脑室外引流结合Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血的研究

目的研究脑室外引流结合Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血较传统手术方式的优点。方法 100例脑室出血病例随机分为改良组及传统组。改良组选择在出血相对较多的一侧常规行侧脑室额角穿刺外引流;而在出血相对较少的一侧额角置入Ommaya囊后行囊腔穿刺外引流。脑室外引流5～7天后,逐步改为仅Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流。传统组则行双侧侧脑室普通外引流结合每天腰穿放血性脑脊液治疗。最后比较2组患者迟发性脑积水、颅内感染发生率及预后情况等。结果 2组迟发性脑积水、颅内感染发生率及预后（ADL分级）比较差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05,表明改良组疗效明显优于传统组。结论该项改良技术安全可靠、损伤小、恢复快,能大大降低病死率和伤残率,减少并发症和后遗症,改善预后,优于传统方法。     

改良式腰大池置管引流联合脑室外引流治疗脑室出血60例体会

目的探讨改良式腰大池置管引流联合脑室外引流治疗脑室出血的临床疗效。方法对60例脑室出血患者行经颅穿刺脑室外引流术联合腰大池引流术的操作要点及疗效进行临床分析。结果脑室内血肿清除时间4～5天42例,6～7天12例,第三脑室积血消失时间平均6天。本组60例患者55例治疗成功,死亡5例,总有效率91.6%。结论采用改良式腰大池置管联合侧脑室引流救治脑室出血患者,在提高早期救治成功率、缩短脑室血肿清除时间、降低致残率及改善患者生存质量等方面有积极意义。     

双侧侧脑室外引流加腰大池置管引流术治疗脑室出血

目的探讨重症脑室出血的抢救治疗的效果。方法对17例重型自发性脑室出血病例采用双侧侧脑室穿刺外引流加腰大池置管引流术,同时行尿激酶脑室灌注进行治疗。结果随访半年以上,生存15例,死亡2例,按日常生活能力ADL：ADL1：2例,ADL2：3例,ADL3：5例,ADL4：4例,ADL5：1例。结论在超早期及早期采用该方法治疗重症脑室出血,能明显降低死亡率及致残率,提高生存质量。     

延迟腰大池持续引流配合改良双侧脑室外引流在治疗脑室出血铸型中的应用体会

目的总结延迟腰大池置管持续引流配合改良双侧脑室钻孔引流在治疗脑室出血铸型中的疗效和经验。方法对55例脑室出血并铸型的患者行双侧脑室外引流和延迟留置腰大池管持续引流的疗效进行分析。结果本组55例中47例(85.5%)治疗成功,8例死亡,脑室内血肿清除时间5~7 d者12例,8~10 d者32例,三、四脑室内积血消失平均8 d。存活的47例中3例发生脑积水,2例发生颅内感染。结论该方法在提高救治成功率、降低致残率、减少颅内感染和脑积水的发生率及提高生存质量等方面有积极意义。     

腰大池灌注林格氏液加脑室外引流治疗脑室出血的实验研究

目的 探讨腰大池恒压灌注林格氏液加侧脑室外引流治疗脑室内出血的安全性、可行性及疗效。方法 选用纯种比格犬10条做成脑室内出血的模型，模型建立后4h开始治疗，实验组5条，以2．96kPa(1kPa＝7．5mm Hg)的压力经腰大池灌注林格氏液，同时行侧脑室外引流；对照组5条，用侧脑室外引流的方法。两组在治疗过程中均严格监测颅内压(ICP)及生命体征，记录引流量及灌注量，经12h的治疗后处死动物并收集脑室内全部残余积血，比较两组标本含铁血红蛋白的吸光度值。结果 两组动物从模型建立后至处死前生命体征平稳颅内压波动不太。经12h的治疗，实验组的引流量明显多于对照组(P＜0．05)，实验组脑内残余积血量明显少于对照组，两组差异有显著性(P＜0．05)。结论 以2．96kPa的压力恒压灌注林格氏液于腰大池内，同时行侧脑室外引流治疗脑室内出血的方法安全可行，能更快地消除脑室内积血。     

