羟基红花黄色素A抗脑缺血损伤作用研究进展

脑卒中是导致人类致残或死亡的主要疾病之一。羟基红花黄色素A（HSYA）是红花中含量最高的水溶性成分,其抗脑缺血作用日益引起关注。HSYA抗脑缺血损伤作用的机制多而复杂,其主要药理作用包括抑制兴奋性氨基酸神经毒性、抗氧化应激、抑制神经细胞凋亡及抑制炎症反应等多种机制。兹对近年来HSYA的吸收与血 脑屏障通透性及抗脑缺血损伤保护作用的研究进展进行综述。     

采用现代生物学技术探讨红花有效成分对大鼠脑缺血性损伤的保护作用

本研究采用核磁共振、分子相互作用、高效液相和细胞分子生物学技术从体内外两个方面探讨红花色素中含量最高的水溶性有效成分—羟基红花黄色素A（Hydroxysafallow Yellow A，HSYA）对栓线法所致大鼠永久性局灶型脑缺血损伤的保护作用并对其分子机制进行探讨。     

红花及其复方制剂的研究进展

红花为菊科植物红花（CarthamustinctoriusL．）的干燥管状花。具有活血通经、祛瘀止痛的功效。红花黄色素为红花中多种水溶性查尔酮成分的混合物,包括红花黄色素A、B、C等,其中羟基红花黄色素A（HydroxysaffloweryellowA,HSYA）含量最高。红花黄色素对冠心病、血管栓塞性疾病、高血压、糖尿病并发症有疗效,并具有镇痛作用和抗炎作用,疗效十分显著怛]。本文就红花及其主要复方制剂的制备工艺和临床应用作一综述,以供红花剂型改革和新剂型的开发提供参考。     

红花注射液有效成分的确定及不同厂家中量效关系的比较

目的:确定红花注射液的主要活性成分,研究红花注射液主要有效成分和生物活性之间的关系,为其质量标准的提高提供实验数据。方法:采用体内、体外方法对羟基红花黄色素A(HSYA)含量和总黄酮含量不同的红花注射液进行活性测定。结果:当总黄酮含量基本一致时(0.57 mg.mL-1),随着HSYA含量的降低,抗小鼠体内血栓形成的保护率、家兔体外血小板聚集抑制率随之降低;当HSYA含量基本一致时(0.17～0.21 mg.mL-1),随着总黄酮含量的降低,抗血栓形成的保护率和血小板聚集抑制率也随之降低;而当红花注射液中HSYA和总黄酮的含量均低于另一红花注射液中HSYA和总黄酮的含量时,其抗血栓形成保护率和血小板抑制率也随之降低。结论:红花注射液主要活性成分为HSYA和总黄酮,二者在生物活性上具有协同作用,含量与生物活性成正相关。     

红花黄色素在眼科领域中应用的研究进展

红花黄色素(Safflor yellow,SY)是我国传统中药红花的主要有效成分,其成分是由羟基红花黄色素A(Hydroxysafflor yellow A,HSYA)、红花黄色素B (Safflo yellow B,SYB)等多种查耳酮类化合物组成,其中HSYA是SY的主要活性成分 [1].SY具有抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡...     

羟基红花黄色素A冻干粉针剂对血小板活化因子致大鼠脑皮质线粒体损伤的保护作用

目的观察羟基红花黄色素A冻干粉针剂对血小板活化因子（PAF）引起的线粒体损伤的保护作用。方法采用PAF诱导剂,对分离的大鼠脑线粒体进行体外损伤试验。损伤后线粒体给予羟基红花黄色素A（HSYA）冻干粉针剂温育,观察试验前后线粒体膜流动性、肿胀度和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。结果PAF可降低线粒体膜流动性、增加线粒体的肿胀度、减少SOD含量、增加MDA含量;给予不同剂量的HSYA冻干粉针剂后,线粒体膜流动性增强、膜肿胀度降低、SOD含量上升、MDA含量下降。结论PAF可使大鼠脑皮质线粒体结构和功能受损,而羟基红花黄色素A冻干粉针剂对其有明显的保护作用。     

