小儿局灶节段性肾小球硬化38例临床表现与病理特点

目的　了解小儿局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (FSGS)的临床与病理特点。方法　 38例临床诊断为原发性肾病综合征 (NS)或蛋白尿 ,病理确诊为原发性FSGS的患儿 ,进行回顾性分析、总结。结果　FSGS年龄 ( 8.9± 3.7)岁 ,男∶女比为 1 92 ,临床诊断为孤立蛋白尿 3例 ,蛋白尿伴血尿 1例 ,NS34例 (单纯型 16例 ,肾炎型 18例 )。临床伴血尿 2 4例 ( 6 3% ) ,高血压 11例 ( 2 9% ) ,肌酐清除率降低7例 ( 18% )。病理分型为门型 17例 ,周围型 14例 ,Tip型 7例。 38例FSGS中 ,2 1例伴有系膜细胞增生。临床疗效 :34例NS中 ,激素初治敏感 12例 ,观察期末对激素治疗敏感者 6例。 4例非NS中 ,3例激素治疗无效 ,1例不详。应用CTX共 18例次 ,4 4 %缓解或部分缓解 ;应用甲泼尼龙加环磷酰胺冲击或口服环孢霉素A治疗 12例 ,83%缓解或部分缓解。结论　小儿FSGS学龄儿童多见 ,临床多表现为NS ,血尿常见 ,高血压及肾功能不全相对少见 ,病理可表现为多种病变 ,甲泼尼龙加环磷酰胺冲击或口服环孢霉素A治疗方案相对好     

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with and without nephrotic syndrome in children

The clinical presentation, initial laboratory and renal biopsy findings, and course of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) were studied retrospectively in 57 children in order to compare findings in those with and without nephrotic syndrome and to establish factors of prognostic significance. All patients had proteinuria. Eleven patients were otherwise asymptomatic, and nephrotic syndrome did not develop (group 1); 14 patients had asymptomatic proteinuria, but nephrotic syndrome subsequently developed (group 2); 32 patients had nephrotic syndrome (group 3). There were no differences between these three groups with regard to sex, age, initial renal function, incidence of hypertension and hematuria, and pathologic findings. At the latest follow-up, five group 1 patients, six in group 2, and 14 in group 3 had chronic renal failure; the incidence was similar for those with asymptomatic proteinuria and those with nephrotic syndrome. The location of the sclerosis within the glomerulus proved to have prognostic significance. All 12 patients with peripheral FSGS maintained normal renal function, whereas in 25 of the 44 with hilar FSGS chronic renal failure developed.     

Failure of clinical and laboratory characteristics to differentiate mesangial proliferative from minimal-change nephrotic syndrome

Twelve clinical and laboratory characteristics of nephrotic syndrome were compared in 24 children with biopsy-proven mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MesPGN) and 17 children with biopsy-proven minimal-change nephropathy (MCNS). The objective of the study was to determine if these characteristics alone, without renal biopsy, could be used to differentiate the two histopathologic entities. Sex, urinary protein level and IgM immunofluorescence were found to be significantly different in the two groups. Discriminant analysis produced two formulae which gave a discriminant rate of 79% for MesPGN and 76% for MCNS. We conclude that the clinical and laboratory characteristics studied could not differentiate MesPGN from MCNS.     

儿童IgA肾病72例临床与病理分析

目的探讨儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)的临床、病理特点及其相关关系。方法对本院2005年5月-2011年8月经肾穿刺活检确诊为IgAN的72例患儿的临床表现、临床分型、病理特点及免疫分型进行回顾性总结,并分析它们之间的相关关系。结果本组72例。男48例,女24例;年龄1岁5个月～17岁[(8.99±2.94)岁];入院时病程2 d～9 a(平均12.86个月)。临床以血尿起病者58例(包括38例肉眼血尿及5例伴水肿者),以单纯水肿起病者12例,以蛋白尿起病者2例。临床分型为肾病综合征型28例(38.89%)、孤立性血尿型19例(26.39%)、血尿和蛋白尿型13例(18.05%)、急性肾炎型10例(13.89%)、孤立性蛋白尿型2例(2.78%)。病理改变:系膜增生型肾小球肾炎40例,局灶增生型肾炎25例、毛细血管内增生型肾炎6例、新月体型肾炎1例。其中伴新月体形成者17例(占23.61%)。免疫组织化学可见多种免疫球蛋白沉积。沉积类型为满堂亮型1例、IgA+IgG+C32例、IgA型8例、IgA+IgM+IgG+C3型17例、IgA+IgM+C3型44例。结论 IgAN的临床表现形式多样,其病情轻重与起病形式无关。病理表现以系膜增生型肾小球肾炎为主,免疫球蛋白沉积以复合型为主。临床表现为肾病综合征型及血尿和蛋白尿型者病理较重,应尽早行肾穿,及时治疗。     