双侧脑室外引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血63例

目的探讨双侧脑室出血外引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血的疗效。方法对63例重症脑室出血患者先行双侧脑室外引流,24h后结合腰大池引流并用尿激酶灌注进行头腰侧交替引流血性脑脊液。结果术后10d复查CT,43例脑室系统积血基本消失,14例积血减少50%,6例积血减少30%,无梗阻性脑积水。术后死亡16例（占25.4%）。存活47例（占74.6%）,随访3个月,按ADL分级：Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级15例,Ⅳ级7例,Ⅴ级4例。结论采用双侧脑室引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血,能明显减少引流时间,降低死亡率和致残率,提高患者生活质量。     

侧脑室体外引流结合腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血临床研究

目的评价早期腰大池引流结合侧脑室体外引流治疗脑室出血疗效。方法随机将48例脑室出血患者分成2组。治疗组28采用单侧或双侧侧脑室置管引流,同时或脑室外引流术后3 d内行腰大池引流。对照组20例单纯延长脑室外引流时间或停止脑室外引流后再行腰大池引流。结果治疗组积血完全清除、脑脊液循环通畅时间均低于对照组,脑积水发生率均低于对照组,GOS评定优于对照组。结论早期持续腰大池引流结合侧脑室体外引流可缩短脑室出血积血时间,降低患者的脑积水发生率。     

侧脑室尿激酶灌注腰大池持续引流治疗重型脑室出血

本院自1996年1月至2006年6月共收治52例重型脑室出血病例，采用侧脑室尿激酶灌注、腰大池持续引流等治疗，取得较好疗效。现报告如下。     

持续双侧脑室引流间断腰池引流治疗重症脑室出血

重症脑室出血起病急、进展快、死亡率高。本院从1991年10月至2000年9月,用双侧侧脑室持续引流,脑室内注入尿激酶,并且间断腰池引流灌洗治疗92例重症脑室出血,取得较好疗效。报道如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料:90例病人,其中男性54例,女性38例;年龄40～75岁,平均为63.5岁;高血压病史68例。1.2临床表现:起病时主要表现为剧烈头痛,恶心呕吐,迅速出现意识障碍。入院GCS评分:3分23例,4～6分53例,7～8分16例。呼吸不规则14例,双瞳孔缩小31例、大小不等11例,去脑强直8例。1.3CT表现:均为全脑室系统出血、脑室扩张。环池积血51例,原发性脑室出血21例…     

神经内镜结合脑室外引流并颅内压监测治疗脑室出血的护理配合

对12例脑室出血患者实施神经内镜及脑室外引流术。手术均顺利,术后效果良好6例,好转3例,无效2例,死亡1例。提出对患者进行全面的术前评估,是确保手术安全快速开展的前提;熟练掌握仪器设备使用,是保障手术顺利进行的必要条件;术中加强无菌操作,是防止切口感染的必须措施;加强各种管路护理,做好管道标识,与病区护士严格交接是提高手术安全性的重要环节。     

Efficacy of lumbar cistern drainage combined with intrathecal antibiotherapy for the treatment of ventriculo-subarachnoid infections following surgery for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of lumbar cistern drainage combined with intrathecal injection of antibiotics (LCD-ITI) in treating postoperative intracranial infections of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (pHIH-ICI).MethodsSixty pHIH-ICI patients were randomly divided into the control group and the treatment group, with 30 patients in each group. Conventional treatment was performed in the control group, while LCD-ITI was performed in the treatment group. The clinical outcomes, Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), activities of daily living (ADL) scores, incidence rates of hydrocephalus and other indicators were compared.ResultsThe improvement time of clinical symptoms, infection control time and hydrocephalus incidence of the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Also the infection control rate, GOS score and ADL score of the treatment group were significantly higher or better than the control group (P < 0.05).ConclusionLCD-ITI could improve clinical treatment and prognosis of pHIH-ICI patients.     