新疆塔城地区额敏县红花的品质研究

目的 筛选出新疆塔城地区额敏县红花中羟基红花黄色素A（HSYA）含量高的品种，考察影响红花品质的因素。方法 采用Cts柱，以甲醇-乙腈-0．7％磷酸溶液（26：2：72）为流动相，检测波长为403am，柱温为25℃，流速为1．0mL／min，测定红花水提液中HSYA的含量。结果 新红5号是额敏县主要红花种植品种中HSYA含量最高的品种；红花的最佳采收时间是花开后第3，4天的清晨；擘存时间对红花中HSYA含量有影响，长期贮存会导致红花品质下降。结论 品种差异、采集时间和擘存时间都会影响红花的品质。     

注射用羟基红花黄色素A对大鼠脑神经元线粒体的保护作用研究

目的:研究注射用羟基红花黄色素A对大鼠脑神经元线粒体的保护作用。方法:采用线栓法复制大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,实验分为假手术(等容生理盐水)、模型(等容生理盐水)、尼莫地平(1.0mg.kg-1)和羟基红花黄色素A高、中、低剂量(10.24、5.12、2.56mg.kg-1)组。尾iv给药,每天1次,连续3d。测定大鼠血清中血小板活化因子(PAF)含量、脑海马组织Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶和Mg2+-ATP酶活性;观察电镜下灰质部位神经元线粒体超微结构。结果:与模型组比较,羟基红花黄色素A高、中、低剂量组大鼠血清中PAF的含量显著降低,海马组织Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶和Mg2+-ATP酶含量显著提高(P<0.01);神经元线粒体结构较完整,线粒体的破坏明显比模型组轻。结论:注射用羟基红花黄色素A具有明显的脑线粒体保护作用。     

羟基红花黄色素A对脑缺血所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用

目的研究羟基红花黄色素A对脑缺血所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用。方法用栓线法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(MCAO)模型，测定线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、膜磷脂含量、呼吸功能、线粒体呼吸酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、Ca²⁺等。结果羟基红花黄色素A(10，20 mg·kg^-1)能明显抑制缺血脑线粒体膜流动性的降低，膜磷脂降解，减少脑缺血引起的线粒体肿胀，抑制NADH脱氢酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素c氧化酶活性的降低，改善线粒体呼吸功能；同时羟基红花黄色素A能明显降低中风大鼠脑细胞线粒体MDA含量、升高SOD活性、抑制Ca²⁺过多摄入。结论羟基红花黄色素A对缺血脑细胞线粒体的损伤有明显的保护作用，该作用可能与清除氧自由基、抑制脂质过氧化、拮抗Ca²⁺有关。     

红花与羟基红花黄色素A大鼠体内药动学的研究

目的:研究红花和羟基红花黄色素A(hydrosafflor yellow A,HSYA)大鼠体内药动学的特征。方法:采用HPLC-UV法测定大鼠血浆中HSYA的血药浓度,应用DAS2.0求得药动学参数。结果:红花和HSYA大鼠体内药动学过程符合二室模型,其药动学参数:Cmax分别为(4.89±0.61)mg/L,(4.61±0.19)mg/L;tmax分别为(0.75±0.00)h,(0.75±0.00)h;AUC0~6分别为(7.32±0.44)mg·h·L-1,(8.68±0.93)mg·h·L-1;t1/2α分别为(0.25±0.08)h,(0.69±0.28)h;t1/2β分别为(1.21±0.36)h,(0.98±0.15)h。结论:红花在大鼠体内吸收比HSYA快,代谢比HSYA慢,表明红花中有其他成分影响HSYA的吸收和代谢。     

Neuroprotective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A: in vivo and in vitro studies

