler imaging was used to identify the capsular and urethral arteries of the prostate and measure its resistive index (RI) value. RESULTS: The RI of capsular arteries significantly correlated with theTPV, TZ volume, TZI (r = 0.470; P < 0.0001) and PCAR (r = 0.334; P < 0.0001). Correlations were found between the RI of capsular arteries and the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) (r = 0.389; P < 0.0001), peak flow rate of uroflowmetry (r = -0.393; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that an increase of the RI of capsular arteries correlated with increases in the TZI and PCAR in BPH. The lower IPSS and peak flow rate correlated with the high RI of capsular arteries; however, no correlation between the RI of urethral arteries and prostatic parameters was found. The findings suggested that the RI of capsular arteries may become the index for measuring lower urinary obstruction in the future.     

The American Urological Association Symptom Index for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia as a Function of Age, Volume and Ultrasonic Appearance of the Prostate

Purpose

Our study was conducted to reveal quantitatively the relative effects of age and ultrasonic appearance of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) on urinary symptoms as evaluated by the American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index score.

Materials and Methods

In 929 examinees (732 with a normal prostate and 197 with BPH) on a mass screening program for prostatic diseases using transrectal ultrasonography in Japan, the AUA symptom score was compared to age, prostatic volume and presumed circle area ratio using simple and multiple regression analyses.

Results

Simple regression analysis demonstrated the symptom score to correlate significantly with age (R = 0.162, p <0.0001), prostatic volume (R = 0.072, p = 0.0281) and presumed circle area ratio (R = 0.150, p <0.0001). However, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that age and presumed circle area ratio were significant independent determinants of the total symptom score. Among 7 symptoms included in the AUA symptom index weak stream and hesitancy scores were not influenced by age, prostatic volume or presumed circle area ratio.

Conclusions

As a parameter representing the degree of BPH in terms of the severity of urinary symptoms, presumed circle area ratio was preferable to prostatic volume. Regression analyses confirmed again that the AUA symptom index was influenced considerably by age and was not specific to BPH.     

Correlation between morphometric differences and norepinephrine content in benign prostatic hyperplasia

Tissue norepinephrine (NE) content and quantitative morphometric analysis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were evaluated in 30 patients with symptomatic BPH. BPH specimens were obtained by transurethral resection, and NE content was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The proportions of smooth muscle fibrous, and glandular elements were determined by the light microscopic stereological method. Norepinephrine content of the prostate correlated well with the proportion of smooth muscle component (r = 0.749, P < 0.0001). The percentage of fibrous tissue element was positively correlated with prostate size (r = 0.459, P = 0.0099). Norepinephrine content and histological components did not correlate with subjective symptom score. Morphometrical findings and NE content did not correlate with uroflowmetry parameters and postvoid residual urine rate. In conclusion, NE content of the prostate was probably determined by the amount of smooth muscle element in BPH tissue. The fibrous tissue element was increased in large hyperplastic tissue. The severity of BPH could not be explained by differences in histological composition alone. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

钬激光前列腺剜除术与电切术安全性及疗效比较

目的 比较并探讨钬激光前列腺剜除术(HoLEP)和传统经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)的安全性及疗效,旨在为良性前列腺增生症的临床治疗提供理论依据.方法 回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院2015年1月-2016年1月收治的349例良性前列腺增生症患者的病例资料,并将其随机分成两组.其中172例患者选择行钬激光前列腺剜除术,另外177例患者选择行传统经尿道前列腺电切术.比较两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后导尿管留置时间、术后住院天数以及术后并发症(尿失禁、膀胱痉挛、出血)的发病率.随访3个月,重新评估IPSS、QOL、Qmax指标并比较疗效.结果 与传统经尿道前列腺电切术组相比,钬激光前列腺剜除术组患者的手术时间明显缩短、术中出血量及术后住院天数显著降低(P＜0.05),术后导尿管留置时间[钬激光前列腺剜除术组:(2.4±0.5)d;传统经尿道前列腺电切术组:(5.7±0.6)d,P＜0.05].明显减少,术中切除前列腺重量明显增加,术后并发症的发病率[钬激光前列腺剜除术组:5/172(2.9％);传统经尿道前列腺电切术组:19/177(10.7％),P＜0.01]显著下降.3个月后,两组术后PVR、IPSS、QOL以及Qmax较术前相比明显改善(P＜0.01),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 钬激光前列腺剜除术与传统经尿道前列腺电切术相比疗效相当,但安全性更高.钬激光前列腺剜除术治疗临床前列腺增生症具有重要意义.     