开颅术与钻孔引流术治疗高血压脑出血后颅内压的影响比较

目的：探讨开颅术与钻孔引流术治疗高血压脑出血（HICH）后颅内压的影响,为临床HICH后选择合理的手术治疗提供依据。方法选择HICH患者120例,随机分为开颅组（n=60）和钻孔组（n=60）,开颅组采用开颅手术治疗,钻孔组采用钻孔引流术结合尿激酶溶解术治疗,比较两组患者术后即时、24h、72h和1周时颅内压变化情况。结果两组患者术后即时颅内压均增高,术后72h达峰值,术后1周开始下降。开颅组颅内压在各时间点均低于钻孔组（P＜0.05）。结论开颅手术治疗HICH在降低颅内压力,减少脑组织损害方面优于钻孔引流术。但开颅手术由于存在创伤大等缺点,因此应在术前综合考虑患者全身状况、出血部位、血肿量等因素,再选择合适的术式,但不管何种术式,均以降低脑出血患者病死、病残率,改善生存质量为最终目的。     

Head injury,subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracranial pressure monitoring in Italy

Background. Intracranial pressure monitoring is recommended for the management of severe head injury and is increasingly used during intensive care for other pathologies, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, it is still not uniformly applied in different centers. The objectives of this paper are to summarize the frequency and the modalities of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in different centers in Italy; to describe its use in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); and to identify areas for improvement. Method. The medical directors of either the neurosurgical department or the intensive care unit, or both, of every Italian neurosurgical center were personally interviewed. They answered specific questions about TBI and SAH patients admitted, and ICP monitoring used, in their units. Data were cleared of any obvious inconsistencies and entered in a database for analysis. All analyses were based simply on the data declared. Findings. The clinical information was obtained from 9137 TBI cases, of whom 4240 severe, and 3151 SAH patients. Among the 106 participating centers, 15 did not use ICP monitoring at all. The remaining 91 had used 3293 ICP devices during the year 2001; 146 were used in tumor cases, 2009 in TBI, and 1138 in SAH. Twenty-two percent of TBI cases admitted to centers with ICP equipment were monitored. Restricting this analysis to severe cases, 47% of TBI with a GCS <8 had ICP. On average, 36% of SAH underwent ICP monitoring. The proportions of head injury and SAH cases who underwent ICP monitoring varied widely in the different centers. Dividing the country into three main areas (north, center and south), there were considerable differences both in the rate of admissions per million inhabitants and in the frequency of ICP monitoring. Interpretation. ICP monitoring in Italy is used in most, but not all, centers. ICP is measured fairly extensively in head injury cases, but a significant proportion of SAH patients is monitored as well. There are substantial differences in the frequency of ICP monitoring in different parts of the country. The use of ICP for both these indications, and the rates of admission to specialized centers, could be improved.Published online July 31, 2003     

Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase

During the last three years, seven patients with severe intraventricular hemorrhage admitted to our clinic were treated with direct intraventricular infusion of urokinase. In each case, hemorrhage extended into the entire ventricular cavity and cast formation as well as an expansion of third and fourth ventricles were found. On the average, both the third and fourth ventricles became clear on the third day and the lateral ventricle on the ninth day after hemorrhage. Five of the seven patients showed good recovery or only moderate disability, and two died. Infection, convulsion, rebleeding, and peripheral or secondary hemorrhage due to the side effects of urokinase was not encountered during therapy.We conclude that this procedure can be applied effectively and safely in severe intraventricular hemorrhage.     