以激素耐药型肾病综合征起病的Alport综合征15例临床分析

目的 对以儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征(steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome,SRNS)起病的Alport综合征(Alport syndrome,AS)的临床资料、病理和基因检测情况进行临床分析,以提高对AS的认识.方法 选取2015年1月至2019年12月广州医科大学附属广州市第一人民...     

儿童特发性膜性肾病临床病理特点及治疗探讨

目的 了解儿童特发性膜性肾病(IMN)的临床病理特点,探讨其治疗方案.方法 回顾性分析25例病理确诊的IMN患儿的临床病理特点,总结其不同治疗方法 的疗效.结果 儿童IMN占同期所有肾穿刺活检(简称肾穿)患儿的3.81%.25例IMN中男9例,女16例;起病年龄2～14岁,平均(9.4±3.4)岁;肾穿时病程0.4～11.0个月,中位数2.5个月.临床表现为肾病综合征肾炎型21例(84%),肾小球肾炎4例(16%).全部患儿均伴血尿,其中肉眼血尿7例,高血压4例,并发血栓2例,肾功能不全1例.病理分期IMNⅡ期21例(84%).伴中重度小管间质损害者6例,伴局灶节段硬化2例.22例肾病综合征及肾病水平蛋白尿患儿中,21例首选糖皮质激素治疗,其中20例符合评价激素疗效标准:激素敏感1例(复发后转为激素耐药),19例为激素耐药(95%).后续治疗包括继续单纯激素减量隔日治疗8例,其中完全缓解5例,部分缓解3例;激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗12例,该12例连同首选联合免疫抑制剂治疗1例、激素治疗5周联合免疫抑制剂治疗1例,共14例.结论 本组患儿IMN临床表现以肾病综合征为主,均伴有不同程度血尿.绝大多数初治激素耐药,但部分病例减量隔日治疗过程中获缓解,联合免疫抑制剂治疗及疗效尚需进一步临床验证.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological feature and treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy(IMN)in children.Method A retrospective analysis of 25 cases of biopsyproven IMN seen between January 2004 and December 2009.Result The incidence of IMN was 3.81% in all the children patients who underwent renal biopsy.Of 25 patients with IMN,nine were boys and sixteen were girls.The mean age at onset was(9.4±3.4)years with a range of 2-14 years.Renal biopsies were performed at a median 2.5 months(range 0.4-11 months)after onset.The clinical manifestations included nephrotic syndrome(NS)nephritic type in 21 cases(84%)and glomerulonephritis in 4 cases.All patients presented with hematuria,and 7 had macroscopic hematuria.Hypertension was noted in 4 patients.Two patients were complicated with thrombosis.One patient was in a chronic renal insufficiency(CRI)state.According to the MN staging criteria,21 cases were in stage Ⅱ IMN(84%).Six patients showed moderate or severe tubulointerstitial lesion.Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS)was found in two patients.Of the 22 patients with NS and nephrotic proteinuria,21 cases were treated with prednisone initially and in 20 of them the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy was evaluated:one of them was steroid sensitive(became steroidresistant after relapse)and all the others were steroid-resistant(95%).The subsequent treatment:eight of them were treated with prednisone followed by a taper to alternate-day therapy.Five of them had complete remission and three partial remission.Twelve cases were treated with combined therapy of prednisone and immunosuppressive agents. Of these 12 cases together with one case who received initially combined treatment with prednisone and immunosuppressive agent and one case treated with prednisone initially for five weeks then with combined therapy contained another immunosuppressive agent,totally 14 cases,5 had complete remission,2 partial remission,3 did not achieve remission,and 3 had unknown response.Conclusion Of the patient cohort,the predominant presenting feature was nephrotic syndrome,and with different degree hematuria.Almost all of them were steroid resistant,but followed by a taper to alternate-day therapy,some could achieve remission.The effect of a combination of prednisone and immunosuppressive agent is needed to be further proven in children.     

