微创关节镜辅助下治疗SchatzkerⅠ-Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜技术在SchatzkerⅠ-Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折治疗中的临床疗效。方法2004年10月-2007年6月,对30例SchatzkerⅠ-Ⅳ型（Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型6例）胫骨平台骨折在关节镜辅助下进行小切口复位螺钉内固定术,同时镜下处理关节内合并损伤。术后随访患者,并用HSS膝关节评分标准进行膝关节功能评分。结果术后随访4～18个月,骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间3个月,无并发症。优良率93．33％。结论关节镜辅助下治疗胫骨平台骨折损伤小,能保护关节囊,操作安全,复位固定满意,能准确判断关节内结构的损伤并予修复,术后功能恢复快。     

关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨在关节镜监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法对12例SchazkerⅠ-Ⅲ型的胫骨平台骨折采用关节镜监视下进行小切口复位加空心螺纹钉内固定术,术中不切开关节囊,在镜下同时处理关节内合并损伤,术后随访,观察治疗效果。结果术后平均随访13.3个月(4～18个月),所有骨折均在3个月内愈合,按照Ewald膝关节功能评分标准,均>90分。结论关节镜监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折具有损伤小、操作安全、复位固定满意、能同时处理关节内合并伤、术后功能恢复快的优点。     

关节镜监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨在关节镜监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法 1997～2002年对38例胫骨平台骨折在关节镜监护下进行小切口复位螺钉内固定术，术中不切开关节囊。在镜下同时处理关节内合并损伤，观察治疗效果。结果 术后随访1～3年，所有骨折均在3个月内愈合，按相关标准评定疗效，总优良率89．5％。结论 关节镜监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折具有损伤小，操作安全，复位固定满意，能同时处理关节内合并伤，术后功能恢复快的优点。     

关节镜辅助下珊瑚人工骨移植治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助下珊瑚人工骨移植治疗胫骨平台骨折的效果。方法自2003年6月～2006年6月,对32例闭合性胫骨平台骨折Schatzker'sⅠ～Ⅵ型患者,采用关节镜辅助下复位,对关节面塌陷者植入珊瑚人工骨,且行内固定术。结果术后局部无排斥反应,无切口及关节感染,骨折愈合时间3～5个月,术后6个月HSS评分:优30例,良2例。结论关节镜辅助下珊瑚人工骨移植治疗胫骨平台骨折可达到双重微创的效果。     

关节镜下逆行击顶治疗塌陷型胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨在关节镜辅助下胫骨平台塌陷型或伴平台外周劈裂骨折,在平台下骨折远端骨开窗逆行击顶复位、注射型硫酸钙或硫酸钙加松质骨植骨充填骨缺失的疗效.方法 对46 例胫骨平台上述类型骨折采用关节镜辅助下胫骨骨折远端开窗,逆行击顶将塌陷骨折复位,对伴平台外周骨折的加用经皮拉力螺钉内固定,塌陷复位后骨缺失用注射型硫酸钙或松质骨植骨加硫酸钙充填.术中先行关节镜检查并处理关节内合并损伤.术后随访,观察治疗效果.结果 术后全组随访12 ～23 个月,平均14.2 个月,均达到骨折临床愈合标准.按HSS 膝关节评分标准,优36 例,良10 例.结论 关节镜辅助下逆行击顶治疗塌陷型胫骨平台骨折,具有创伤小、操作安全简便、复位固定满意等优点,同时能处理关节内合并伤,术后功能恢复快.     

关节镜下锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨关节镜辅助下对胫骨平台骨折有限切开复位内固定的手术方法和疗效.方法 我院2006年2月至2007年6月对16例Schatzkerl-Ⅲ型胫骨平台骨折患者采用关节镜监视下复位骨折关节面,仿照微创经皮钢板固定技术,采用锁定接骨板内固定.结果 术后均获随访,随访时间5～48个月,根据Rasmussen评分,15例优良,1例可.结论 关节镜辅助下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折,具有创伤小,可同时处理关节内合并伤,并发症少,术后恢复快等优点.     

关节镜监视下微创经皮螺丝钉内固定治疗低能量胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨关节镜监视下微创经皮螺丝钉内固定治疗低能量胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2001年12月～2007年2月在关节镜监视下经皮螺丝钉内固定治疗低能量胫骨平台骨折36例,其中男21例,女15例;年龄18～68岁,平均36岁.按Schatzker分型:Ⅰ型16例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型8例.结果 36例随访6～24个月,平均12个月,所有骨折均获骨性愈合,患膝按照Lysholm膝关节评分标准,优29例(80.5%),良4例(11.1%),可3例(8.4%),总体优良率91.6%.结论 关节镜监视下经皮螺丝钉内固定治疗低能量胫骨平台骨折复位满意,固定可靠,关节功能恢复快、恢复好,镜下手术创伤小,并发症少,还能同时处理关节内并发伤及其他疾病,治疗低能量胫骨平台骨折有一定的优越性.     

关节镜辅助下经皮钢板内固定治疗胫骨 平台骨折27例疗效观察

目的探讨关节镜辅助下结合微创技术治疗胫骨平台骨折手术效果。方法 2007年7月~2011年12月,收治27例胫骨平台骨折患者,按Schatzker分型:Ⅰ型:10例;Ⅱ型:9例;Ⅲ型:3例;Ⅳ型:3例;Ⅴ型:2例;合并半月板损伤6例,前交叉韧带损伤3例。后交叉韧带损伤1例,内侧副韧带损伤Ⅲ度7例;所有病例均在关节镜辅助下进行复位和不同形式的内固定。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,患者均获随访,随访时间6~26个月,平均12个月。骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间3~5个月,平均3.5个月;按照Merchant等的评分标准:优18例,良7例,中1例,差1例。优良率为92%。结论关节镜辅助下结合微创技术治疗胫骨平台骨折具有复位准确、损伤小、恢复快及功能佳等优点。     

关节镜辅助下手术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜下手术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折的效果。方法 2005年9月～2011年9月,运用关节镜辅助下切开复位植骨内固定手术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折29例。29例均获得随访。结果术后随访时间4～24个月,平均12.8个月。骨折均愈合,按改良HSS(Evanich)膝关节功能评分,优22例,良6例,中1例。结论关节镜辅助下切开复位植骨内固定术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折,创伤小,复位效果满意,术后膝关节功能恢复良好,可取得满意效果。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带定位器结合空心顶棒复位固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效分析

目的 分析关节镜辅助下前交叉韧带定位器结合空心顶棒复位治疗胫骨平台骨折(Schatzker Ⅰ～Ⅳ型)的疗效.方法 采用关节镜辅助下前交叉韧带定位器结合空心顶棒打压复位方案,采用经皮空心钉或经皮锁定钢板固定治疗26例Schatzker Ⅰ～Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折患者.结果 26例患者术后均获随访10～ 24个月,平均16.0个月.26例患者骨折均获得骨性愈合,无患者发生切口感染或关节感染.根据Rasmussen胫骨平台骨折膝关节功能评分标准,本组患者疗效评估为优17例,良7例,可2例,优良率为92.3％.结论 关节镜辅助下前交叉韧带定位器结合空心顶棒复位固定治疗胫骨平台骨折疗效显著,具有创伤小、复位和固定精准、关节功能恢复良好、并发症少等优点,并可同时行半月板、交叉韧带等关节内其他结构的探查和治疗.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."