妊娠期高血压危象患者母儿结局的临床分析

目的:分析妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)患者发生高血压危象时的临床特点、并发症的处理和母儿结局。方法:收集2013年12月至2015年12月济南市妇幼保健院收治的妊娠期高血压疾病患者共1713例,其中63例发生高血压危象(高血压急症40例,高血压亚急症23例),随机选取同期重度子痫前期未发生高血压危象患者60例作为对照组。回顾分析两组的临床特点、并发症和母儿结局。结果:妊娠期高血压危象的发生占妊娠期高血压疾病的3.68%,全部病例的血压均有效控制在160/110mm Hg以下,对伴有心、脑、肾等靶器官功能损伤的病例进行对症处理,依据病情适时剖宫产终止妊娠,早产儿送新生儿科治疗,除2例死胎外,母儿均无死亡病例。结论:妊娠高血压危象患者的发病年龄偏大,孕周较小,在子痫前期和慢性高血压并发子痫前期的基础上更易发生高血压急症。快速合理降压、积极处理并发症是解除高血压危象、纠正靶器官损伤的关键,及时剖宫产终止妊娠可以改善母儿的结局。     

孕中期子宫动脉血流多普勒检查预测妊娠期高血压疾病初探

目的:探讨孕中期行彩色多普勒超声检测子宫动脉血流阻力即搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)值与妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)患者围生儿预后的关系.方法:回顾分析在我院行孕期产前检查并资料齐全的HDCP患者78例,分为妊娠期高血压组、轻度子痫前期组和重度子痫前期3组,选择同期无任何妊娠合并症的正常孕妇72例作为对照组,比较4组孕24～28周子宫动脉PI、RI值与母儿预后之间的关系.结果:重度子痫前期患者子宫动脉血流PI、RI值明显高于对照组、妊娠期高血压组和轻度子痫前期组(P<0.01);重度子痫前期患者围生儿预后明显较正常对照组、妊娠期高血压组和轻度子痫前期组差(P<0.01);HDcP中孕期彩色多普勒超声双侧子宫动脉PI、RI值与新生儿出生时体重、分娩孕龄及1分钟Apgar评分呈明显负相关(P<0.01);妊娠24～28周右侧子宫动脉PI、RI在最佳切点预测子痫前期的特异性分别为92.3%、92.0%;敏感性分别为47.4%、56.3%.结论:孕24～28周多普勒超声检测子宫动脉血流阻力是一种有效预测HDCP严重程度及新生儿预后的方法,其预测子痫前期特异性高,敏感性偏低,因此,应用该指标指导I临床进行早期预防性药物干预值得商酌.     

慢性肾脏疾病与子痫前期

近年来,妊娠女性合并慢性肾脏疾病患者的比例逐年增高,这些患者妊娠期间一旦并发子痫前期将严重影响母儿结局。文章将就孕前合并慢性肾脏疾病患者孕期子痫前期的风险、诊断和预防等方面内容进行介绍,以期指导临床,改善此类患者的临床预后。     

妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇体成分研究

目的 探讨孕晚期妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇体成分与正常孕妇体成分的差异及体成分检测的意义.方法 随机选取2012年7月至2012年11月于山西医科大学第二医院产检的孕晚期单活胎孕妇,根据妊娠高血压疾病分类及诊断标准,分为妊娠期高血压组20例,重度子痫前期组28例,正常妊娠对照组30例.于孕妇入组时使用个体营养检测分析仪(NQA-PⅠ)进行检测,比较三组孕妇体成分的差异.结果 三组孕妇孕前BMI及孕期体重增长比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.005);重度子痫前期组孕妇TBW、ECW、肌肉重、FFM均高于妊娠期高血压和正常妊娠对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);妊娠期高血压组FM、BF％高于重度子痫前期组和正常妊娠对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 孕期体成分的改变可作为妊娠期高血压疾病的警示信号.定期对孕妇进行体成分检测,可有效降低妊娠期高血压疾病的发病率.     

