Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: identifying PTEN expression on multiphasic MDCT

Purpose

To investigate whether multiphasic MDCT enhancement profiles can help to identify PTEN expression in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs). Lack of PTEN expression is associated with worsened overall survival, a more advanced Fuhrman grade, and a greater likelihood of lymph mode metastasis.

Methods

With IRB approval for this retrospective study, we derived a cohort of 103 histologically proven ccRCCs with preoperative 4-phase renal mass MDCT from 2001–2013. Following manual segmentation, a computer-assisted detection algorithm selected a 0.5-cm-diameter region of maximal attenuation within each lesion in each phase; a 0.5-cm-diameter region of interest was manually placed on uninvolved renal cortex in each phase. The relative attenuation of each lesion was calculated as [(Maximal lesion attenuation − cortex attenuation)/cortex attenuation] × 100. Absolute and relative attenuation in each phase were compared using t tests. The performance of multiphasic enhancement in identifying PTEN expression was assessed with logistic regression analysis.

Results

PTEN-positive and PTEN-negative ccRCCs both exhibited peak enhancement in the corticomedullary phase. Relative corticomedullary phase attenuation was significantly greater for PTEN-negative ccRCCs in comparison to PTEN-positive ccRCCs (33.7 vs. 9.5, p = 0.03). After controlling for lesion stage and size, relative corticomedullary phase attenuation had an accuracy of 84% (86/103), specificity of 100% (84/84), sensitivity of 11% (2/19), positive predictive value of 100% (2/2), and negative predictive value of 83% (84/101) in identifying PTEN expression.

Conclusion

Relative corticomedullary phase attenuation may help to identify PTEN expression in ccRCCs, if validated prospectively.

     

透明细胞乳头状肾细胞癌9例临床病理分析

目的探讨透明细胞乳头状肾细胞癌(CCPRCC)的临床病理特征、鉴别诊断与预后。方法复习9例CCPRCC的临床资料,进行组织病理学形态和免疫组化观察。结果 9例中男性7例,女性2例,年龄38~68岁,平均年龄51.9岁。肿瘤直径1.2~7 cm,平均3.5 cm;8例为单发病例。9例均为查体时发现,无终末期肾病及VHL病家族史。镜下肿瘤由数量不等的腺泡状、乳头状、囊状和实性巢状结构组成,细胞核形态温和,远离基膜并朝向管腔、腺泡、乳头表面呈整齐的单层线状排列,间质内可见数量不等的平滑肌组织。免疫组化:CK、vimentin、CAⅨ和CK7均强(+),CD10、P504S和RCC灶性弱(+),CD117和TFE3均(-)。随访6个月~5年,均无复发和远处转移。结论 CCPRCC为一种少见的惰性肾肿瘤,典型的组织学表现结合免疫组化结果通常可以明确诊断。手术切除是首选治疗方法,总体预后良好。     

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: identifying the gain of chromosome 20 on multiphasic MDCT

Purpose

To investigate whether multiphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) enhancement can help identify the gain of chromosome 20 in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), a rare prognostically significant cytogenetic abnormality.

Methods

With the Institutional Review Board approval, we queried our institution’s pathology database to derive a cohort of 52 cases of clear cell RCC with preoperative four-phase renal mass protocol MDCT and karyotypes of the resected specimens during a 10-year period. Each lesion was evaluated for absolute and relative (compared to contralateral normal renal cortex) attenuations in each phase. Relative attenuation was calculated as [(lesion attenuation ? cortex attenuation)/cortex attenuation] × 100. The absolute and relative attenuations were compared using t-tests.

Results

Clear cell RCCs with the gain of 20 had significantly less nephrographic and excretory phase enhancement than clear cell RCCs without the gain of 20 (86.4 HU vs. 111.4 HU, p = 0.007; 70.0 HU vs. 89.4 HU, p = 0.003; respectively). Additionally, the relative nephrographic and excretory phase attenuations of clear cell RCCs with the gain of 20 were significantly less than that of clear cell RCCs without the gain of 20 (?52.7 vs. ?34.7, p = 0.002; ?44.9 vs. ?31.1, p = 0.005; respectively).

Conclusion

Multiphasic MDCT enhancement may assist in identifying the gain of chromosome 20 in clear cell RCCs, if validated in a large prospective trial.

     

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: multiphasic MDCT enhancement can predict the loss of chromosome 8p

Purpose

To investigate whether imaging features on multiphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) can predict the loss of chromosome 8p in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), a cytogenetic abnormality associated with a higher tumor grade and greater risk of recurrence.

Methods

With IRB approval for this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study, we queried our institution’s pathology database to derive all histologically proven cases of clear cell RCC with preoperative multiphasic MDCT with as many as four phases (unenhanced, corticomedullary, nephrographic, and excretory) from January 2000 to July 2010. Of 170 clear cell RCCs with preoperative multiphasic MDCT, 105 clear cell RCCs, representing 98 unique patients, had karyotypes of the resected specimens. Lesions were evaluated for magnitude and pattern of enhancement, contour, neovascularity, calcifications, and size.