雄激素致去势大鼠前列腺增生的组织形态学研究

目的 :探讨前列腺增生大鼠前列腺的组织形态学改变。　方法 :采用SD大鼠去势后皮下注射丙酸睾酮法复制前列腺增生模型 ,用水取代法测量前列腺体积 ,苏木精 伊红染色观察前列腺增生组织结构 ,同时结合图像分析系统半定量检测前列腺增生内腺体、间质的形态计量学改变 ,并使用逐步引入剔出模型进行多元线性回归分析。结果 :与正常对照组比 ,模型组前列腺体积明显增大 (P <0 .0 1) ,腺腔扩张、间质增多 ;腺体面积、腺体相对总体积、单位体积内腺体平均直径、平均体积、平均表面积均明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,腺体数目、腺体数密度、腺体表面积 /腺体体积、腺体平均曲率显著减少 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ,体积密度无差异 ;间质面积明显减少 (P <0 .0 1) ,但间质相对总体积明显增加 (P <0 .0 5 )。回归分析结果 ,前列腺体积与腺体相对总体积和间质相对总体积呈明显正相关 (r分别为 0 .989和 0 .789,P均 <0 .0 0 1) ;前列腺体积与腺体平均体积呈明显正相关 (r =0 .82 4 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。　结论 :雄激素致去势大鼠前列腺增生以腺上皮增生为主 ,表现为腺腔的扩张 ,同时伴间质组织的增生     

良性前列腺增生合并慢性前列腺炎的临床特点分析

目的:探讨良性前列腺增生(BPH)合并慢性前列腺炎(CP)患者的临床特点。方法:将行经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethral resection of the prostate,TURP),术后病理诊断证实为BPH的患者120例,按是否合并CP分为单纯BPH组(简称单纯组,75例)和BPH合并CP组(简称合并组,45例)。结合术前经直肠超声检查及f-PSA、t-PSA、f-PSA/t-PSA检测结果,并根据公式计算出前列腺总体积(TPV)、PSA密度(PSAD),进行统计和分析。结果:单纯组患者,随着年龄或前列腺体积的增加,f-PSA及t-PSA均呈上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但f-PSA/t-PSA值及PSAD差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。合并组患者,随着年龄的增加,f-PSA及t-PSA各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),随着前列腺体积的增加,f-PSA及t-PSA各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),均呈上升趋势,但f-PSA/t-PSA值及PSAD各组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。合并组患者较单纯组患者的f-PSA、t-PSA及PSAD有所上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但f-PSA/t-PSA值变化不大,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。通过对各项指标做ROC工作曲线分析发现,f-PSA、t-PSA、PSAD 3项指标的曲线下面积分别为0.644、0.628、0.624,均介于0.5至0.7之间。结论:BPH患者常合并CP,临床中f-PSA、t-PSA升高,同时伴PSAD升高的BPH患者,应考虑合并前列腺炎的可能性大,上述3个指标作为诊断BPH伴CP的依据有一定的意义,但并不是十分可靠。     

良性前列腺增生症临床症状参数与组织学成分间的相关关系

目的：探讨良性前列腺增生（BPH）临床症状参数与组织学成分间的相关关系。方法：对86例BPH患者的年龄、前列腺体积、国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）和最大尿流率（Qmax）进行回顾性分析,应用HE染色结合计算机图像分析对前列腺组织构成成分进行形态学定量分析,并与临床参数间进行相关分析。结果：BPH患者年龄与前列腺体积和IPSS呈密切正相关,与Qmax和组织学成分间无显著相关。前列腺体积与IPSS和Qmax间也无相关,但与间质面积和腺腔面积之间密切相关。间质面积和间质／上皮比例分别与IPSS和Qmax之间密切相关。前列腺体积＞30ml者间质面积显著低于前列腺体积≤30ml者,但腺腔面积前者显著高于后者。结论：BPH患者的临床症床参数及组织构成成分之间存在相关性,可为临床药物治疗选择提供依据。     

经尿道汽化切割治疗重度前列腺增生症

目的探讨汽化切割治疗重度前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）的效果。方法应用汽化切割圈对４５例重度ＢＰＨ行经尿道前列腺汽化切割。前列腺重量平均７０．６ｇ,平均手术时间７５分钟,出血量平均４０ｍｌ。术后不需膀胱持续冲洗,平均留置导尿管时间４０．７小时,术后平均住院４．５天。结果最大尿流率由术前的７．２ｍｌ／ｓ上升至术后３个月的２０．３ｍｌ／ｓ,前列腺症状评分术前为２３．４,术后３个月降至５．６（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论经尿道前列腺汽化切割出血少,手术安全且治疗效果确切,是重度ＢＰＨ的有效治疗方法     