妊娠合并多囊肾的母婴结局探讨

目的:探讨妊娠合并多囊肾的诊断、治疗和预后.方法:对4例妊娠合并多囊肾患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:1例具有家族史的患者妊娠晚期伴发肾功能不全失代偿,孕37周分娩低出生体重儿,产后2年因肾功能衰竭行肾移植术;2例患者孕期证实多囊肾,孕晚期并发子痫前期及肾功能不全代偿,分别在孕39周及36周剖宫产分娩,母子平安出院;1例孕22周诊断多囊肾、肾功能不全失代偿行中期妊娠引产术.结论:患多囊肾孕妇多伴随肾功能不全,其母儿并发症明显增多.孕期加强监护,控制血压,保护肾功能可改善母儿预后,如出现肾功能衰竭时应及时终止妊娠.     

妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病心力衰竭15例临床分析

目的探讨妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病心力衰竭的临床处理方法,分析孕期多学科管理对妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病心力衰竭患者妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2008年8月至2015年3月15例妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病心力衰竭患者的心衰孕周、心功能、相关化验指标、孕期管理及母婴结局等临床资料。结果入组的15例患者均在孕期首次诊断妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病心力衰竭,其中心功能Ⅲ级2例、Ⅳ级13例,产前患者14例,产后患者1例。入院后由产科、心内科、监护室、麻醉科、儿科等多学科协作制定个体化治疗方案,给予一般治疗,子痫前期重度的治疗,心力衰竭的治疗。14例产前患者中,2例患者孕21周行剖宫取胎术终止妊娠,1例25周行依沙吖啶引产终止妊娠,11例患者行剖宫产终止妊娠。经治疗15例患者均抢救成功。14例胎儿中2例剖宫取胎、1例依沙吖啶引产胎儿均死亡外,足月产5例,早产6例,11例新生儿均存活、无畸形,平均出生体重(2499±697)g,新生儿轻度窒息1例,低出生体重儿6例。结论加强孕期保健、恰当合理的治疗妊娠期高血压疾病,去除诱因,早期识别心功能不全,可以避免严重心力衰竭的发生;治疗方案应在利尿的基础上,适时的强心、扩血管控制心力衰竭,并适时终止妊娠。     

《中国实用妇科与产科杂志》2017年第3期中心内容预告

正中心内容:内科疾病产科认识和风险防范内科疾病产科识别和风险防范孕前糖尿病围孕期咨询和评估及降糖药应用颅内病变孕期评估和管理高血压患者孕前和孕期风险评估及处理心脏病患者妊娠期心血管不良事件预测和预防血液系统疾病孕前评估及孕期管理妊娠期甲状腺疾病监测与处理风湿免疫性疾病母婴不良结局监测和防范妊娠合并主动脉瘤早期识别及处理妊娠期蛋白尿不仅是子痫前期     

《中国实用妇科与产科杂志》2017年第3期中心内容预告

<正>中心内容:内科疾病产科认识和风险防范内科疾病产科识别和风险防范孕前糖尿病围孕期咨询和评估及降糖药应用颅内病变孕期评估和管理高血压患者孕前和孕期风险评估及处理心脏病患者妊娠期心血管不良事件预测和预防血液系统疾病孕前评估及孕期管理妊娠期甲状腺疾病监测与处理风湿免疫性疾病母婴不良结局监测和防范妊娠合并主动脉瘤早期识别及处理妊娠期蛋白尿不仅是子痫前期     

血清胱抑素C在妊娠期高血压疾病中的临床价值

目的探讨血清胱抑素C(Cystatin C,CC)的检测在妊娠期高血压疾病中的临床价值。方法收集北京妇产医院2012年2月至2012年8月妊娠高血压患者22例、轻度子痫前期患者20例、重度子痫前期患者25例,并选择同期孕周相匹配的健康孕妇30例作为对照组。比较妊娠期高血压疾病组间及与健康孕妇组CC、SCr、BUN和UA的差异,比较不良妊娠结局组与无不良妊娠结局组CC、SCr、BUN和UA的差异。结果妊娠期高血压疾病及各亚组患者CC和UA均较健康孕妇明显增高(P0.05),且重度子痫前期患者升高更明显(P0.05)。与正常妊娠组比较,妊娠高血压疾病组CC和UA分别上升了97.4%和47.4%。妊娠高血压疾病各亚组患者中CC和UA超过正常值患者例数重度子痫前期轻度子痫妊娠期高血压。不良妊娠结局组患者的血清CC、SCr和UA均高于无不良妊娠结局组(P0.05)。结论 CC是评价妊娠期高血压疾病患者早期肾脏损害的一项敏感和可靠的指标,其可能作为不良妊娠结局的预测指标。     

