大乌头及藤乌头类乌头的调查鉴定与成分分析

本文报道了民间药大乌头及藤乌头类乌头的植物来源,前者属于乌头属乌头亚属乌头组中的显柱乌头系(Ser Stylosa)类植物,后者系同组的蔓乌头系(Ser Volubulia)类植物,药用部分为其块根。研究了生药中生物碱的高效液相色谱测定方法,用十八烷基键合相柱,以甲醇—水—三乙胺(75:25:0.2)作流动相,各生物碱均能基线分离。分析了属于这类乌头的十二种不同植物品种的生药块根,均含有滇乌碱类生物碱,从化学分类学上证明这两群乌头植物在亲缘关系上有较密切的联系。     

秦岭产4种乌头块根的生物碱资源研究

目的测定秦岭产乌头属的松潘乌头、太白乌头、甘青乌头、铁棒锤块根中的总生物碱及酯型生物碱含量,探讨4种植物的化学成分资源状况,为该属生药资源开发研究提供依据。方法酸碱滴定法测定块根的总生物碱;改良盐酸羟胺-高氯酸铁比色法测定块根的酯型生物碱。结果4种乌头块根总生物碱及酯型生物碱含量分别为:花期:松潘乌头1.19%和0.33%,太白乌头0.68%和0.06%,甘青乌头2.24%和0.33%,铁棒锤1.31%和0.52%;果期:松潘乌头1.22%和0.17%,太白乌头1.24%和0.04%,甘青乌头2.42%和0.28%,铁棒锤1.44%和0.46%。结论4种乌头种的化学成分资源规律为总生物碱含量果期高于花期,酯型生物碱的含量花期高于果期。     

黔产乌头的二萜生物碱类成分研究

目的:研究贵州地区产乌头中的二萜生物碱类成分,为进一步丰富乌头属植物的化学成分以及开发利用该药用植物提供参考。方法:取贵州产乌头块根,采用酸提碱沉法提取总生物碱浸膏,并采用硅胶柱层析对总生物碱浸膏进行分离纯化,获得二萜生物碱类成分。结合核磁共振和高分辨质谱分析技术对所获化合物进行结构鉴定。结果与结论:从贵州产乌头中分离鉴定出15个二萜类生物碱,分别为12-epi-15-O-acetyl-17-benzoyl-16-hydroxy-16,17-dihydronapelline(Ⅰ)、宋果灵(Ⅱ)、Songoramine(Ⅲ)、10-羟基乌头碱(Ⅳ)、次乌头碱(Ⅴ)、去氧乌头碱(Ⅵ)、乌头碱(Ⅶ)、新乌头碱(Ⅷ)、14-benzoyltalasamine(Ⅸ)、塔拉萨敏(Ⅹ)、尼奥宁(Ⅺ)、6-表查斯曼宁(Ⅻ)、异塔拉定(ⅩⅢ)、萨卡可尼亭(ⅩⅣ)和多根乌头碱(ⅩⅤ)。其中化合物Ⅸ、Ⅻ均为首次从乌头中分离得到。     

乌头属药物资源的化学和生物学研究进展(英文)

毛茛科乌头属药用植物含有二萜生物碱、多糖、黄酮类等药物活性成份,促进了对其化学分类学、分子分类学和药理学的研究。作为药用植物亲缘学的继续深入研究,本文综述乌头属的植物化学、化学分类、分子生物学和系统发育等方面的近期进展及其与乌头药效和毒性的关联。近年在多种乌头植物中发现了更多二萜生物碱,以C19:Ⅲ,aco-nitine类型最多。综述了近年发现的乌头生物碱和提取物,以及乌头多糖和其它成分的生物活性。国产乌头亚属中乌头组基于形态学的11系分类未得到化学分类和分子系统发育研究的支持。基于细胞核和叶绿体DNA序列的分子系统树将形态极相近的9系分为两群,一为甘青乌头系,圆叶乌头系,保山乌头系和短柄乌头系;另一为乌头系,兴安乌头系,显柱乌头系,蔓乌头系和准噶尔乌头系,化学分类数据支持此分群。为了乌头资源的可持续利用和发现高效低毒的新化合物,有必要将近年涌现的新技术用于乌头研究。系统生物学和组学技术将在促进乌头生物活性化合物研究中发挥关键作用。     