Efficacy of transurethral needle ablation of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) of the prostate for treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as one institute participating in a Japanese clinical trial. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with symptomatic BPH were treated with the TUNA procedure in our institute. The international prostate symptom score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) score, residual urine volume (RV), prostate volume (PV) and peak urinary flow rates (Qmax) were measured and complications were assessed. RESULTS: We followed and evaluated 30 of the 33 cases. At 12 months there were significant improvements in the IPSS (20.7 to 11.2, P < 0.0001), QOL score (4.9 to 2.1, P < 0.0001), RV (46.6 to 22.6 mL, P < 0.01), PV (37.8 to 30.0 mL3, P < 0.002) and Qmax (8.00 to 11.0 mL/s, P < 0.002). There were no serious complications. CONCLUSION: This trial shows that the TUNA procedure is a safe and efficacious treatment for symptomatic BPH.     

Importance of prostatic sonography in the evaluation of conservative therapy of prostatic hyperplasia.

Drug therapy using an alpha-reductase inhibitor is being conducted in 23 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hopefully resulting in a decrease in prostatic volume. Suprapubic ultrasonography determination of prostatic size has proven to be a reliable parameter of the disease course. In 142 evaluated ultrasonic measurements, a maximum deviation of +/- 7% for the diameter and +/- 13% for the volume was established. Therefore a change in volume after drug therapy of BPH can only be considered significant if a decrease in volume is 15% or more.     

Lack of correlation between prostate-specific antigen density and prostatic shrinkage in response to finasteride therapy

Summary We attempted to correlate prostate volume reduction in response to finasteride treatment with initial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and PSA density in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The average reductions in prostatic volume (transrectal ultrasonography) were 27% and 34% after 6 and 12 months of finasteride therapy, respectively. Serum PSA levels decreased by 45% (6 months) and 50% (12 months). There was a positive correlation between initial serum PSA values and initial prostate volumes (r=0.57, P<0.001). There was no correlation, however, between the initial serum PSA or PSA-density values and prostate volume reduction. These data indicate that initial serum PSA and PSA-density values are not predictive of the response to finasteride therapy in terms of prostate size reduction.     

经尿道同期电切膀胱移行细胞癌合并前列腺增生的回顾性分析

目的评价膀胱移行细胞癌（transitional cell carcinoma,TCC）合并前列腺增生采取同期经尿道电切治疗的疗效。方法将患者分为A、B两组,A组25例实施单纯经尿道电切膀胱移行细胞癌,B组20例实施经尿道同期电切膀胱移行细胞癌及增生的前列腺,比较术后A、B两组间复发率、进展率、复发时间、膀胱颈部及前列腺窝复发率的差异。结论所有患者随访12～48个月,平均随访25.4个月。A、B两组术后肿瘤复发率、复发时间、进展率、膀胱颈部及前列腺窝复发率的比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论膀胱移行细胞癌合并前列腺增生实施同期经尿道电切术是可行的,与单纯电切膀胱移行细胞癌相比并不增加肿瘤的复发。     

Relative and total volume of histological components in benign prostatic hyperplasia: Relationships between histological components and clinical findings

To investigate the correlation between histological differences and clinical findings in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), quantitative morphometrical analysis on prostate was performed on 26 specimens obtained by TURP. The relative and total volume of each histological component were obtained. In this series, the proportion of fibrous tissue element showed a weak positive correlation with prostatic volume (r = 0.499, P = 0.0087). The relative volume of the smooth muscle component showed an inverse correlation with prostatic volume (r = −0.488, P = 0.0105). Patient age and symptom score showed no relationship with the relative volume of histological components. The total volume of all histological components increased with prostatic volume. However, an increase in the fibrous tissue element appeared to be predominant in prostatic enlargement (r = 0.970, P < 0.0001). Although the total volume of all histological components increased with prostatic size, fibrous tissue appeared to play a major role in prostatic enlargement in BPH. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

患者年龄和前列腺体积与PSA的关系

目的：探讨良性前列腺增生症（BPH）患者年龄和前列腺体积（PV）与血清前列腺特异抗原水平的关系。方法：采用放射免疫法测定66例BPH患者游离前列腺特异抗原（FPSA）、总前列腺特异抗原（TPSA）,计算出FPSA／TPSA比值,并测定切除的前列腺实际体积。结果：患者年龄、PV与FPSA、TPSA的相关系数分别为0.32、0.25、0.70和0.57,P均＜0.05,而与FPSA／TPSA的相关系数分别为－0.14、－0.10,P均＞0.05。结论：患者年龄、PV分别与FPSA、TPSA有正相关性,而与FPSA／TPSA无相关性。     