妊娠期高血压疾病剖宫产孕妇再次妊娠发生早发型子痫前期的临床分析

目的 分析既往因妊娠期高血压疾病剖宫产孕妇再次妊娠发生早发型子痫前期的危险因素及母儿围产期结局.方法 收集2017年1月至12月来自11家三级医院既往因妊娠期高血压疾病剖宫产后再次妊娠的478例孕妇的临床资料,采用Logistic多因素回归分析方法,分析既往高血压类型和再次妊娠的临床特征与早发型子痫前期的相关性,以及早...     

Prenatal management of inherited urogenital malformation: case report

Documentation of unique kidney renal function early in pregnancy can be helpful in defining prenatal management and therefore in improving prognosis. Antenatal diagnosis of a solitary kidney was performed at 20 weeks' gestation in a foetus with a 1,7 chromosome translocation. Because of the decreasing renal function and the increasing pelvic dilatation, an early in utero stenting was placed at 23 weeks' gestation. Optimal outcome occurred and the baby was delivered at 32 weeks. Complete assessment of the malformation showed a left hydronephrosis due to a megaureter, right renal agenesis with ipsilateral cryprorchidism and agenesis of the right vas deferens. The chromosomic translocation was inherited from the mother who was affected by uterus didelphys, obstructed right hemivagina and right renal agenesis. Renal function of the unique kidney with hydronephrosis can be early diagnosed and promptly treated. This condition should also increase the index of suspicion of underlying genital and chromosomal anomalies.     

Neonatal lupus erythematosus: results of maternal corticosteroid therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possibility of preventing cardiac or cutaneous manifestations of neonatal lupus erythematosus or treating the fetus with congenital heart block by administering corticosteroid therapy to the mother. METHODS: Eighty-seven offspring of 40 anti-Ro/SSA-positive mothers, followed up from 1979 to 1996, were evaluated. Autoantibodies against Ro/SSA and La/SSB antigens were detected by immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: None of 26 neonates whose mothers received corticosteroid maintenance therapy initiated before 16 weeks' gestation demonstrated congenital heart block, whereas 15 of 61 neonates whose mothers received no corticosteroids during pregnancy or began receiving steroid therapy after 16 weeks' gestation had congenital heart block. Complete congenital heart block, once developed, did not respond to corticosteroid treatment in utero. Four infants whose mothers received steroid treatment before 16 weeks' gestation had skin lesions of neonatal lupus erythematosus. CONCLUSION: Once established, complete congenital heart block was irreversible and maternal corticosteroid therapy did not effectively prevent cutaneous lupus erythematosus. However, prenatal maintenance therapy with prednisolone or betamethasone given to the mother starting early in pregnancy (before 16 weeks' gestation) might reduce the risk of developing antibody-mediated congenital heart block in the offspring.     

Perinatal outcome in renal allograft recipients: prognostic significance of hypertension and renal function before and during pregnancy

With more renal allograft recipients becoming pregnant, it is important to refine existing pre-pregnancy assessment criteria and to identify other factors influencing perinatal outcome. We analyzed gestational renal response and acute or chronic hypertension in relation to perinatal outcome for 22 pregnancies that continued beyond 28 weeks' gestation in 17 allograft recipients (mean age 27 years, range 20-40) transplanted between 1967-1987. Before pregnancy, all had plasma creatinine of 1.62 mg/dL or less and 24-hour creatinine clearance of 39 mL/minute or greater. Six pregnancies were to four women on antihypertensive therapy. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), antihypertensive therapy, plasma creatinine, and 24-hour creatinine clearance were recorded before and during pregnancy. Perinatal outcome was adverse in ten pregnancies: five stillbirths, four growth-retarded infants, and one neonatal death, whereas 12 pregnancies had satisfactory perinatal outcome. Early-pregnancy increments and late-pregnancy decrements in renal function were identical in both groups. Mean arterial pressure was significantly higher at 16-28 weeks in women having adverse outcomes. Hypertension (MAP above 107 mmHg) occurred in 16 pregnancies (73%); it appeared before 28 weeks in seven and was invariably associated with adverse outcome. Hypertension appeared after 28 weeks in nine women and was associated with adverse outcome in only two cases. Five of six pregnancies in women who were on pre-pregnancy antihypertensive therapy ended in adverse outcome. It can be concluded that renal function was identical in pregnancies having adverse or satisfactory perinatal outcome, whereas hypertension before or during early pregnancy, albeit apparently satisfactorily controlled, appeared to be associated with adverse perinatal outcome.     

