B超引导下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的 探讨B超引导下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年10月2012年3月在B超引导下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的356例临床资料.结果 单通道取石319例,双通道取石37例;一次取石292例,二次取石64例.手术时间(75±35)min.结石取净率为89.1％(213/239);62例残余结石中,28例术后进行ESWL治疗,26例结石排净,其余34例口服排石药物治疗.结论 经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石取石术治疗复杂性肾结石效率高,安全有效,损伤小.     

B超引导下标准通道经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的评价B超引导下建立标准穿刺通道经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术（PCNL）治疗复杂肾结石的疗效。方法自2006年12月-2009年1月治疗123例128侧肾结石患者,B超引导下建立标准经皮肾穿刺通道,行经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术。结果123例患者128侧患肾均Ⅰ期成功建立经皮肾通道,其中3例患者同侧患肾工期建立2个经皮肾通道,1例建立经皮肾通道过程中出血,留置肾造瘘管后改Ⅱ期手术。123例128侧患肾1次取净结石116例,结石清除率90．63％。3例结石残留者1周后再次行PCNL碎石清石术,6例患者有直径小于1cm结石残留,术后行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）治疗,3例微小结石残留患者予以排石治疗。6例患者出现菌血症,1例患者出现腹膜后血肿,予以对症处理后均治愈出院。所有病例均随访1～24个月,无结石复发。结论B超引导下建立标准穿刺通道行经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗肾结石具有高效、耗时短、安全等特点,值得临床推广应用。     

B超引导微创经皮肾穿刺气压弹道碎石治疗肾结石

目的:探讨B超引导微创经皮肾穿刺(MPCNL)气压弹道碎石治疗肾结石的疗效。方法:在B超引导下行MPCNL气压弹道碎石治疗肾结石56例。结果:结石取净48例,残留结石8例,总取净率85.7%;残留结石行ESWL治愈。结论:B超引导MPCNL气压弹道碎石治疗肾结石,尤其是复杂性肾结石,安全高效,具有治疗的后续性。     

PCNL超声气压弹道碎石系统治疗鹿角形结石的疗效评估

目的评估B超定位经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石系统(EMS系统)治疗鹿角形结石的疗效。方法鹿角形结石患者150例,采用B超定位经皮肾穿刺联合超声气压弹道碎石系统治疗结石。结果 150例患者总体手术平均时间为83min,术中平均出血量为142mL,术后平均住院时间为6.1d,结石取净率为92%;部分性鹿角形结石和完全性鹿角形结石平均手术时间分别为72、117min,平均出血量分别为128、183mL,平均住院时间5.9、6.7d,结石取净率94.7%、83.8%。所有患者均无术后严重并发症。结论 PCNL超声气压弹道碎石是一种安全有效的肾结石治疗方法,是治疗鹿角形结石的首选。     

B超引导超声联合弹道EMSⅢ代治疗复杂性肾结石(附180例报告)

目的:探讨B超引导下超声联合弹道EMSⅢ代治疗复杂性肾结石的方法及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2008年11月～2011年6月收治180例复杂性肾结石患者的临床资料,包括单发肾盂或肾盏结石25例,多发性结石135例,肾鹿角形或铸型结石20例;其中双肾结石35例,结石合并脓肾3例。B超引导下穿刺并扩张建立F24经皮肾镜操作通道,采用超声联合气压弹道碎石清石。结石合并脓肾患者先用超声吸附装置清理脓液和脓栓,并在低压下超声碎石后吸出脓液,再行碎石清石术。结果:所有病例均一次穿刺成功。8例鹿角形巨大结石行双通道取石,余均为单通道取石,全部一期完成手术。手术时间50～120min,平均70min。术中出血量50～300ml,平均120ml。结石一次性取净率91.1%(164/180),残留小结石16例,结石直径<0.7cm,术后1个月行ESWL治疗,结石完全排净。术中术后未发生严重并发症。结论:B超引导下经皮肾镜超声联合弹道碎石清石治疗复杂性肾结石安全、高效,是临床微创治疗复杂性肾结石的理想选择。     

