脑室外引流结合Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血的研究

目的研究脑室外引流结合Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血较传统手术方式的优点。方法 100例脑室出血病例随机分为改良组及传统组。改良组选择在出血相对较多的一侧常规行侧脑室额角穿刺外引流;而在出血相对较少的一侧额角置入Ommaya囊后行囊腔穿刺外引流。脑室外引流5～7天后,逐步改为仅Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流。传统组则行双侧侧脑室普通外引流结合每天腰穿放血性脑脊液治疗。最后比较2组患者迟发性脑积水、颅内感染发生率及预后情况等。结果 2组迟发性脑积水、颅内感染发生率及预后（ADL分级）比较差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05,表明改良组疗效明显优于传统组。结论该项改良技术安全可靠、损伤小、恢复快,能大大降低病死率和伤残率,减少并发症和后遗症,改善预后,优于传统方法。     

侧脑室体外引流结合腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血临床研究

目的评价早期腰大池引流结合侧脑室体外引流治疗脑室出血疗效。方法随机将48例脑室出血患者分成2组。治疗组28采用单侧或双侧侧脑室置管引流,同时或脑室外引流术后3 d内行腰大池引流。对照组20例单纯延长脑室外引流时间或停止脑室外引流后再行腰大池引流。结果治疗组积血完全清除、脑脊液循环通畅时间均低于对照组,脑积水发生率均低于对照组,GOS评定优于对照组。结论早期持续腰大池引流结合侧脑室体外引流可缩短脑室出血积血时间,降低患者的脑积水发生率。     

延迟腰大池持续引流配合改良双侧脑室外引流在治疗脑室出血铸型中的应用体会

目的总结延迟腰大池置管持续引流配合改良双侧脑室钻孔引流在治疗脑室出血铸型中的疗效和经验。方法对55例脑室出血并铸型的患者行双侧脑室外引流和延迟留置腰大池管持续引流的疗效进行分析。结果本组55例中47例(85.5%)治疗成功,8例死亡,脑室内血肿清除时间5~7 d者12例,8~10 d者32例,三、四脑室内积血消失平均8 d。存活的47例中3例发生脑积水,2例发生颅内感染。结论该方法在提高救治成功率、降低致残率、减少颅内感染和脑积水的发生率及提高生存质量等方面有积极意义。     

原发性脑室出血并脑积水的治疗

目的探讨原发性脑室出血并脑积水的治疗方法。方法报告96例原发性脑室出血,38例采用单纯侧脑室外引流、早期注射尿激酶(1组),58例采用侧脑室外引流、早期注射尿激酶加腰大池置管持续引流术(2组)。结果两组死亡分别为10例(26.3%)、5例(8.6%);颅内感染分别为3例(7.9%)、1例(1.7%);脑积水分别为9例(23.7%)、2例(3.4%)。在死亡率、颅内感染率、交通性脑积水发生率,差异均有统计学意义(P分别为<0.01,<0.01,<0.01)。结论侧脑室外引流、早期注射尿激酶加腰大池置管持续引流术是治疗原发性脑室出血并阻塞性脑积水的有效方法。     

腰大池灌注林格氏液加脑室外引流治疗脑室出血的实验研究

目的 探讨腰大池恒压灌注林格氏液加侧脑室外引流治疗脑室内出血的安全性、可行性及疗效。方法 选用纯种比格犬10条做成脑室内出血的模型，模型建立后4h开始治疗，实验组5条，以2．96kPa(1kPa＝7．5mm Hg)的压力经腰大池灌注林格氏液，同时行侧脑室外引流；对照组5条，用侧脑室外引流的方法。两组在治疗过程中均严格监测颅内压(ICP)及生命体征，记录引流量及灌注量，经12h的治疗后处死动物并收集脑室内全部残余积血，比较两组标本含铁血红蛋白的吸光度值。结果 两组动物从模型建立后至处死前生命体征平稳颅内压波动不太。经12h的治疗，实验组的引流量明显多于对照组(P＜0．05)，实验组脑内残余积血量明显少于对照组，两组差异有显著性(P＜0．05)。结论 以2．96kPa的压力恒压灌注林格氏液于腰大池内，同时行侧脑室外引流治疗脑室内出血的方法安全可行，能更快地消除脑室内积血。     