Results

The corticomedullary phase mean enhancement of clear cell RCCs with a loss of 8p was significantly greater than that of clear cell RCCs without a loss of 8p (169.5 vs. 127.2 HU, p = 0.004). A threshold of 165 HU predicted the loss of 8p in clear cell RCCs with an accuracy of 78% (69/88), a specificity of 81% (62/77), and a negative predictive value of 94% (62/66). There were no significant differences in the pattern of enhancement, contour, neovascularity, calcification, or size between clear cell RCCs with a loss of 8p and those without this abnormality.

Conclusion

Enhancement on multiphasic MDCT can predict the loss of 8p in clear cell RCCs and can thus provide a non-invasive means of guiding further management, including surgery, ablation, watchful waiting, or medical management.     

Bilateral renal cell carcinoma

Renal carcinoma is frequently detected incidentally during abdominal ultrasound studies or computed tomographic scanning. Although clinical studies report bilateral tumors in fewer than 4 percent of patients with renal carcinoma, an autopsy study has shown a much higher incidence. Various surgical approaches are available.     

CEUS鉴别诊断肾透明细胞癌和嫌色细胞癌

目的 探讨CEUS对肾透明细胞癌（CCRCC）和嫌色细胞癌（ChRCC）的鉴别诊断价值。方法 收集接受肾脏CEUS检查并经术后病理证实为CCRCC的患者75例及ChRCC的患者26例。观察CCRCC和ChRCC的增强方式、增强程度、增强形态、假包膜征及病灶对局部淋巴结、肾包膜及肾静脉的侵犯情况,并绘制时间-强度曲线,获得校正的始增时间（ΔAT）、达峰时间（ΔTTP）和峰值强度（ΔPI）,进行统计学分析。结果 CCRCC多表现高增强（41/75,54.67%）、弥漫性增强（54/75,72.00%）和不均匀增强（58/75,77.33%）,56.00%（42/75）有假包膜征。ChRCC多表现为低增强（19/26,73.08%）、向心性增强（14/26,53.85%）和均匀增强（17/26,65.38%）,61.54%（16/26）有假包膜征。CCRCC与ChRCC增强程度、增强方式及增强形态的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,假包膜征检出率的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。CCRCC的ΔAT和ΔTTP与ChRCC比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,而CCRCC的ΔPI明显高于ChRCC（P<0.001）。以ΔPI=0.05%为阈值鉴别诊断CCRCC和ChRCC的准确率最高,其敏感度为82.70%,特异度为100%,ROC曲线下面积为0.969。CCRCC出现肾周和（或）肾窦脂肪受累和肾门和（或）腹膜后淋巴结转移的百分率均高于ChRCC（P均<0.05）。结论 CCRCC和ChRCC具有不同的CEUS特征,有助于二者的鉴别诊断。     

Radiogenomics in renal cell carcinoma

Abdominal Radiology - Radiogenomics, a field of radiology investigating the association between the imaging features of a disease and its gene expression pattern, has expanded considerably in the...     

Immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma

Introduction: Advanced renal cell cancers (aRCC) has historically been responsive to immune system manipulation. A better understanding of the anti-tumor immune response has fueled the emergence of immunotherapy-based regimens, including combinations with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors.

Areas covered: In this review, we will describe the historic use of immunotherapies and their integration with newer agents, specifically in clear cell aRCC.

Expert opinion: Novel immunotherapeutic agents, as well as combinations with VEGF/TKI therapy, will become the standard of care initial therapy in the management of aRCC. Further studies in the sequencing of drug administration, managing treatment-related adverse events (TRAE), and exploring innovative approaches are warranted.     

Clear cell myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast: a case report

Primary clear cell myoepithelial carcinoma (CCMC) is extremely rare. During the past twenty years, only one CCMC case has been reported. Here, a case of CCMC is reported. A 30-year-old woman became aware of an abnormal mass on the left breast, and quadrantectomy was performed. Microscopically, it consisted of tumor cells that had clear cytoplasm and showed an invasive growth pattern. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin, S-100, partly positive for vimentin and epithelial membranous antigen. From these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as CCMC. Most of the clear cell myoepithelial tumors are probably misclassified in other examples. It is expected that the numbers of CCMC may be increased by routinely performing special stains and immunohistochemical stains, even without ultrastructual study.     