儿童C1q肾病10例临床与病理分析

目的探讨C1q肾病的临床与病理改变的关系。方法对10例经肾活检确诊为C1q肾病患儿临床表现、肾小球、肾小管及免疫病理特征进行分析比较,6例肾病综合征中环磷酰胺冲击治疗3例,环胞素、霉酚酸酯和甲泼尼龙冲击治疗各1例。结果临床表现为单纯性血尿2例,肾炎综合征、急性肾炎各1例,肾病综合征6例;病理类型为轻微病变、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎各2例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化5例,新月体肾炎1例;肾小管间质1例无改变,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级各3例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例;免疫荧光:系膜区均有娃著的以C1q为主的沉积。10例患儿平均随访25.7个月;6例肾病综合征均对激素抵抗,加用免疫抑制剂治疗,5例缓解,1例无效,肾功能渐减退。结论C1q肾病临床病理改变多样化,临床以肾病综合征为主,病理以局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主,对激素多不敏感,预后与间质损害程度相关,与C1q沉积无相关性。     

儿童肾病综合征肾组织病理光镜和免疫荧光分型的关系

目的 探讨肾组织光镜病理和免疫荧光病理的相关性.方法 回顾性分析410例原发性肾病综合征行经皮肾活检患儿的肾组织病理资料.结果 410例患儿肾组织光镜病理类型分布为:轻微病变(MCNS)133例(32.4%),系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)229例(55.9%),膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MPGN)5例(1.2%),膜性肾小球肾炎(MN)7例(1.7%),局灶节段硬化(FSGS)6例(8.8%).肾组织免疫荧光病理类型分布为:IgA型41例(10%),IgM型66例(16.1%),IgA+M+G+C3型 9例(2.2%),补体为主型8例(2%),无免疫复合物型286例(69.8%).MCNS、MsPGN、FSGS均以无免疫复合物型多见,MPGN以补体为主型多见,MN型以IgA+M+G+C3型多见.5种不同肾组织光镜病理类型中的免疫荧光类型分布差异有统计学意义(χ2 ＝ 87.673,P ＜ 0.01).结论 5种肾组织光镜病理的免疫荧光病理存在差异.     

47例Alport综合征临床与病理分析

目的 分析不同年龄组Alport综合征患儿的临床与病理特点.方法 回顾性分析我院1990年1月-2007年1月47例住院并且明确诊断为Alport综合征患儿的临床及病理资料.结果 男32例,女15例,男女比例2.1:1,年龄15个月～13岁,平均9.0岁.47例患儿中39例有明确家族史,其中X连锁显性遗传37例;常染色体隐性遗传2例.28例(59.3%)患儿首发症状为肉眼血尿或镜下血尿,14例(29.8%)患儿为蛋白尿、水肿.Alport综合征临床表现为孤立性血尿11例(23.4%)、血尿合并蛋白尿17例(36.2%)、肾病综合征14例(29.8%)、肾功能不全5例(10.6%);孤立性血尿型、血尿合并蛋白尿型见于研究病例中的所有年龄组儿童,而肾病综合征型、肾功能不全型仅见于7～13岁年龄组儿童.肾组织病理显示,33例(70.2%)光镜改变为系膜增生性病变(MsPGN),13例(27.6%)表现为局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS),1例(2.1%)表现为膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MPGN).免疫荧光多以IgM沉积为主19例(40.4%),以IgA沉积为主9例(19.1%),以IgG沉积为主9例(19.1%),免疫荧光阴性10例(21.4%).电镜下39例出现典型的肾小球基底膜病变,8例显示基底膜变薄.47例患儿中46例肾脏和(或)皮肤Ⅳ胶原a链分布异常.结论 Alport综合征男性患儿发病率高于女性.不同年龄组Alport综合征肾脏表现有明显差异,血尿伴随疾病始终,但随着病程延长,尿蛋白量逐渐增加.Alport综合征肾脏病理光镜下无特征表现,主要以系膜增生为主,小年龄组患儿电镜下GBM病变不典型,需结合Ⅳ胶原a链免疫荧光检测明确诊断.     