乌头属植物二萜生物碱研究进展

乌头属植物中含有的特征成份二萜生物碱具有较强的毒性和广泛生物活性,多年以来一直是药物学家寻找新药和先导化合物的一个重要来源．也是植物化学分类学家研究的热点。本文从乌头属植物中二萜生物碱的来源,结构及其特点等方面,综述了1998-2008年从乌头属植物中分得的新的二萜生物碱的研究情况。     

乌头类生药中主要生物碱的薄层光密度法测定

乌头为常用中药,有祛风、散寒、止痛的功效。除正品乌头Aconitum carmichaeli Debx和北乌头Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb外,同属一些其它品种,亦在民间广泛使用。该属植物多含有双酯类生物碱剧毒成分,主要为乌头碱(aconitine)、中乌头碱(mesaconitine)和     

滇西乌头二萜生物碱成分研究

摘 要 目的：对毛茛科乌头属植物滇西乌头的块根进行化学成分研究。方法: 滇西乌头的干燥块根用甲醇渗漉提取,所得浸膏用1.5% HCl溶解,5% NaOH调pH至9,乙酸乙酯萃取,得总生物碱粗提物。粗提物用各种柱色谱进行分离纯化,经光谱数据 (¹H NMR,¹3C NMR,MS) 进行结构鉴定。结果: 分离鉴定12个二萜生物碱,分别为：丽江乌头碱（1）,粗茎乌碱甲（2）,查斯曼宁（3）,塔拉地萨敏（4）,去苯甲酰大渡乌碱（5）,彭生宁（6）,crassicautine（7）,滇乌碱（8）,大渡乌碱（9）,贡乌生（10）,直缘乌碱乙（11）,pseudoaconine（12）。结论: 化合物3~7,10~12均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

乌头属药用植物中生物碱的研究进展

目的 综述乌头属药用植物中生物碱的国内研究进展。方法 对近十几年来国内发表的具有代表性的相关文章进行分析、整理和归纳。结果 乌头属药用植物主要成分为生物碱,现已从多种乌头属药用植物中分离鉴定出各种生物碱单体。综述了生物碱的各种含量测定方法。结论 应加强对乌头属植物中有效成分和毒性成分的分析,以加大这类植物的开发利用,确保临床用药的安全性和有效性。     

新疆乌头属植物中双酯型生物碱的含量测定

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定新疆乌头属植物中双酯型生物碱(乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱)的含量。方法:采用X Bridge C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水-三氯甲烷(浓氨水调节pH为10.62)(70∶30∶2)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min-1,进样量10μL,检测波长为235 nm。结果:(1)HPLC法测定乌头碱在0.020 1～2.012 0 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率为100.06%,RSD为0.60%;新乌头碱在0.002 2～0.086 4 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率为99.69%,RSD为1.04%;次乌头碱在0.002 1～0.084 0 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率为99.68%,RSD为1.08%。样品含量测定结果表明新疆乌头属植物含有双酯型生物碱,但不同种之间含量和成分有一定的差异。(2)新疆乌头属植物中含有乌头碱、新乌头碱和次乌头碱,但不同种植物之间,成分和含量有一定差异,准噶尔乌头、白喉乌头中双酯型生物碱含量较高。结论:本实验建立了新疆乌头属植物中双酯型生物碱的HPLC含量测定方法,本法方便、准确,为进一步研究和利用新疆乌头属植物奠定了基础。新疆乌头属植物中准噶尔乌头和白喉乌头双酯型含量较高,具有潜在药用价值,值得进一步深入研究。     