Previous work has shown that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), extracted from Carthamus tinctorius L. markedly extended the coagulation time in mice and exhibited a significant antithrombotic effect in rats. The present study was conducted to demonstrate further its neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemic injury in both in vivo and in vitro studies. In vivo, male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were evaluated for neurological deficit scores followed by the treatment with a single dose of HSYA. Furthermore, the infarction area of the brain was assessed in the brain slices. In vitro, the effect of HSYA was tested in cultured fetal cortical cells exposed to glutamate and sodium cyanide (NaCN) to identify its neuroprotection against neurons damage. The results in vivo showed that sublingular vein injection of HSYA at doses of 3.0 mg/kg and 6.0 mg/kg exerted significant neuroprotective effects on rats with focal cerebral ischemic injury by significantly decreasing neurological deficit scores and reducing the infarct area compared with the saline group, HSYA at a dose of 6.0 mg/kg showed a similar potency as nimodipine at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. Sublingular vein injection of HSYA at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg showed a neuroprotective effect, however, with no significant difference when compared with the saline group. Results in vitro showed that HSYA significantly inhibited neuron damage induced by exposure to glutamate and sodium cyanide (NaCN) in cultured fetal cortical cells. Noticeably, the neuroprotective action of HSYA on glutamate-mediated neuron injury was much better than that of HSYA on NaCN-induced neuron damage. All these findings suggest that HSYA might act as a potential neuroprotective agent useful in the treatment in focal cerebral ischemia. Abbreviations. HSYA:hydroxysafflor yellow A TTC:2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride MTT:3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide DMEM:Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium FCS:Fetal calf serum MCAO:middle cerebral artery occlusion ECA:external carotid artery ICA:internal carotid artery LDH:lactate dehydrogenase NMDA: N-methyl- D-aspartate     

Therapeutic effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A on focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats and its primary mechanisms

The therapeutic effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), extracted from Carthamus tinctorius. L, on focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats and its related mechanisms have been investigated. Focal cerebral ischemia in rats were made by inserting a monofilament suture into internal carotid artery to block the origin of the middle cerebral artery and administrated by HSYA via sublingular vein injection in doses of 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 mg kg(-1) at 30 min after the onset of ischemia, in comparison with the potency of nimodipine at a dose of 0.2 mg kg(-1). Then, 24 h later, the evaluation for neurological deficit scores of the rats were recorded and postmortem infarct areas determined by quantitative image analysis. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken to determine plasma 6-Keto-PGF1alpha/TXB2 by radioimmunoassays and blood rheological parameters. The effects exerted by HSYA on thrombosis formation by artery vein by-pass method and ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro were investigated, respectively. The results indicated that more than 30% of the area of ischemic cerebrum was observed in the ischemic model group. HSYA dose-dependently improved the neurological deficit scores and reduced the cerebral infarct area, and HSYA bore a similarity in potency of the therapeutic effects on focal cerebral ischemia to nimodipine. The inhibition rates of thrombosis formation by HSYA at the designated doses were 20.3%, 43.6% and 54.2%, respectively, compared with saline-treated group. Inhibitory activities of HSYA were observed on ADP-induced platelets aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, and the maximum inhibitory aggregation rate of HSYA was 41.8%. HSYA provided a suppressive effect on production of TXA2 without significant effect on plasma PGI2 concentrations. Blood rheological parameters were markedly improved by HSYA, such as whole blood viscosity (from 21.71 +/- 4.77 to 11.61 +/- 0.90 mPa.s), plasma viscosity (from 2.73 +/- 0.53 to 1.42 +/- 0.07 mPa.s), deformability (from 0.66 +/- 0.26 to 0.77 +/- 0.33) and aggregation of erythrocyte (from 3.24 +/- 0.41 to 2.57 +/- 0.30), but no significant effect of HSYA on homatocrit was found (from 51.38 +/- 4.68% to 49.91 +/- 2.32%). HSYA appears to be a good potential agent to treat focal cerebral ischemia, and the underlying mechanisms exerted by HSYA might be involved in its inhibitory effects on thrombosis formation and platelet aggregation as well as its beneficial action on regulation of PGI2/TXA2 and blood rheological changes in rats.     