经皮肾镜联合超声负压吸附治疗鹿角型肾结石

目的:探讨B超引导经皮肾镜取石术联合超声负压吸附系统治疗鹿角型肾结石的疗效。方法:对120例鹿角型肾结石患者行B超引导下标准通道经皮肾镜取石术联合超声负压吸附系统治疗,观察其结石取净率及并发症。结果:120例(128侧)鹿角型肾结石取净率82.8%,部分性鹿角型结石取净率87.1%;完全性鹿角型结石取净率71.4%。大出血行输血治疗13例,肾包膜下血肿8例,肾周积液5例。术后出现全身炎症反应综合征7例,感染性休克1例。结论:B超引导经皮肾镜取石术联合超声负压吸附系统治疗鹿角型肾结石具有清石效率高,术后并发症少等优点。     

泌尿外科

肾脏、输尿管：输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术与ESWL治疗输尿管结石的疗效比较；微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗小儿复杂性肾结石；钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石；微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗鹿角状结石；采用微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石……     

选择性肾盏切开气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性巨大鹿角形肾结石

目的探讨肾盏切开加气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性巨大鹿角形肾结石的疗效。方法对8例巨大鹿角形肾结石患者行肾盏切开加气压弹道碎石术治疗。其中男6例,女2例,平均年龄45岁。病程4~12年,平均6年。2例为同侧肾结石手术后结石复发。结果8例患者均手术取石成功。无1例出现术中大出血而行肾切除。手术平均时间90min,平均出血100mL,均未输血。结石取净率75%(6/8),2例仍有残留小结石,1例行ESWL术,2月后排净。1例经肾造瘘瘘道局麻下进行气压弹道碎石,结石全部取净。2例有轻度氮质血症患者和5例术前IVU患肾显影延迟者,术后肾功能均得到明显改善。结论选择性肾盏切开气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性巨大鹿角形肾结石具有术中出血少,创伤小,肾功能受损轻和术后并发症少等优点,是一种安全有效的结石治疗方法。     

超声引导多通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的 评估超声引导多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗复杂性肾结石的方法及效果.方法 对46 例接受超声引导微创多通道PCNL 的患者进行回顾性分析.其中鹿角型肾结石8 例,多发性肾结石38 例.部分残留结石行二期或三期手术取石.结果 双通道取石40 例,三通道6 例;一期取净率76.1%,总结石取尽率为95.6%;一期手术平均手术时间1.8 h.手术平均出血量240 ml.结论 超声引导多通道PCNL 治疗复杂性肾结石安全、有效.     

经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石加超声碎石取石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石加超声碎石取石术处理复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法2004年10月至2005年3月,采用经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石联合超声碎石取石术I期治疗复杂性肾结石28例34侧。结果手术时间平均80 min,结石处理时间60 min,结石清除率91.1%;4例多发性结石或铸形结石患者远处肾盏内有直径小于1 cm残留小结石,辅助施行体外冲击波碎石治疗。所有病例随访1~3个月,均无严重手术并发症。结论经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石加超声碎石取石术治疗较大的复杂性肾结石安全、高效、容易操作,且结石清除率高,值得临床推广应用。     

斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的 探讨斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的手术方法与安全性评价.方法 2007年3月至2011年12月为686例复杂性肾结石施行斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术.男474例,女212例,年龄47.7±12.9岁.术中在斜仰卧-截石位下先行患侧输尿管逆行插管,然后超声定位下建立16-22 F的经皮肾工作通道.从经皮肾通道置入8/9.8 F输尿管镜,采用气压弹道碎石器在灌注泵配合下边冲洗边碎石.记录手术时间、出血量、结石取尽率、并发症等资料,与同期施行的340例俯卧经皮肾镜取石术的临床资料相比较.结果 斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术均顺利实施,手术时间72.9±28.7 min,比俯卧位经皮肾镜取石术时间缩短;术中估计出血104.3±76.6 ml,输血率1.31％,结石取尽率80.6％,总体并发症发生率2.62％,与俯卧位组无统计学差异.97.7％的患者诉体位舒适,优于俯卧位组(64.1％).结论 斜仰卧-截石位施行经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石患者体位舒适,安全可行,并发症少;利于术中麻醉监护,提高了手术的安全性;便于术中碎石冲洗出体外,手术效果良好.     

伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的经皮肾镜取石术

目的 探讨应用超声定位经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的可行性及安全性.方法 伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石患者35例.男19例,女16例.平均年龄32(22～64)岁.患者均经B超、KUB、CT检查确诊.左侧21例、右侧12例、双侧2例,共37侧.鹿角状结石7侧,多发结石21侧,单发结石9侧.结石长径平均26(12～45)mm.伴发脊柱畸形单纯侧凸3例,侧凸合并前、后凸32例.凸向患肾20侧,凸向健肾17侧.脊柱弯曲角度Cobb角>45°16例,<45°19例.脊柱畸形引发患肾形态改变13侧(35.1%),位置明显移位26侧(70.3%).引发胸廓畸形31例(88.6%).肺功能检查13例,通气和贮备功能下降11例.35例患者37侧肾脏手术,2例双侧结石间隔1周分2次完成手术.全身麻醉,手术取俯卧位9侧,侧卧位14侧,其他非常规体位14侧.应用实时彩色多普勒超声定位,一期成功建立24 F标准皮肾通道并应用气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统去除结石. 结果 一期单通道手术34侧(91.9%),一期双通道手术3侧(8.1%).通道建立时间(8.55±1.7)min,平均结石处理时间(39.3±14.6)min.一期结石清除32侧(86.5%),多期结石清除2侧,总净石率91.9%(34/37).3例有残石患者保守观察.输血2例.未发生脏器损伤和尿源性败血症. 结论 脊柱畸形可导致泌尿系统及胸廓的解剖异常,常规体位及定位穿刺与通道建立困难.设计合理的手术体位,彩色多普勒超声定位,伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石PCNL治疗安全、有效.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating renal calculi in children

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with the percutaneous management of renal stone disease in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical and radiological records of children up to 18 years old who were treated for renal calculi by percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) at our institution between March 1995 and April 2003 were reviewed. For stone removal a special paediatric 18 F access sheath was used. RESULTS: In all, 26 PCNLs were used in 23 patients (10 boys and 13 girls, aged 1.7-16.8 years). The presenting symptoms were urinary tract infection, abdominal pain and/or haematuria. Of the 23 patients, 17 (75%) had associated metabolic disease or underlying urological anatomical abnormalities. Urinary tract infections were found in 15 patients (65%). The mean (range) stone burden was 6.0 (0.5-18.2) cm2, and the operative duration 127 (50-260) min. The primary stone-free rate was 58%, which increased to 81% after treating residual fragments. One blood transfusion was required and one patient developed urosepsis after PCNL, which was treated with antibiotics. CONCLUSION: PCNL is an effective alternative for treating renal stones in children, and is the treatment of choice for stones refractory to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in semisupine position: a modified approach for renal calculus

Conventional percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is usually performed in a prone position, which compresses the thorax and results in difficulty in rescue during operation. When PCNL is performed in a supine position, the flank renal puncture area is limited, so it is difficult to treat disseminated and complex renal calculi. Herein, we introduce a modified semisupine position for performing PCNL, which has numerous benefits as well as safe and effective. Between May 2002 and May 2009, a total of 452 patients with renal calculi were treated with semisupine PCNL. The patient was placed in 45° semisupine position during the procedure, with the affected flank arched as much as possible. In this series, no one converted to open surgery. The average operating time was (115.2 ± 44.5) min. Single tract PCNL was performed for 80.97% of the cases, two tracts 13.94%, three tracts 4.65%, and four tracts 0.44%. The upper, middle, and lower calix tracts accounted for 12.1, 63.0, and 24.9%, of procedures, respectively. Stone-free rate was 85.7% overall, 92.2% for single calculus (83/90), and 72.9% for staghorn calculi (78/107). Major postoperative complications occurred in 3.3% of the cases. This study demonstrated PCNL in a semisupine position is an effective alternative for treating renal calculi, which combines the advantages of PCNL in a prone position, and PCNL in a supine position. The semisupine position allows easier irrigation of stone fragments, is more comfortable for the patient, and facilitates monitoring of anesthesia.     