双侧脑室外引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血63例

目的探讨双侧脑室出血外引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血的疗效。方法对63例重症脑室出血患者先行双侧脑室外引流,24h后结合腰大池引流并用尿激酶灌注进行头腰侧交替引流血性脑脊液。结果术后10d复查CT,43例脑室系统积血基本消失,14例积血减少50%,6例积血减少30%,无梗阻性脑积水。术后死亡16例（占25.4%）。存活47例（占74.6%）,随访3个月,按ADL分级：Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级15例,Ⅳ级7例,Ⅴ级4例。结论采用双侧脑室引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血,能明显减少引流时间,降低死亡率和致残率,提高患者生活质量。     

改良式腰大池置管引流联合脑室外引流治疗脑室出血60例体会

目的探讨改良式腰大池置管引流联合脑室外引流治疗脑室出血的临床疗效。方法对60例脑室出血患者行经颅穿刺脑室外引流术联合腰大池引流术的操作要点及疗效进行临床分析。结果脑室内血肿清除时间4～5天42例,6～7天12例,第三脑室积血消失时间平均6天。本组60例患者55例治疗成功,死亡5例,总有效率91.6%。结论采用改良式腰大池置管联合侧脑室引流救治脑室出血患者,在提高早期救治成功率、缩短脑室血肿清除时间、降低致残率及改善患者生存质量等方面有积极意义。     

腰大池持续引流治疗重型颅脑损伤并蛛网膜下腔出血的应用体会

目的 探讨持续腰大池引流治疗重型颅脑损伤并蛛网膜下腔出血的临床疗效. 方法 回顾性分析74例重型颅脑损伤并蛛网膜下腔出血患者临床资料,随机分为对照组（50例）以及实验组（24例）.对照组患者采用单纯开颅血肿清除及去骨瓣减压术进行治疗,实验组患者采用开颅血肿清除及去骨瓣减压术后联合腰大池持续引流进行治疗.治疗后对两组患者进行长期随访,并对治疗效果进行总结评估.结果 治疗组并发症的发生（脑血管痉挛、脑梗死、脑积水、癫痫）低于对照组,但治疗组继发颅内感染高于对照组,其疗效、预后（死亡、植物生存、重残、轻残、良好）优于对照组,经统计学分析,P＜0.05或P＜0.01,差异有统计学意义. 结论 重型颅脑损伤并蛛网膜下腔出血早期行腰大池引流可有效降低病死率和致残率,减少并发症和后遗症,改善预后.但也面临继发性颅内感染的危险,应合理选用.     

脑室外引流及腰穿脑脊液置换术治疗脑室出血34例临床分析

目的探讨脑室外引流及腰穿脑脊液置换术治疗脑室出血的临床疗效。方法对34例脑室出血患者采用脑室外引流及腰穿脑脊液置换术治疗脑出血。结果恢复良好生活基本自理16例,部分生活自理8例,完全卧床生活不能自理5例,死亡5例。结论本方法可以明显减少脑室内引流管放置时间,加快脑室内血液的引流,减轻脑血管痉挛的程度,减少迟发性交通性脑积水的发生,明显降低患者的病死率。     

脑室内出血外引流术后脑积水的预测及治疗

脑室内出血的治疗方法通常是保守治疗或行脑室外引流手术，预测产生脑积水概率较高的需要行脑室外引流术，也可加用腰大池外引流，而出血量多的病人则需要多次外引流手术，一般不行脑室-腹腔分流术。但在出血引流后往往会并发脑积水。严重者需要急诊的脑室-腹腔分流手术，而慢性脑积水者往往又在症状严重后始能发现．即使再做脑室-腹腔引流手术也为时已晚，致残率较高，预后较差。本院于2002年4月至2005年10月期间。对38例脑室外引流患者在引流完成前行脑积水危险因素判断，有脑积水高危因素的病人在拔除脑室外引流管的同时行脑室-腹腔分流术，对照1997年1月至2001年12月33例未进行预测组，取得较好的疗效。     

输血器改制的脑室引流装置的疗效分析

目的评价输血器改制的脑室引流装置在脑室外引流中的临床疗效及经济效果。方法对于脑室出血需行脑室外引流的患者,选用输血器改制的脑室引流装置40例作为治疗组,选用成型产品40例作为对照组,比较两组引流效果,颅内感染发生情况及预后,并应用药物经济学方法对两组患者进行成本效益分析。结果两组患者术后引流效果、颅内感染发生及预后,均无显著性差异(P>0.05);成本效益比为,治疗组每单位效益成本(48)较对照组每单位效益成本(3161.3)显著降低。结论输血器改制的脑室引流装置效果确切,实用价廉,适于基层医院推广使用。     