乌头碱类化合物毒理学研究概况

<正> 百余种乌头属植物中,有近40种可做药用,治风寒湿痹、肢体酸痛麻木等症。但其根茎中所含生物碱均有较强的毒性,尤其表现在心脏方面。水解后形成的乌头原碱类(AN),毒性大大降低。但降低程度各碱并不一致(见表1)。Bisset曾对此做过分析。煎煮块根4h后其双酯二萜类生物碱含量下降,苯甲酰基乌头原碱类(NAN)含量升高,按生药计,其LD_(50)值提高10～100倍不等。这些研究可解释某些实验所见总生物碱含量与根茎制剂的毒性不完全平行的现象。     

乌头类药材及中毒案例未知品中酯型生物碱的检出及测定

目的：建立乌头类主要毒性尬发新乌头碱,乌头碱,次乌头碱的检出方法和含量测定方法。方法：以TLC法和HPLC法双重鉴定各药材及未知品中酯型生物的存在并测定其含量。结果：TLC法能有效检出新乌头碱,乌头碱和次乌头碱,HPLC法可进一步确证各酯型生物碱的存在并测定TLC1/500点样量的乌头碱含量。结论：该方法操作简单,快速,准确,可作为乌头类药材及中毒案例未知品的鉴定与含量测定方法。     

中国乌头的研究Ⅶ.乌头生物碱的薄层层析

本文选择七种已知结构的生物碱,用不加粘合剂氧化铝薄层层析法的桑件进行了研究,结果表明此法完全可应用于乌头生物碱的检定.其较好条件是细度小于150号筛孔,活性Ⅳ级碱性氧化铝为吸附剂;石油醚-乙醚(1:10)为展开剂和以碘蒸气为显色剂.将此薄层层析条件应用到从中国乌头中分出的新生物碱检查时,亦获得良好的结果.     

Analysis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from Narcissus by GC-MS and capillary electrophoresis

Amaryllidaceae are known as ornamental plants, furthermore some species of this family contain galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and other alkaloids with interesting pharmacological activity. In the present work, the quali- and quantitative analysis of Amaryllidaceae-type alkaloids in the bulbs of Narcissus species is presented using different analytical approaches. Extracts of Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton and Narcissus jonquilla Quail, were first examined by GC-MS using a Rtx-5 MS (programmed temperature) and the major alkaloids were identified. Together with galanthamine, high contents of haemanthamine, were found. Galanthamine was reliably quantified by GC-MS, whereas haemanthamine partly decomposed under the GC conditions, thus alternative analytical methods were investigated. Firstly, reversed-phase HPLC-ESI-MS was applied to identify and isolate at semipreparative levels haemanthamine. The compound was fully characterized by MS/MS and (1)H NMR and then used as a reference substance. The quantitation of both galanthamine and haemanthamine was then accomplished by capillary electrophoresis with spectrophotometric detection. A non-aqueous (NACE) approach was selected in order to use a running buffer fully compatible with samples in organic solvent. In particular, a mixture methanol-acetonitrile (75:25, v/v) containing ammonium acetate (90 mM) was used as a background electrolyte. The same analytical sample was subjected to GC-MS and NACE analysis; the different selectivity displayed by these techniques allowed different separation profiles that can be useful in phytochemical characterization of the extracts. The GC-MS and NACE methods were validated and applied to the quantitation of galanthamine (GC-MS and NACE) and haemanthamine (NACE) in bulbs of N. jonquilla.     