Primary nephrotic syndrome during childhood in Turkey

BACKGROUND: Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome (NS) during childhood. However, recent studies from different countries have reported an increasing incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in children. METHODS: This is a retrospective study in which 392 Turkish children who were diagnosed with NS during the last 10 years and were followed for at least 2 years, were evaluated. Mean age of the study group was 4.6 +/- 3.4 years (range 0.9-16 years) and 232 were male and 160 were female. RESULTS: In total, 280 patients were diagnosed as MCNS with their initial presentations, laboratory features, and clinical course. Kidney biopsy was performed in the remaining 112 children according to current recommendations. The results showed that membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) was the most common histopathologic diagnosis, 38 (34%) of the 112 patients were found to have MPGN. The number diagnosed as FSGS was 26 (23%). A significant difference was found between the age groups for both MPGN and FSGS, the former being more common in children >6 years of age and the latter more frequent in children 相似文献   

Nephropathy in Schönlein-Henoch purpura: a retrospective study of the last 25 years

Sch?nlein-Henoch purpura is a systemic vasculitis due to IgA-mediated hypersensitivity, almost exclusively affecting the pediatric age group. Long-term prognosis is mainly conditioned by renal involvement, which can appear at onset or during the course of the disease. To evaluate renal involvement, 764 patients with Sch?nlein-Henoch purpura were retrospectively reviewed. Of these, 153 (20 %) had renal involvement, the most frequent form of presentation being non-nephrotic hematuria/proteinuria (67 patients) followed by isolated hematuria (41 patients). Renal biopsy was performed in 39 patients, and the most frequent pathological findings were diffuse mesangial proliferation with IgA deposits and less than 50 % of crescentic glomeruli. Treatment was not curative. Three patients (2 %) progressed to end-stage renal failure and required renal transplantation. One patient died. Notably, two of the patients who underwent renal transplantation had disease recurrence. We stress that nephropathy is usually benign and that it requires long-term follow-up.     

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Associated with Mitochondrial Cytopathy: Report of Two Cases with Special Emphasis on Podocytes

We report two children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) associated with mitochondrial cytopathy (MC). Case 1 was diagnosed as MC with the findings of ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, failure to thrive, high serum lactate and pyruvate levels, ragged red fibers in muscle biopsy and the common 4.9 kb deletion in mtDNA when she was four years old. She subsequently developed FSGS four years later. Case 2 was a four month-old girl presenting with feeding difficulty from birth, with vomiting, seizures and nystagmoid eye movements, nephrotic proteinuria and hematuria. Renal biopsy revealed FSGS. Ultrastructural study demonstrated markedly pleomorphic mitochondria in podocytes with a severe effacement of foot processes. The analyses of muscle biopsy and skin fibroblasts for respiratory chain enzymes were found to be normal, while mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed the population of a single deleted mtDNA in the heteroplasmic state. The present cases illustrate FSGS as a rare renal complication of mitochondrial disease and provide further evidence of podocytes possessing abnormal mitochondria which may cause glomerular epithelial cell damage leading to glomerulosclerosis.     

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目的分析无症状尿检异常患儿的肾脏病理,了解无症状尿检异常患儿的病理改变和临床表现的关系。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院儿内肾脏科2004年1月至2010年12月172例无症状尿检异常患儿临床资料,根据尿检结果分为单纯性血尿组(149例,86.6%)、单纯性蛋白尿组(7例,4.1%)和血尿合并蛋白尿组(16例,9.3%),所有患儿排除感染、结石、肿瘤及继发性肾炎并进行肾活检作光镜、免疫病理和电镜检查。结果 172例患儿的病理分型显示:肾小球轻微病变115例(66.9%)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化22例(12.8%)、IgA肾病13例(7.6%)、局灶球性肾小球硬化11例(6.4%)、薄基膜病4例(2.3%)、其他7例(4.1%)。血尿合并蛋白尿组中肾小球轻微病变占31.3%,IgA肾病占50%。单纯性血尿组中肉眼血尿患儿的肾脏病理中肾小球轻微病变和局灶节段性肾小球硬化分别占56.3%和25.0%。结论幼儿园入园尿检和入学尿检有利于早期发现慢性肾脏疾病。尿检异常中单纯性血尿需要密切随访,血尿合并蛋白尿和肉眼血尿患儿的应尽早进行肾组织穿刺活检。     

34例儿童IgM肾病临床与病理分析

目的：探讨儿童IgM肾病临床及肾组织病理的特点。方法：收集整理2008年4月至2009年8月郑州大学第一附属医院儿内科34例IgM肾病患儿病例,对其临床表现及肾组织病理进行分析。结果：34例IgM肾病临床表现为肾病综合征的患儿22例（64.7％）;病理改变类型：微小病变12例（35.3％）,微小病变伴急性肾小管损伤3例（8.8％）,轻微病变6例（17.6％）,轻微病变伴缺血性损伤1例（2.9％）,系膜增生型7例（20.6％）,局灶节段硬化型4例(11.8％),局灶增生型1 例(2.9％);肾小球、肾血管及肾脏病理损害总积分随肾组织IgM沉积度增强而增加。结论：本组IgM肾病患儿大多临床表现为肾病综合征, 肾组织学病理类型多样,病理特点以系膜区IgM沉积为主,肾组织IgM沉积强度与肾脏病理损害程度有关。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（5）：338-340］     

Clinicopathologic correlations in the nephrotic syndrome.