开颅术与钻孔引流术治疗高血压脑出血后颅内压的影响比较

目的：探讨开颅术与钻孔引流术治疗高血压脑出血（HICH）后颅内压的影响,为临床HICH后选择合理的手术治疗提供依据。方法选择HICH患者120例,随机分为开颅组（n=60）和钻孔组（n=60）,开颅组采用开颅手术治疗,钻孔组采用钻孔引流术结合尿激酶溶解术治疗,比较两组患者术后即时、24h、72h和1周时颅内压变化情况。结果两组患者术后即时颅内压均增高,术后72h达峰值,术后1周开始下降。开颅组颅内压在各时间点均低于钻孔组（P＜0.05）。结论开颅手术治疗HICH在降低颅内压力,减少脑组织损害方面优于钻孔引流术。但开颅手术由于存在创伤大等缺点,因此应在术前综合考虑患者全身状况、出血部位、血肿量等因素,再选择合适的术式,但不管何种术式,均以降低脑出血患者病死、病残率,改善生存质量为最终目的。     

Efficacy of lumbar cistern drainage combined with intrathecal antibiotherapy for the treatment of ventriculo-subarachnoid infections following surgery for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of lumbar cistern drainage combined with intrathecal injection of antibiotics (LCD-ITI) in treating postoperative intracranial infections of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (pHIH-ICI).MethodsSixty pHIH-ICI patients were randomly divided into the control group and the treatment group, with 30 patients in each group. Conventional treatment was performed in the control group, while LCD-ITI was performed in the treatment group. The clinical outcomes, Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), activities of daily living (ADL) scores, incidence rates of hydrocephalus and other indicators were compared.ResultsThe improvement time of clinical symptoms, infection control time and hydrocephalus incidence of the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Also the infection control rate, GOS score and ADL score of the treatment group were significantly higher or better than the control group (P < 0.05).ConclusionLCD-ITI could improve clinical treatment and prognosis of pHIH-ICI patients.     

持续腰大池引流治疗联合鞘内注射用于颅内感染治疗的重要性研究

目的：探讨持续腰大池引流治疗联合鞘内注射在颅内感染治疗中的临床疗效。方法选取2011年2月～2013年6月我院接收的100例术后颅内感染患者为研究对象,随机分成实验组与对照组,各50例。实验组患者实施持续腰大池引流联合鞘内注射治疗,对照组仅给予持续腰大池引流治疗,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果实验组患者经治疗后47例（94％）痊愈出院,1例（2％）转院治疗,2例（4％）死亡,治愈率为94.0％,较对照组78.0％有明显提高,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论持续腰大池引流治疗联合鞘内注射用于颅内感染治疗可有效控制和治疗术后颅内感染,治愈率高,有效降低患者的死亡率和致残率,临床疗效显著,且操作简单、安全、有效,患者疼痛较小,是临床治疗神经外科手术术后颅内感染的有效方法之一,值得在临床推广。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后持续腰大池引流的时机对分流依赖性脑积水的影响

目的分析发生动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后行持续腰大池置管引流术距出血发生间隔的长短对患者发生分流依赖性脑积水的影响。方法回顾性分析2015年9月至2017年9收治的178例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,依据患者行腰大池置管引流术距出血的时间分为24小时以内(A组56例)、24~72小时(B组79例)、超出72小时(C组43例)三组,分析行腰大池置管引流距出血时间的长短对分流依赖性脑积水发生的影响。结果三组中发生分流依赖性脑积水为:A组5例(8.9%)、B组8例(10.1%)、C组12例(27.9%)。三组间分流依赖性脑积水的发生率有明显差异(P0.05)。结论动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后许越早行持续腰大池引流于预防分流依赖性脑积水的效果越好。     