Protective effect of serofendic acid on ischemic injury induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats

We previously reported that a sulfur-containing neuroprotective substance named serofendic acid purified and isolated from fetal calf serum prevented glutamate neurotoxicity in rat cortical cultured neurons. In the present study, we investigated the effect of serofendic acid on ischemic injury induced by a transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. Serofendic acid was intracerebroventricularly administered 30 min after the onset of the occlusion. Serofendic acid (30 nmol) significantly reduced total infarct volume, similar to edaravone (30 nmol), a free radical scavenger. Treatment with serofendic acid (1-30 nmol) reduced the infarct volume in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, serofendic acid (30 nmol) improved neurological deficit scores. These results suggest that intracerebroventricular administration of serofendic acid prevents the neurodegeneration induced by a transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.     

Hydroxysafflor yellow a protects neuron against hypoxia injury and suppresses inflammatory responses following focal ischemia reperfusion in rats

Previous data demonstrated that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), a yellow color pigments extracted from the safflower, was an effective agent against focal cerebral ischemia. In the present study we demonstrated that HSYA prevented the injury in cultured cerebral cortical neurons induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and increased the cell viability, as shown by the inhibition of both LDH and NO efflux. Further, HSYA administered orally 3 d before middle cerebral artery occlusion has the capacity to reduce cerebral infarct size and edema after 2 h cerebral ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion in rats, and to significantly improve neurological behavior scores. Mean while, treatment with HSYA significantly decreased both mRNA and protein levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha in ischemic brain tissue. These results suggested that the protection of HSYA results from, at least in part, suppression of inflammatory responses following focal ischemia reperfusion.     

Neuroprotective properties of 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rodent models of focal and global cerebral ischemia.

5-Hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists have been shown to inhibit the activity of hippocampal, cortical, and dorsal raphé neurons. We tested urapidil and a new 5-HT1A agonist, CM 57493 [4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1-(2-cyanoethyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ], for their neuroprotective activity in models of focal and global cerebral ischemia in rodents. After middle cerebral artery-occlusion (MCA-0) in mice, the infarct size was reduced dose dependently by both urapidil and CM 57493. In MCA-occluded rats, CM 57493 (1 and 5 mg/kg) reduced the cortical infarct volume by 30% and application of 10 mg/kg CM 57493 led to a 40% reduction in the cortical infarct volume. The striatal damage could not be influenced by CM 57493 treatment. Furthermore, 1 and 5 mg/kg CM 57493 significantly reduced the neuronal damage within the CA1 sector of the rat hippocampus after 10 min of forebrain ischemia followed by 7 days of recovery. Measurement of cerebral and rectal temperature revealed that the neuroprotective effect of CM 57493 was not caused by a hypothermic effect. We assume that the neuroprotective activity of 5-HT1A agonists is mediated by an inhibitory action on neurons.     

Neuroprotective effect of Smilacis chinae rhizome on NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and focal cerebral ischemia in vivo

Previous work has shown that the Smilacis chinae rhizome (SCR) markedly inhibits amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neuronal cell damage in cultured rat cortical neurons. The present study was conducted to further verify the neuroprotective effect of SCR on excitotoxic and cerebral ischemic injury using both in vitro and in vivo studies. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to 1 mM N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) for 12 h induced neuronal cell death. SCR (10 and 50 microg/ml) inhibited NMDA-induced neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. In vivo, SCR prevented cerebral ischemic injury induced by 3-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24-h reperfusion. The ischemic infarct was significantly reduced in rats that received SCR (30 and 50 mg/kg, orally), with a corresponding improvement in neurological function. Moreover, SCR treatment significantly decreased the histological changes observed following ischemia. Oxyresveratrol and resveratrol isolated from SCR also inhibited NMDA-induced neuronal death, increase in [Ca(2+)](i), and ROS generation in cultured cortical neurons, suggesting that the neuroprotective effect of SCR may be attributable to these compounds. Taken together, these results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of SCR against focal cerebral ischemic injury is due to its anti-excitotoxic effects and that SCR may have a therapeutic role in neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke.     