The wide utilization of renal biopsy and the introduction of electron microscopic and immunohistologic methods has allowed better definition of the clinico-pathological conditions associated with the nephrotic syndrome (NS). Two major categories of facts can be differentiated. In the first one, diffuse lesions of glomeruli, either secondary to specific diseases, or apparently primary diseases such as membranous or membrano-proliferative glomerulonephropathy (GN) are responsible for the increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries. In most of these, there is evidence that immunological mechanisms play a role in the injury of the glomerular capillary. Any of the following clinical symptoms are suggestive of this category of NS: an acute nephritic onset, a moderate NS, macroscopic hematuria, marked hypertension and/or renal insufficiency, poorly selective proteinuria and decreased plasma C3 levels. Patients affected with any of these glomerulopathies usually do not respond to steroids. In the second one, usually referred to as the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) the mechanism of glomerular capillary alteration is unknown and the nephrotic syndrome is more marked. Minimal change NS (MCNS) accounts for the great majority of INS and is characterized in most cases by a selective proteinuria, the absence of hematuria, a good response to steroids and a good prognosis. However, in some instances, renal biopsy reveals either diffuse mesangial proliferation (DMP) or focal glomerular sclerosis (which may be superimposed on MCNS or on DMP). In both instances, hematuria may be present and 50--75% of patients do not respond to steroids and have a poor prognosis. There is still considerable controversy about the exact relationship between these 3 patterns. We believe that they are not distinct entities but represent variants of the same disease. In addition to these 2 major categories of NS, there are, in infancy, 2 conditions associated with a NS of poor prognosis: congenital NS of Finnish type and infantile mesangial sclerosis. Since steroid-sensitive nephrosis is by far the commonest cause of NS especially in young children up to 8 years, a renal biopsy should be performed only in 2 instances: (a) when the clinical symptoms suggest diffuse glomerular lesions, and (b) when steroid resistance has been demonstrated.     

IgM肾病临床与病理特点

目的探讨小儿ＩｇＭ肾病（ＩｇＭＮ）临床与病特点及疗效观察。方法对原发性肾小球疾病（ＰＧＤ）肾活检符合ＩｇＭＮ诊断７２５例进行临床、病理及肾上腺皮质激素疗效分析,并与微小病变肾病（ＭＣＮＳ）比较。结果ＩｇＭＮ６１例,表现肾病综合征（ＮＳ）４９例,血尿伴蛋白尿４例及单纯性血尿８例。肾组织免疫荧光（ＩＦ）均以ＩｇＭ单独或ＩｇＭ为主在系膜区弥漫沉积。随访５７例,ＮＳ４５例,７７．８％激素敏感,低于ＭＣＮＳ     

线粒体相关肾病2例病例报告及文献复习

目的 总结2例线粒体相关肾病患儿临床特征及基因突变的特点,提高对该病的认识。方法 收集2例线粒体相关肾病患儿的病史特点、肾脏病理、相关实验室检查和家族史等资料。采用外显子捕获的方法对4 000种人类单基因病的相关致病基因进行高通量测序,包括线粒体DNA A3243G等37个基因和ADCK4等13个参与辅酶Q10生物合成的基因,利用生物信息学对测序结果进行分析,用Sanger法对高通量测序结果进行验证,并在家系中进行突变分析。并进行相关文献复习。结果 2例患儿男女各1例。女性患儿11.7岁起病,主要临床表现为蛋白尿和肾功能异常,无肾外症状,肾脏病理为局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS),检测到NPHS1基因已报道的p.E447K和p.G601A杂合突变,ADCK4基因纯合p.D209H错义突变,为新发现的突变。家系突变分析发现,NPHS1基因p.E447K和p.G601A杂合突变均来自父亲,其哥哥也有相同的基因型,其母亲不携带该2个突变;患儿父母和哥哥分别携带p.D209H杂合突变。男性患儿出生后起病,多个系统受累,表现为精神、运动发育落后,心脏和大血管多发畸形,肾病综合征。检测到COQ6基因的纯合p.R360W错义突变,为新发现的突变。家系突变分析显示,患儿父母分别携带杂合p.R360W错义突变。ADCK4基因p.D209H错义突变和COQ6基因p.R360W错义突变经在线软件PolyPhen和SIFT预测为有害性突变,经多物种蛋白序列比对,2个突变位点均具有保守性。结论 2例患儿肾脏表型分别由辅酶Q10合成基因ADCK4和COQ6突变引起的线粒体相关肾病。新发现p.D209H和p.R360W突变分别丰富了ADCK4和COQ6基因突变谱。     