Safety and efficacy of extra-ventricular drainage combined with urokinase administration in the management of intraventricular hemorrhage

BackgroundIntraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe form of stroke. Studies of existing treatment options are controversial. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of extra ventricular drainage (EVD) combined with uPA administration for the treatment of IVH.MethodsThe clinical data of 157 IVH patients admitted to our department during 2019-2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) after 30 days, patients were categorized into favorable outcome (GOS4-5) and poor outcome (GOS1-3), and factors with prognostic impact were screened by univariate and multifactorial analysis, followed by propensity score matching and screening of paired patients for comparative analysis between the uPA and non-uPA groups.ResultsPatient age, uPA use, initial GCS score, and intracranial hematoma volume can all influence the patient's GOS. After propensity score-matched screening, 72 patients were finally included, 36 each in the uPA and non-uPA groups. Analysis revealed that at the follow-up after 30 days, 50.0% of patients with a GOS score of 4-5 were in the uPA group compared with 30.6% in the non-uPA group; however, they were not statistically significantly different. In contrast, the mean clearance of hematoma after four days was significantly higher in the uPA group than in the non-uPA group (P < 0.05) and did not increase the incidence of postoperative complications (P > 0.05).ConclusionuPA treatment may eliminate hematomas faster and reduce the rate of obstruction. However, its effectiveness in improving patient prognosis does not appear to be significant. Therefore, studies with larger samples may be needed to further validate its effectiveness.     

Management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring: a report of 136 cases

Objective： To evaluate the effect of the treatment modality guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure （ICP） monitoring on patients with severe traumatic brain injury （TBI）. Methods： The clinical data of a group of 136 severely brain-injured patients admitted to Shanghai Neurosurgical Emergency Center from December 2004 to February 2006 were studied. Results： The intraventricular ICP monitor was placed in all the 136 patients via Kocher＇s pathway, Paine＇s pathway or intraoperative opened ventricle. In this series, the probe was placed during the procedure of craniotomy in 98 patients; for other 38 patients, the probe was placed initially to measure or to monitor ICE A stepwise protocol targeting at ICP control （420 mm Hg） and optimal cerebral perfusion pressure （CPP） maintenance （60-90 mm Hg） was deployed.Among them, 76 patients survived with good recovery, 14 with moderate disability, 24 with severe disability, 10 with vegetative state, and 12 died. Complications associated with intraventricular ICP monitoring included hemorrhage and infection. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient and infection in 5 patients. There were no unacceptable complications related to ICP monitoring. Conclusions： Ventricular access for 1CP monitoring can be safely and accurately achieved. ICP monitoring via ventriculostomy may facilitate an early and accurate intervention for severely brain-injured patients. The intraventricular ICP monitoring is a low-risk procedure and can yield great benefits for management of patients with severe TBI.     

椎管引流术治疗自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的临床研究

目的 探讨椎管引流术治疗自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的疗效。方法 将第1次自发性SAH的患者随机分成治疗组(218例)和对照组(173例)，治疗组在常规治疗的同时，加作早期、大引流量椎管引流术治疗，而对照组只作常规治疗，根据GCS评级比较两组疗效。结果 椎管引流治疗组之恢复良好率(70．2％)较对照组(53．2％)明显增高，而致残率(18．3％)及病死率(10．1％)较对照组明显降低。结论 早期、大引流量椎管引流术能明显提高自发性SAH的恢复良好率，而明显降低致残率及病死率。     

有创颅内压监护在重型脑损伤术后的应用

目的探讨有创颅内压监护在重型脑损伤术后的临床应用价值。方法选取2011年1月-2012年9月于我院进行开颅手术及脑室外引流术的重型颅脑损伤患者108例,根据随机原则分为实验组和对照组,每组54例。实验组和对照组患者均采用止血、抗感染、脱水、神经营养等治疗。实验组：使用Codman颅内压监护仪对患者进行硬膜下的颅内压监护。对照组：对患者颅内压不进行检测,仅按照传统方法进行颅内压预测和治疗。结果实验组和对照组相比在甘露醇使用时间及用量、肾功能损害程度和电解质紊乱等并发症的发生率、预后评估等各方面差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论使用颅内压监护可以明显提高重型颅脑损伤患者的临床疗效,值得推广应用。