小梁切除联合青光眼引流器植入治疗青光眼的疗效观察

目的：探讨小梁切除术联合青光眼引流器植入治疗青光眼的临床疗效。方法选取我院2011年1月~2013年1月收治的青光眼患者60例（97眼）,将所有患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组（50眼）采用小梁切除联合青光眼引流器植入治疗,对照组（47眼）单独采用小梁切除术,并对两组治疗效果进行比较。结果两组患者术后视力恢复情况的比较,观察组明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）;眼压下降情况的比较,观察组明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）;功能性滤过泡形成的比较,观察明显大于对照组（P＜0.05）;术后并发症的比较,观察组并发症的发生率明显小于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论青光眼引流器植入联合小梁切除术治疗青光眼患者疗效确切,可明显提高患者视力,降低眼压,且并发症少,安全有效,值得临床推广。     

Hollow mandrin facilitates external ventricular drainage placement

Summary Background. Placement of ventricular catheters is a routine procedure in neurosurgery. Ventricle puncture is done using a flexible ventricular catheter stabilised by a solid steel mandrin in order to improve stability during brain penetration. A correct catheter placement is confirmed after removing the solid steel mandrin by observation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow out of the flexible catheter. Incorrect placement makes further punctures necessary. The newly developed device allows CSF flow observation during the puncture procedure and in addition precise intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement.Method. The developed mandrin is hollow with a blunt tip. On one side 4–5 small holes with a diameter of 0.8 mm are drilled corresponding exactly with the holes in the ventricular catheter, allowing CSF to pass into the hollow mandrin as soon as the ventricle is reached. By connecting a small translucent tube at the distal portion of the hollow mandrin ICP can be measured without loss of CSF. The system has been used in 15 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) or intraventricular haemeorrhage (IVH) and subsequent hydrocephalus.Findings. The new system improved the external ventricular drainage implantation procedure. In all 15 patients catheter placement was correct. ICP measurement was easy to perform immediately at ventricle puncture. In 4 patients at puncture no spontaneous CSF flow was observed, therefore by connecting a syringe and gentle aspiration of CSF correct placement was confirmed in this unexpected low pressure hydrocephalus. Otherwise by using the conventional technique further punctures would have been necessary.Conclusions. Advantages of the new technique are less puncture procedures with a lower risk of damage to neural structures and reduced risk of intracranial haemorrhages. Implantation of the ventricular catheter to far into the brain can be monitored and this complication can be overcome. Using the connected pressure monitoring tube an exact measurement of the opening intracranial pressure can be obtained performed without losing CSF.     

尿激酶引流术治疗脑室内出血

目的:探讨脑室内出血行尿激酶置管持续外引流术的治疗方法。方法:经侧脑室额角钻孔置管持续外引流,尿激酶于手术后6小时～24小时,注入脑室血肿腔内8000U～10000U/5ml溶液,连续外引流7～14天,拔管后反复做腰穿,放出血性脑脊液。结果:治愈31例,生活部分自理9例,生活不能自理21例,死亡8例,占16％。结论:颅骨钻孔、脑室血肿腔内注入尿激酶置管持续外引流是治疗脑室内出血的有效方法。     

External ventricular drainage for treatment of rapidly progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.

Twenty-seven newborn infants (birth weight, 1503 +/- 776 g; gestational age, 31 +/- 3 wk) (mean +/- standard deviation) with rapidly progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure were treated by external ventricular drainage. The progression of hydrocephalus was arrested during the drainage period in each patient. The drainage was kept in place for 23 +/- 9 days, the longest drainage period being 48 days. In 16 of 23 surviving patients, progressive ventricular dilation recurred after removal of the drainage, requiring a definitive shunt implantation (nine ventriculoatrial, seven ventriculoperitoneal). For the remaining seven infants, no further therapy was necessary. Implantation of the permanent shunt was done days 28 to 88 (body weight, 2400 +/- 950 g). Bacterial cultures from cerebrospinal fluid and/or the tip of the ventriculostomy catheter were negative in 175 instances and positive in 11 instances (7 patients). No clinical or biochemical evidence of ventriculitis was noted. Four of the 27 patients died of causes unrelated to external ventricular drainage. Twenty-three infants survived. Seventeen of 23 survivors suffered from intraventricular hemorrhage Grade 3; in 7, neurological and developmental outcomes were classified as normal; 9 patients experienced mild to moderate paresis and/or mild to moderate developmental delay; and only 1 patient was severely retarded. Six patients with parenchymal lesions had severe motor and/or developmental handicaps. We consider external ventricular drainage an effective and safe therapy in newborn infants with rapidly progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure. The ultimate outcome, however, depends mainly on the mode and the extent of the primary brain lesion.