侧脑室三角区脑膜瘤的手术治疗(附44例报告)

目的 探讨侧脑室三角区脑膜瘤的手术治疗.方法 收集2007年1月至2012年9月由同一术者主刀的44例侧脑室三角区脑膜瘤患者病例资料,回顾性分析临床特点、影像学特征、病理学检查结果及术中术后情况.结果 患者临床表现多与肿瘤部位及大小相关,术前CT、MRI及MRA检查有助于提示肿瘤性质、部位、大小、质地、与供血血管的关系.44例患者手术采用术中超声辅助下颞顶枕开颅经脑沟入路肿瘤切除术,均达肿瘤全切除,术中可见肿瘤性质不一,37例留置术腔引流;2例患者术中超声发现远隔部位硬膜外血肿并行血肿清除术,1例术后4d因脑水肿明显行去骨瓣减压术,37例留置瘤腔外引流的患者中1例在引流管拔除后因颅内压增高明显再次行侧脑室(瘤腔)穿刺外引流;其他并发症包括局限性脑积水3例.术前38例有明显症状的患者中31例患者术后早期症状有明显改善.术后1例WHOⅡ级及1例Ⅲ级脑膜瘤患者行辅助放疗.随访2个月～6年患者症状改善明显,无肿瘤复发.结论 术中超声辅助经脑沟入路切除侧脑室三角区脑膜瘤可取得良好的效果,影像学检查有助于术前评估制定手术方案,提高手术操作技巧及术后个体化治疗对改善预后至关重要.     

颈外动脉结扎在大型和巨大型蝶骨嵴外侧型脑膜瘤手术中的应用

探讨外侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤术前结扎颈外动脉的适用条件和临床效果。32例大型、巨大型蝶骨嵴外侧型脑膜瘤患者分为颈外动脉结扎组和未结扎组,术后统计显示,两组患者术中失血量分别为(471.00±182.00)ml和(994.00±278.00)ml、肿瘤全切除率100.00%(14/14)和72.22%(13/18)、手术时间分别为(5.60±1.40)h和(8.10±1.70)h、发生术后并发症病例分别为1例(7.41%)和7例(38.89%);各项变量比较颈外动脉结扎组均优于未结扎组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。提示:大型、巨大型蝶骨嵴外侧型脑膜瘤患者术前结扎颈外动脉可显著减少术中出血、缩短手术时间、提高手术安全性和肿瘤全切除率。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血急诊手术治疗分析

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的诊断、急诊手术治疗以及脑血管痉挛的防治措施。方法回顾性分析33例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料。结果术前12例行DSA检查,检出动脉瘤16枚;27例行CTA检查,检出动脉瘤30枚;其中有6例先后行CTA、DSA检查,两者完全符合。全部病例均在早期行显微手术治疗,无术中死亡病例,术后16例恢复良好,9例有轻度神经功能障碍,3例重度神经功能障碍,植物生存1例,死亡4例。结论动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血急诊CTA检查明确病因更具优势;早期手术、预防脑血管痉挛能有效改善患者的预后。     

早期血性脑脊液引流在颅内动脉瘤破裂介入治疗后的应用

目的:探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤血管内介入栓塞术后行早期血性脑脊液引流的临床效果。方法:本研究对2007年1月—2016年7月江苏大学附属澳洋医院神经外科收治的40例颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,a SAH)患者在血管内介入栓塞术后早期接受腰椎穿刺引流和脑室持续外引流以引流血性脑脊液的治疗结果进行回顾性分析。结果:40例患者中,颅内动脉瘤破裂后2~7 d并发脑血管痉挛12例(30.0%),经对症治疗后病情缓解;出院后1~2个月,3例(7.5%)患者出现脑积水;术后1个月时,改良Rankin量表分级结果显示,37例(1级)为恢复良好,2例(2级)为轻度残疾,1例(6级)为预后不良(家属放弃治疗后,因肺部感染而死亡)。至随访结束,39例患者中,37例(94.9%)患者治愈或好转;2例(5.1%)患者智力下降,但未发生偏瘫、失语和肢体功能障碍等严重的后遗症。结论:颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后早期血管内介入栓塞治疗后行腰椎穿刺引流和脑室持续外引流以释放血性脑脊液,可以显著降低患者的并发症发生率,缩短恢复时间,是一种操作简便、安全而廉价的有效治疗方法。     

低温冷冻联合介入栓塞手术治疗颅内巨大型脑膜瘤

目的 探讨应用氩氦刀及介入栓塞供血动脉治疗颅内血供丰富的巨大型脑膜瘤的临床治疗效果.方法 回顾分析供血动脉介入栓塞联合氩氦刀冷冻手术治疗23例颅内血供丰富的巨大型脑膜瘤.结果 术中出血约200-600 ml.23例患者术中均予完全切除病灶;术后复查头颅CT和(或)MRI提示肿瘤完全消失,未见明显肿瘤残留.恢复良好22例,轻度致残1例,无死亡病例.随访未见复发.结论 应用介入栓塞供血动脉与氩氦刀冷冻技术联合手术处理颅内血供丰富的巨大型脑膜瘤可以有效地减少术中出血,降低手术风险,有助于肿瘤组织的完全切除并防治肿瘤复发.     

岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨岩斜区脑膜瘤显微手术的治疗效果. 方法 对21例行显微手术治疗的岩斜脑膜瘤患者(采用枕下乙状窦后入路3例,幕上下经岩骨乙状窦前入路18例)的临床资料及手术效果进行分析. 结果 肿瘤获全切(Simpson I、Ⅱ)11例,次全切(Simpson Ⅲ)5例,大部分切除4例,部分切除1例.术后死亡1例.术后早期出现动眼神经瘫5例,面神经功能障碍4例,后组神经瘫2例,对侧肢体轻瘫2例.术后随访3个月～4年,3例不完全动眼神经瘫1个月后恢复,2例完全损伤未恢复:4例面神经功能障碍中3例3个月后恢复,1例未恢复;2例后组神经瘫术后1周全恢复;2例对侧肢体功能障碍,术后1个月恢复.5例患者术后行γ刀治疗.没有病例出现术后复发. 结论 岩斜区脑膜瘤手术入路的选择是关键,乙状寞前人路是目前最有效的手术入路.     

老年人上矢状窦旁脑膜瘤术后脑水肿及脑血管痉挛原因分析及治疗体会

目的探讨老年上矢状窦旁脑膜瘤患者术后脑水肿及脑血管痉挛原因及其预防及治疗方案。方法选择本院2003年1月～2006年9月间行经病理证实的老年上矢状窦旁脑膜瘤患者48例,全部经术前CT、MRI检查及手术治疗。术后及时给予抗血管痉挛药物及改善微循环药物,常规腰穿检查颅内压及复查头部CT。结果术后颅内压增高40例(83.3%),术后CT显示脑组织水肿较术前加重32例(66.7%)。术后出现脑水肿及脑血管痉挛致神经功能障碍18例(37.5%),其中经应用抗血管痉挛药物及改善微循环药物的治疗观察1～2w内完全恢复12例(66.7%),4例(22.2%)出院后复查时完全恢复,2例(11.1%)出现脑梗死。无死亡病例。结论老年上矢状窦旁脑膜瘤患者术后脑水肿及脑血管痉挛易造成神经功能缺失,术中皮质引流静脉的保留及保护能有效的减轻术后局部脑水肿的发生;术后早期应用扩容、抗血管痉挛药物及改善微循环药物可有效防治术后脑水肿及血管痉挛的发生及所引起的神经功能缺失。     

无水乙醇在颅内巨大高血运脑膜瘤中的应用

目的 评估无水乙醇在颅内巨大高血运脑膜瘤手术中的止血作用及脑膜瘤的切除效果. 方法 四川省肿瘤医院颅脑外科自2004年9月至2008年10月对12例颅内巨大高血运脑膜瘤患者采用术中无水乙醇(8.5～27 mL,平均11.2 mL)注射止血后,显微镜下行肿瘤全切术. 结果 脑膜瘤注射区不同程度变白.瘤体变硬,表面及切面出血明显减少甚至停止.本组病例术中出血约48～154mL,平均67mL;手术全切11例,次全切1例,全切率91.6%;术后无任何手术并发症发生. 结论 高血运脑膜瘤手术中注射无水乙醇止血,简便易行,效果良好,值得推广.     

颅眶沟通性视神经鞘脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨经额眶入路显微手术切除颅眶沟通性视神经鞘脑膜瘤的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2014年1月经额眶入路显微手术治疗26例颅眶沟通性视神经鞘脑膜瘤患者的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除25例,次全切除1例;肿瘤全切除率为96.2%。无手术死亡病例及颅内感染、脑脊液漏、搏动性突眼等并发症发生。术后新出现4例眼球运动障碍,3个月后1例完全恢复,3例不全麻痹。术后出现10例上睑下垂,3个月后7例病人不同程度恢复上睑抬举功能,3例无恢复。术后1月全切病例行视神经管周伽玛刀治疗,次全切病例行肿瘤残余部分伽玛刀治疗。术后随访3~36个月,平均10.3月,MRI检查示全切病例无肿瘤复发,未全切患者未见残余肿瘤增大。结论 经额眶入路切除颅眶沟通性视神经鞘脑膜瘤是较好的手术方式,全切率高,并发症少,结合术后辅助伽玛刀治疗效果满意。     

88例颅底脑膜瘤γ-刀术后颅神经损伤的危险性

作者收集了1990年9月到1996年6月间,罗彻斯特的梅尔医院用Leksell γ-刀治疗的95例颅底脑膜瘤病例,其中88例接受至少一年的“明尼苏达完全随访”。平均随访期是35个月(12～83个月)。其中病理组织表现为恶性或非典型性增生的脑膜瘤未在本文中进行分析。患者平均年龄56.3岁(20～83岁)。女66例,男22例,其中49例曾经手术病理证实为脑膜瘤,其余39例根据影像学特征和临床表现诊断。其中4例曾经分次外照射(照射剂量15～59Gy),1例经瘤囊腔内~(32)P照射,通过MR和CT测量肿瘤体积。治疗后,患者分别在6个月后、1年后,以后每年进行一次影像学和临床检查。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.