Change in serum prostate specific antigen concentration after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: a marker for completeness of adenoma resection?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) is a well-established technique for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). To date, changes in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) after HoLEP have not been published. We hypothesized that HoLEP produces a diminution in PSA similar to that produced by the gold-standard therapies for BPH. To test this hypothesis, we have examined PSA data before and after HoLEP from two institutions performing high volumes of this procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between August 1998 and September 2004, 509 HoLEPs were performed at two institutions for which complete PSA data were available. Preoperative demographic and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) volume measurements were recorded; postoperative pathology and TRUS volume were obtained. Change in PSA as a function of the weight of prostate resected and the relation of preoperative TRUS volume to PSA was determined. RESULTS: The average weight of adenoma resected was 49.8 g (range 5-300 g) in the McGill group and 90.4 g (range 7.9-312 g) in the Methodist Hospital group. The mean decrease in PSA was 81.7% in the McGill group (range 6.0-1.1 ng/mL; P < 0.0001) and 86.0% in the Methodist Hospital group (range 8.6-1.2 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). Log transformed preoperative PSA correlated well with TRUS volume (r = 0.45), as did the weight of adenoma resected with absolute change in PSA (r = 0.38). The TRUS volume decreased significantly, from 111.9 cc to 26.5 cc, in the Methodist Hospital group (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The HoLEP procedure produces a significant diminution in PSA that correlates well with the weight of adenoma resected. Measurement of PSA may be a useful tool for the objective assessment of ablative therapies for BPH, as the reduction in PSA corresponds well with the amount of adenoma removed.     

Systematic prostate biopsy before transurethral resection of the prostate

PURPOSE: With the aim of evaluating the clinical significance of systematic prostate biopsy before transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P), clinical data were reviewed retrospectively in patients who had underwent prostate biopsy prior to scheduled TUR-P. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July, 1994 and June, 2000, TUR-P was scheduled in a total number of 456 patients with clinically diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). RESULTS: In 218 (47.8%) out of 456 cases, prostatic biopsy was conducted prior to TUR-P due to abnormally elevated serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels of 4.0 ng/ml or more, revealing only 22 (10.1%) cases of prostatic cancer. Between these 22 cases with biopsy proven prostatic cancer and 189 cases with BPH confirmed both by biopsy and following TUR-P, statistically significant differences were noted in age (p < 0.05), prostate volume (p < 0.0001) and PSA density (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Considering the low positive rate of preoperative prostatic biopsy, it might be suggested that a considerable number of biopsy could be avoided in patients with clinically diagnosed BPH. Based on the results obtained from this study, prostatic biopsy might be unnecessary before TUR-P for those with prostate volume greater than 60 ml or PSA density less than 0.15.     

经尿道钬激光剜除术治疗良性前列腺增生的临床观察

目的 对比经尿道钬激光剜除术与经尿道等离子切除术治疗良性前列腺增生的临床效果.方法 选择2013年1月至2014年12月在本院住院治疗的良性前列腺增生患者83例为研究对象,将患者随机分为钬激光组(42例)和等离子组(41例),分别给予钬激光剜除术或等离子切除术治疗.比较两组患者治疗前后IPSS、术中出血量、手术时间、术后置管时间、住院时间、残余尿及并发症发生情况等.结果 钬激光组术中出血量、手术时间均少于等离子组;术后尿管留置时间及术后住院时间均短于等离子组(P＜0.05).两组患者IPSS和残余尿量均显著下降(P＜0.05).术前两组IPSS、残余尿量比较,差异无统计学意义;术后两组IPSS、残余尿量比较,差异亦无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 钬激光或等离子切除术治疗良性前列腺增生均获具有良好的疗效和安全性,对于有前列腺电切术禁忌证的患者,可以考虑采用钬激光剜除术,因其出血风险小,能明显缩短导尿管留置时间和住院时间.     

Benign prostatic hyperplasia treated by castration or the LH-RH analogue buserelin: a report on 6 cases

This article presents the clinical data of 5 patients treated by castration and 1 patient treated with an LH-RH analogue to relieve chronic urinary retention due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Besides the clinical data related to prostatism, prostatic volume was studied in 4 of the 5 patients by means of transrectal ultrasonography. All 5 patients showed a marked decrease of prostatic volume, which averaged 31.4% (range 19-55%) after 2-3 months. This correlated well with a relief of urinary obstruction. In all 5 patients, the indwelling catheters could be removed, symptoms decreased or disappeared and all 5 patients became free of residual urine. LH-RH analogues, because of the reversibility of their effect, may be more acceptable for the treatment of BPH than castration. At this moment however, it remains unknown whether prostatic volume will increase again after cessation of androgen withdrawal.