CT鉴别诊断乳头状肾细胞癌与肾转移癌

目的 观察CT鉴别诊断乳头状肾细胞癌(PRCC)与肾转移癌(RM)的价值。方法 回顾性分析49例经病理证实的PRCC及51例经病理或临床随访证实的RM患者的腹部CT资料，对比PRCC与RM的CT表现，评估CT鉴别诊断二者的价值。结果 于49例PRCC共检出49个病灶(PRCC组，n=49),51例RM共检出78个病灶(RM组，n=78)。CT所示病灶成分、边界、包膜、平扫与肾实质密度差异，以及有无集合系统受累、侵犯和肾脏轮廓改变的组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。RPCC组病灶最大径大于RM组，而增强后病灶CT值及强化程度均小于RM组(P均<0.05)。结论 CT对于鉴别诊断PRCC与RM具有一定价值。     

透明质酸测定鉴别诊断肾细胞癌和移行细胞癌

目的:探讨并评价血、尿透明质酸的测定在肾癌、肾盂癌鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:采集41份血液和尿液样本,其中肾癌17例,肾盂癌14例,正常人10例;采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定尿液和血液样本中透明质酸的浓度;采用化学发光法测定尿液中蛋白浓度,用SPSS 11.0分析血液、校正尿液的透明质酸浓度及其比值。结果:在41份血液样本中,各组数据间差异无统计学意义;41份尿液样本中,比较经尿蛋白浓度校正后的尿透明质酸浓度,肾癌组与肾盂癌组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);比较41例样本的血尿透明质酸浓度比值,肾癌组与肾盂癌组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:肾盂癌患者尿液中校正透明质酸浓度明显高于正常人和肾癌患者。尿液透明质酸浓度可作为移行细胞癌的肿瘤标志物,用于肾盂癌的诊断及其与肾癌的鉴别诊断。     

Dendritic cell vaccine strategies for renal cell carcinoma

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are an important experimental immunotherapy for renal cell carcinomas. DC vaccines have proven safe, but only minimal clinical efficacy has been observed to date. DC vaccine strategies reflect the continually evolving understanding of DC biology. The use of mature DCs is particularly important to avoid the induction of regulatory T cells. Better defined sources of immunizing antigens and more efficient antigen-loading will contribute to DC vaccines of better quality. Improved clinical efficacy may also be achieved using DCs that secrete biologically active IL-12, which fosters innate immunity and polarizes T helper type 1 responses that contribute to optimal antitumor immunity. Furthermore, combination therapies that treat systemic immune suppression will be crucial for obtaining improved clinical responses to DC vaccines in patients with advanced disease.     

Prognostic biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma

A hallmark of renal cell carcinoma is its variable prognosis. Surgical resection of primary renal cell carcinoma can be curative when the disease is localized. However, approximately 20% of patients with early stages of localized renal cell carcinomas subsequently develop metastasis after the primary tumor is removed. The median survival for patients with metastatic disease is approximately 13 months. Therefore, there is a great need for biomarkers to predict metastasis and prognosis. Many prognostic biomarkers were studied in the past decade. In recent years, several promising biomarkers, including CAIX, B7-H1 and IMP3, have also been identified by large retrospective studies. Further validation of these biomarkers is essential to transfer the research data into clinical practice. Eventually, an outcome prediction model with biomarkers, staging system and other risk factors will identify high-risk patients with likelihood of progression and formulate different follow-up protocols or systematic treatments for these patients.     

Therapeutic vaccines in renal cell carcinoma

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a lethal disease. The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has changed the disease process, yet the majority of patients will develop treatment-resistant disease. IL-2 based immunotherapy in mRCC is the only US FDA-approved treatment with curative results. Immunotherapeutic vaccine approaches to mRCC have been under investigation for several decades with mixed results. The recent FDA-approval of the first cellular immunotherapy in prostate cancer (Provenge(?)) has reinvigorated the search for similar vaccines approaches in mRCC. This review introduces the concepts and different features required for a successful anticancer vaccine approach.     

Acrometastasis in renal cell carcinoma.

Acrometastasis is rare and may occur as the primary manifestation of an occult malignant tumor. Clinically, it may mimic benign osteoarthritic diseases, thus resulting in misdiagnosis and improper treatment. We describe a patient with renal cell carcinoma that presented itself as a case of chronic osteomyelitis after trauma to a finger. Such a lesion presents diagnostic challenges to both clinicians and histopathologists.     

肾细胞癌的MRI影像分析

目的分析肾细胞癌亚型MRI信号平扫特点及增强表现,提高对肾细胞癌的诊断水平。方法收集有完整临床资料及病理证实肾细胞癌48例,均做T_1WI、T_2WI、TRUFI序列平扫及增强扫描,其中15例行MRI动态增强扫描。结果本组48命名透明细胞型41例,嫌色细胞型4例,乳头状细胞型3例。T_1WI均匀等或低信号33例,混杂信号15例;T2WI均匀高信号14例,等信号6例,混杂信号28例。显示假包膜者10例。增强扫描6例病灶均匀强化,34例不均匀强化,5例内壁不规则环状强化,3例均匀环状强化(假包膜强化)。结论 MRI能够准确诊断肾细胞癌,并有助于判断细胞亚型。