Neuroprotective effects of emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside in vivo and in vitro

Emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc is widely used to treat acute hepatitis possibly by antioxidative mechanisms. The present study was designed to investigate whether emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside exerted neuroprotective effects on the focal cerebral injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in vivo and on the neuronal damage induced by glutamate in vitro, and to study the possible mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were used to establish the model of ischemia and reperfusion. The behavioral test was performed and the cerebral infarction area was assessed in the brain slices stained with 2% 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidative capability and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the brain tissue were determined with spectrophotometrical methods to probe the primary mechanisms of emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside. In vitro, the neuroprotective effects of emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside were tested in the cultured cortical cells of fetal rats exposed to glutamate. Emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside concentration in plasma and brain tissue was also measured to examine distribution of emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside in the brain. The results showed that the treatment of rats with emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside reduced the neurological deficit score and the cerebral infarction area, increased SOD activity and total antioxidative capability, and decreased MDA level in the brain tissue in dose-dependent way. Emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside also inhibited the neuronal damage induced by glutamate. Besides, emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside was able to penetrate blood-brain barrier and distribute in the brain tissue. These findings demonstrate that emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside is able to provide neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfused injury and glutamate induced neuronal damage through exerting antioxidative effects and inhibiting glutamate neurotoxicity.     

Neuroprotective effect of memantine demonstrated in vivo and in vitro

The purpose of the present study was to test whether the anticonvulsant, memantine (1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane), can protect neurons against hypoxic or ischemic damage. To this end, we used a rat model of transient forebrain ischemia and cultured neurons from chick embryo cerebral hemispheres. Ischemia was induced for 10 min by clamping both carotid arteries and lowering the mean arterial blood pressure to 40 mm Hg; the rats were allowed to recover for 7 days. Cultured neurons were made hypoxic with 1 mmol/l NaCN added to the incubation medium for 30 min followed by a recovery period of 3 days. The possible effects of memantine were compared with those produced by a typical non-competitive NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine. Similar effects were obtained with both drugs. The drugs reduced the damage caused by transient ischemia to neurons of the hippocampal CA1 subfield. Memantine (10 and 20 mg/kg) had a dose-dependent effect when administered intraperitoneally to the rats 1 h before ischemia. Dizocilpine was active in this model at a dosage of 1 mg/kg. When administered after ischemia, 10 mg/kg memantine significantly protected CA1 neurons against ischemic damage. Furthermore, the drugs protected cultured neurons against hypoxic damage. The lowest effective concentration was 0.1 mumol/l for dizocilpine and 1 mumol/l for memantine. Thus, memantine possesses neuroprotective activity but is less potent than dizocilpine.     

新型神经保护剂TQ0701-2对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究新型神经保护剂TQ0701-2对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：将120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、依达拉奉组（3.0mg/kg）以及TQ0701-2高剂量组（6.0mg/kg）、中剂量组（3.0mg/kg）、低剂量组（1.5mg/kg）。假手术组仅进行手术而不造成缺血状态,其余各组均采用Longa线栓法制备大鼠MCAO模型,在缺血2h后进行再灌注。TQ0701-2三个剂量组和依达拉奉组分别在缺血前30min以及再灌注0、2h尾静脉注射TQ0701-2和依达拉奉,假手术组和模型组则给予等量的生理盐水。再灌注24h后观察大鼠神经功能损伤症状、脑组织梗死率以及病理组织学的改变。结果：模型组大鼠神经功能损伤严重,脑组织梗死率也明显增高（P〈0.01vs假手术组）。与依达拉奉的保护作用相同,TQ0701-2高中低三个剂量均能显著降低MCAO大鼠的神经功能评分和脑组织梗死率（P〈0.01vs模型组）,并且三个剂量的改善作用是随着浓度增大而增强的,具有剂量相关性。另外,TQ0701-2对大鼠脑缺血再灌注所致的神经元变性、坏死也有一定的保护作用。结论：研究表明,依达拉奉衍生物TQ0701-2对大鼠的脑缺血再灌注损伤有明显的神经保护作用。