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目的探讨小儿IgA肾病的临床与病理特点。方法总结中南大学湘雅二医院儿科1997-05—2004-12通过肾活检确诊的64例小儿IgA肾病,根据病程、临床类型比较其临床与病理特点。结果64例小儿IgA肾病的临床类型主要为孤立性血尿型(29例)和肾病综合征型(18例),占73%(47/64)。以病程分组比较,主要的病理特征是炎症细胞浸润、肾小管变性和肾间质纤维化,其中肾间质纤维化的分布显著性不均衡,与肾病综合征型IgA肾病的分布有密切关系。肾病综合征型IgA肾病的炎症细胞浸润、肾小管变性和肾间质纤维化的发生率均显著性高于其他类型的IgA肾病。结论64例IgA肾病以孤立性血尿和蛋白尿为主,肾病综合征型IgA肾病或持续性蛋白尿是导致肾间质纤维化的主要原因,早期控制蛋白尿可能会延缓或减轻肾间质纤维化的发生。     

婴幼儿227例肾穿刺及临床病理学特点

目的 分析婴幼儿肾脏疾病临床病理的特点及婴幼儿肾穿刺安全进行的方法和意义.方法 对临床诊断为肾脏疾病的227例婴幼儿进行经皮肾穿刺活检,肾脏病理组织分别进行光镜、免疫荧光和电镜观察.光镜标本做苏木精-伊红(HE)、过碘酸雪夫反应(PAS)、六胺银(PASM)和Masson染色,免疫荧光检测其肾组织中的IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4、C1q、Fibrin,204例标本同时行电镜检查.结果 所有患儿肾穿刺均获成功,术后无明显并发症.有肾穿刺适应证的227例婴幼儿肾脏疾病中最常见的是肾病综合征(38.3%)、孤立性血尿(37.0%)和急性肾炎综合征(9.3%),继发性肾脏疾病相对较少(5.3%).肾脏病理类型中最常见的是系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(62.6%)、IgA肾病(8.4%)和局灶节段性肾小球硬化(5.7%).87例肾病综合征病理类型最常见的是系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(50例)、微小病变(11例)和局灶节段性肾小球硬化(9例);84例孤立性血尿病理类型最常见的是系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(68例)和IgA肾病(9例).结论 在不盲目扩大适应证的基础上,安全有效地进行婴幼儿肾穿刺,可以提高婴幼儿肾脏疾病的诊治水平.     

儿童紫癜性肾炎临床与病理相关性分析

目的：通过对95例紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）患儿临床表现及肾脏病理分析,阐明其临床及病理之间的联系。方法：对HSPN患儿进行临床分型及病理分级,对其进行综合分析。结果：①临床分型以肾病综合征型(27.4%)、蛋白尿＋血尿型(24.2%)多见,病理分级以Ⅲb(42.1%)最多见;②尿检正常者可见肾脏病理改变。尿检正常型、孤立性血尿或蛋白尿型以及血尿和蛋白尿型病理改变差异无显著性(P>0.05);③孤立性血尿或蛋白尿型以及血尿和蛋白尿型病例,病程越长病理分级也越重(P＜0.05);④免疫复合物沉积以IgA+IgG+IgM（58%)同时存在比例最高;病理分级越重,病程越短,IgA+IgG+IgM比例越高。结论：HSPN患儿临床表现为肾病综合征和肾炎型者病理改变相对较重,临床症状与病理不一定平行,尿检正常者病理改变也很明显,病程越长,病理改变呈加重趋势。免疫复合物沉积为IgA+IgG+IgM的病理改变相对较重。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（2）：129-132］