十二种国产麻黄的品质评价

本文应用高效液相色谱法对我国24个产地所产的12种麻黄生药进行了六种生物碱的定量分析,这六种生物碱是:麻黄碱(ephedrine),伪麻黄碱(pseudoephedrine),去甲基麻黄碱(norephedrine),去甲基伪麻黄碱(norpseudoephedrine),甲基麻黄碱(methylephedrine)和甲基伪麻黄碱(methylpseudoephedrine)。根据分析结果,对这些麻黄生药的品质作出了评价。     

Parameters for determining the origin of illicit heroin samples

A method has been evolved for assigning the source of supply or origin of illicit heroin samples. The content of morphine, codeine and acetyl products and the ratios of morphine to codeine and heroin to acetylcodeine obtained from opium samples of known origin as well as the content of heroin (diacetylmorphine) and acetylcodeine and their ratios in illicit heroin samples that have been found to belong to the same source of supply as the known opium samples are used as the basic criteria for a comparison to determine the origin of illicit heroin samples. Because the content of alkaloids in opium and heroin samples varies considerably, the number of opium and illicit heroin samples of known origin analysed should be sufficient to determine a representative composition of alkaloids in such samples for a given geographical area and period of production. It was observed that the theoretical ratio of heroin to acetylcodeine increases two-fold at each stage of the chemical conversion in the series opium-morphine-heroin. The ratios of heroin to acetylcodeine obtained from opium samples of known origin showed significant variation, which enabled the author to make distinct composition profiles of the alkaloids for each geographical area studied. Such profiles made it possible to compare heroin samples of known origin with illicit heroin samples of unknown origin and to determine the geographical area from which the latter originated. This method can also be applied in determining the origin of illicit morphine samples.     

中国防己科轮环藤属药用植物资源利用研究

本文报道我国防己科7种轮环藤属药用植物的分布,生境及民间效用,10种异喹啉生物碱在各种轮环藤植物中的存在情况及总生物碱和2种活性成分的含量。研究结果表明,轮环藤属是寻找新箭毒植物资源的重要对象,可作为生产肌肉松弛剂的原料加以利用;为防己科化学分类提供了有价值的资料。     

Quinolizidine alkaloid composition of plants and of photomixotrophic cell suspension cultures of Sarothamnus scoparius and Orobanche rapum-genistae

The alkaloid composition of Sarothamnus scoparius cell cultures, plants and of its root parasite Orobanche rapum-genistae were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and capillary GLC/mass spectrometry. S. scoparius plants were found to contain the already known isosparteine, sparteine, 17-oxosparteine, lupanine and other quinolizidine alkaloids such as ammodendrine, N-methylangustifoline, alpha-isolupanine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, 4-hydroxylupanine, 17-oxolupanine and five 13-hydroxylupanine esters. Two new alkaloids could be identified, a dehydrosparteine (presumably the 11,12-dehydroderivative) and a dihydroxylupanine (presumably 4,13-dihydroxylupanine). The distribution of these alkaloids within the different plant organs is reported. Orobanche rapum-genistae plants contain the already known sparteine, lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine and 12 other lupin alkaloids, which are present in the Sarothamnus host plant. Photomixotrophic cell suspension cultures of S. scoparius accumulate lupanine as the main alkaloid. On tissue differentiation (bud formation) the cultures accumulate sparteine as well as lupanine. Whereas sparteine is stored in the cells, lupanine is excreted into the medium. Alkaloid formation of the cell cultures is positively correlated with chlorophyll content of the cells. The alkaloid pattern found in S. scoparius supports the hypothesis that lupanine biosynthesis is the common route of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis from which the other alkaloids such as sparteine are derived.     

麦角生物硷的层离研究 Ⅱ.麦角生药的柱层离定量

麦角中生物硷的含量测定,一般均按中国药典及 N.F.方法.但这两个方法只能测出总生物硷和水溶性生物硷的含量,对最有效成份——水溶性生物硷中的麦角新硷无法单独测定.Grove 曾用提取方法分离麦角新硷和麦角异新硷,进行个别定量,但手续麻烦,而且提取液体积较大,含量少时测定困难.Carless 用纸纤维柱层离法分别测定麦角中各种生物硷含量,样品用量很少,全部过程需两天.根据作者之一用硅藻土柱层离法自麦角生药中提取麦角新硷的结果,我们认为有可能达到定量目的,因此进行了以下试