Has use of cesarean section reduced the risks of delivery in the preterm breech presentation?

The effect of cesarean section on the condition at birth in cases of preterm breech presentation was studied in consecutively delivered infants in two time periods. Delivery was rarely (8%) by cesarean section in 1961 to 1974 and usually (89%) by cesarean section in 1978 to 1984. The increased cesarean rate did not reduce the incidence of severe depression, which was double that in control cases with cephalic presentations in both periods. Breech births did not have a higher mortality rate than cephalic births in either period; birth trauma and encephalopathy were similar in both periods. Cesarean section was therefore not found to reduce either the incidence of depression at birth or the mortality. However, head entrapment was responsible for the deaths of seven of 55 live-born infants delivered vaginally at 25 to 28 weeks' gestation, all weighing less than 1000 gm. Although cesarean section is at present performed least often among these extremely premature infants, it is in these cases that it may prove most beneficial.     

胎儿肾脏囊性病变的产前诊断和临床预后

目的 探讨胎儿肾脏囊性病变的原因和临床意义. 方法 对64例产前超声发现胎儿肾脏囊性病变孕妇进行临床管理,如果选择终止妊娠放弃胎儿,则对患儿进行尸体解剖,并于引产时取脐血进行染色体核型分析;如果选择继续妊娠,则定期随访,严密监测. 结果 (1)8例患儿表现为单侧肾脏单发囊肿,其中3例出生后行囊肿切除术,5例无特殊治疗.(2)1例患儿为肾内局部多房性囊肿,1岁时行囊肿切除术.(3)55例患者产前诊断为胎儿多囊性肾病变,其中多囊性肾发育不良36例(27例选择了终止妊娠放弃胎儿;9例选择继续妊娠,分别于出生后3个月～2.5岁时行患侧肾脏切除);婴儿型多囊肾6例(4例选择终止妊娠放弃胎儿;2例患者选择继续妊娠,但患儿分别于新生儿期死亡和出生后13个月死亡);成人型多囊肾10例(3例选择终止妊娠放弃胎儿,2例患儿分别于出生后1个月和7个月死亡,其余5例目前临床无不适症状,正严密观察中). 结论 胎儿肾脏囊性病变类型多样,病因不尽相同,临床结局也不相同,建议产前仔细鉴别胎儿肾脏囊肿类型,根据囊肿类型对胎儿可能出现的预后给予产前合理评价及咨询意见.     

Expectant management of abdominal pregnancy. A report of two cases

In two recent consecutive cases of abdominal pregnancy the diagnosis was made at 18 weeks' gestation, and the patients refused immediate surgery and elected to maintain the pregnancy until fetal viability developed. Both patients were managed expectantly with continuous antepartum hospitalization. Fetal assessment was by serial ultrasound assessment of growth and amniotic fluid volume and by nonstress testing. Planned operative delivery was accomplished at 28 1/2 weeks and 33 weeks' gestation. In the second case the diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. That fetus was also assessed with umbilical artery Doppler flow studies. Despite significant morbidity, both the mothers and infants are alive and well.     

The effect of variable heart rate decelerations on intraventricular hemorrhage and other perinatal outcomes in preterm infants

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the hypothesis that repetitive variable heart rate decelerations in labor are associated with an increased incidence of neonatal complications in premature infants. METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control study. Singleton fetuses weighing between 750 and 2500 g at 25-35 weeks' gestation were considered for the study. Fetuses delivered by Cesarean section prior to labor were excluded. Heart rate traces were retrieved from an electronic archive and were assessed for the presence of variable decelerations. Cases had at least three variable decelerations in the hour prior to delivery and were matched 1:1 with controls for gestation, sex and birth weight. RESULTS: A review of 6500 deliveries yielded 41 matched pairs. The groups were compared for the following outcomes. Measures of acute morbidity were cord pH at delivery, 5-min Apgar score and resuscitation; measures of chronic morbidity were intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis and death. There was no difference in measures of acute morbidity between the groups. The incidence of chronic morbid outcome measures in the cases was six (15%) vs. one (2.5%) in controls (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that variable decelerations in preterm infants are associated with chronic morbidity, particularly intraventricular hemorrhage through a mechanism independent of fetal acidemia. Further study is required to determine whether these infants would benefit from early Cesarean section.     