以肾中盏为目标肾盏行气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗鹿角形结石的效果及安全性

目的：探讨以肾中盏为目标肾盏,采用气压弹道联合超声碎石方式治疗鹿角形结石的效果及安全性。方法：取俯卧位,采用气压弹道联合超声碎石的方式,以肾中盏为目标肾盏行经皮肾镜碎石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）治疗鹿角形结石患者145例184侧,其中不完全性鹿角形结石115例侧,完全性鹿角形结石69例侧。观察结石的排除率及并发症。结果：144例侧行一期单通道碎石（中盏）,7例侧行一期双通道碎石（中盏及下盏5例,中盏及上盏2例）;2例侧残留肾盏结石未进一步处理,自动出院;31例侧行二期碎石,单通道者29例,其中4例先行ESWL再行PCNL碎石;双通道者2例（中盏及上盏1例,中盏及下盏1例）。151例侧排尽结石,其中完全性鹿角形结石54例侧,不完全性鹿角形结石97例侧,结石清除率82．1％。手术时间120～330min,平均（147±23）min。血红蛋白下降1～4g／L,平均下降（2．0±0．6）g／L,术中输血22例,术后输血5例;术后肾盂内感染3例,合并肾周感染、单侧分肾功能受损1例。平均住院时间（13．0±3．5）天。结论：以肾中盏为目标肾盏行PCNL治疗鹿角形结石是非常有效和安全的;气压弹道联合超声碎石对鹿角性结石的清除率较高,治疗时问短,并发症少。     

Critical prospective appraisal of renal morphology and function in children undergoing shockwave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) on renal morphology and function in children undergoing therapy for upper-tract urolithiasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients less than 13 years of age with renal or upper-ureteral calculi who were found suitable for primary SWL or PCNL were evaluated for alteration of renal morphology and function after treatment. Of the 18 renal units treated, SWL and PCNL were performed in 9 units each. The average stone size was 880.2 mm2 (range 110-3800 mm2; median 660 mm2). All children underwent ultrasonic estimation of renal length and parenchymal thickness, 99m technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and 99m Tc-ethylene dicystine (EDC) scintigraphy, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation prior to intervention and at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Extracorporeal lithotripsy achieved complete clearance in 8 renal units (88%), requiring an average of 6333 shockwaves and an average of 2.2 sessions per renal unit. The efficiency quotient was 42. Percutaneous surgery likewise achieved complete stone clearance in 88% of renal units, with three units requiring more than one tract. Mixed calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate accounted for the majority of the stones. The mean preintervention GFR was 78.3 +/- 14.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 (median 82.5 mL/min/1.73 m2; range 54-98.6 mL/min/1.73 m2), whereas the mean GFR at 3 months was 78.95 +/- 14.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 (median 78.95 mL/min/1.73 m2; range 52-98 mL/min/1.73 m2). A marginal improvement of an average of 0.65 mL/min was noted. Split function EDC scans demonstrated improved drainage in five cases after intervention; the rest were unchanged. Preintervention DMSA scans revealed renal cortical scars in three children. None of the renal units had developed fresh scars at follow-up scans. None of the children developed new-onset hypertension, proteinuria, or alteration in renal size. CONCLUSION: In the present study, pediatric SWL and PCNL were not found to cause adverse renal morphologic or functional alteration. Stone clearance resulted in marginally improved function and better drainage.     

Paediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy: setting new frontiers

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and outcome of paediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for atypical cases and compare the results with 'standard' unilateral paediatric PCNL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed children who had had a PCNL between December 1997 and December 2004. Patients were grouped as follows: group 1, aged >5-16 years with normal anatomy and normal renal function undergoing unilateral PCNL or staged bilateral PCNL; group 2, < or = 5 years with normal anatomy and renal function undergoing unilateral PCNL; group 3, undergoing bilateral simultaneous PCNL; group 4, impaired renal function in addition to renal stone disease; group 5, renal anatomical abnormality with calculi in the same kidney. Demographics, stone profile, procedure and outcome indicators were analysed for each group. RESULTS: In all, 188 consecutive PCNLs in 169 children were included (mean age 3.3-10.3 years, mean stone burden 19.1-33.3 mm in the five groups). The mean duration of PCNL was 69-115 min. Stone clearance was satisfactory with single tract access in 90-100% of patients. Transient postoperative fever was the commonest complication (12.5-51%) followed by hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia. Blood transfusion was required in 0-7.7%. The mean stone clearance rates were 47-90% in the five groups; additional extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy increased the cumulative clearance rates to 90-100%. CONCLUSION: PCNL is safe for treating renal stones, with excellent results and minimal complications. Comparable results are achieved in the very young child, children with anatomically abnormal kidneys, children with impaired renal function and children with bilateral renal stones undergoing simultaneous bilateral PCNL. Hence none of these factors should be considered as relative contraindications.     

Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy: 5 years of experience in 201 patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 2000 to September 2005, 201 patients with renal stones >2 cm underwent tubeless PCNL by a single surgeon. We report details of the outcomes. RESULTS: The complete stone clearance rate was 91.04% (183 patients). After surgery, 18 patients (8.96%) had stones (mean size = 7 mm) detected on a plain abdominal radiograph or ultrasonographic examination and were referred for shockwave lithotripsy. The mean stone size was 30 mm (range 20-40 mm). The mean operative time was 35 minutes (range 30-60 min), and the mean hospital stay was 3.5 days (range 2-5 days). Postoperative ultrasonography did not reveal considerable fluid collection. There were no visceral injuries. Twenty-two (10.9%) patients received a transfusion, and 16 (7.9%) patients had urinary tract infection. CONCLUSION: In our experience, tubeless PCNL is safe, effective, and feasible without any discomfort for patients.     

Lateral decubitus position for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in the morbidly obese or kyphotic patient

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Morbidly obese or debilitated patients do not tolerate the prone position used for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) well and may suffer from severe cardiorespiratory compromise in this position. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a simple way to overcome this difficulty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two morbidly obese patients, ages 48 and 32 years, with Body Mass Indices of 47.5 and 43.2 and a 68-year old patient severely debilitated by multiple cerebral infarctions, ischemic heart disease, and kyphosis suffered from relatively high renal stone burdens. For PCNL, the patients were placed in the lateral decubitus position. To obtain an anteroposterior projection in this position, the C-arm fluoroscopy unit was tilted to one side and the operating table to the other. Tract dilation, stone fragmentation, and fragment extraction were performed with the patient in this position. RESULTS: An attempt to perform PCNL in the prone position in the first patient was aborted because of severe hypoxemia and hypercarbia. In the lateral decubitus position, the procedures were easily performed in all patients without any complications. It was noted that by rotating the C-arm to a perpendicular position, it was possible to perform nephroscopy and use fluoroscopy simultaneously. CONCLUSION: We highly recommend using the lateral position for PCNL in morbidly obese patients and in patients suffering from kyphosis. This position is safe and convenient.     

超声联合气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石(附78例报道)

目的:探讨经皮肾镜下超声联合气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的方法及疗效。方法:B超引导下穿刺并扩张建立F22经皮肾镜操作通道,在F20.8肾镜下采用瑞士第三代EMS超声气压弹道碎石机,争取一期粉碎结石并主动吸出体外。结果:78例83侧肾结石,单侧结石清除时间43~156min,平均89min。结石粉碎率100%,结石取净率85.6%(71/83)。术后随访1~9个月,平均5.6个月,均无严重并发症如出血及感染,亦无结石复发。结论:经皮肾镜超声联合气压弹道碎石术可以明显地提高复杂性肾结石取石的效率,降低结石的残余率,具有高效、安全、微创的特点,有较好的推广应用价值。