Below median birth weight in appropriate-for-gestational-age preterm infants as a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

AIMS: To assess the presence of chorioamnionitis and intrauterine growth as prenatal risk factors for broncho pulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants of <28 weeks' gestation. METHODS: Gender, race, birth weight, gestational age, histology of the placenta, diagnosis of BPD at 36 weeks' gestation, postnatal dexamethasone treatment, and death were recorded in 150 preterm infants born at <28 weeks' gestation, and admitted between 1996 and 2001. RESULTS: In 122 AGA infants (mean gestational age: 26.18 weeks, mean birth weight: 837 g), BPD was associated with gestational age-related birth weights below the 50(th) centile. Intrauterine growth deceleration started between 25 and 26 weeks' gestation. Chorioamnionitis was not related to BPD. CONCLUSIONS: AGA infants of 26-28 weeks' gestation with birth weights below the median showed an increased risk of developing BPD.     

Outcome of premature infants delivered after prolonged premature rupture of membranes before 25 weeks of gestation

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors influencing the outcome of premature infants delivered after prolonged premature rupture of membranes before 25 weeks' gestation. DESIGN AND POPULATION: All premature infants with gestational age <34 weeks, either inborn or outborn, with history of rupture of membranes before 25 weeks' gestation, admitted to our NICU between January 1992 and July 1997, were eligible for this retrospective study. Collected information included birth weight, gestational age at rupture of membranes and at delivery, duration between rupture of membranes and delivery (latency period), severity of oligohydramnios, pre- and post-natal managements, and follow-up of survivors. RESULTS: A total of 28 neonates fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Despite new strategies of ventilation and optimal management, the overall mortality rate was 43% (12/28). Nonsurvivors were significantly less mature at rupture of membranes, and had severe oligohydramnios (anamnios). We also noted less antenatal corticosteroids and antibiotic therapy in this group. Nine of eleven infants (82%) following rupture of membranes before 22 weeks' gestation died shortly after birth. The two remaining infants developed severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Nine deaths occurred in thirteen cases (69%) of anamnios. The major death causes were refractory respiratory failure and neurologic complications. Half of all survivors (8/16) developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CONCLUSION: The outcome of premature infants following prolonged premature rupture of membranes before 25 weeks' gestation is influenced by gestational age at rupture, severity of oligohydramnios, and antenatal antibiotics and corticosteroids. Neonates with rupture of membranes before 22 weeks have a very low chance of survival at the present time.     

Outcome of pregnancy following renal transplantation.

Fertility is restored following renal transplantation, and the potential for motherhood can be realised. This retrospective study reviews the outcome of 53 pregnancies, in 24 patients, between 1988 and 1995. All patients underwent transplant surgery, and received antenatal care at a single centre. The mean age at first conception was 27.6 years, and graft function, as assessed by serum creatinine at the time of antenatal booking, was good. Patients were referred early, seen regularly, and had both obstetrician and nephrologist involved in management. The main maternal complication was hypertension, affecting 50% of patients. Seven patients had a worsening of pre-existing hypertension, whilst four patients developed hypertension for the first time during pregnancy. Graft function was, for the most part, well maintained. Four patients required delivery because of declining renal function, two of these went on to develop frank rejection, necessitating a return to dialysis within 3 months of delivery. These figures however are not higher than have been reported in the non-pregnant population. The overall pregnancy loss was 26%. There were a total of 39 live births. Premature birth was higher than that of the general population, with 57% of infants in the study delivering before 37 weeks' gestation (average 34 weeks' gestation) Of the 39 infants born alive 27% were growth retarded. Congenital abnormalities were, reassuringly, no higher than that in the general population, despite the need to take immunosuppressive drugs. Delivery was by caesarean section in 64% of cases, which may reflect a high degree of clinical caution in this group of patients. The study concludes that, whilst risks are recognised, for both the mother and infant, with a careful, multidisciplinary approach, the outcome is generally good.