Efficacy of domiciliary noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical features and efficacy of domiciliary noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 16 patients with COPD who received NPPV between March 1996 and April 2005. The patient characteristics, clinical features, a change in arterial PaCO2 and prognoses were evaluated. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 15 males and 1 female, mean age 68.4 +/- 9.9 yrs. The mean values of pulmonary function tests were as follows; FEV1 = 0.73L, FEV1% = 29.8%, VC = 2.49L, %VC = 77.5%, RV/ TLC 55.4%, PaO2 59.8 Torr, PaCO2 71.4 Torr (on admission). Fourteen of 16 patients presented desaturation in the night and 6 patients had sleep apnea syndrome. Eight of the 16 patients received NPPV during acute exacerbation. NPPV yielded dramatic improvement in daytime hypercapnia and clinical symptoms. However, arterial PaCO2 gradually elevated during the long-term clinical course. The duration of treatment was from 2 months to 9 years, with a mean value of 2.3 years. The cause of death of 7 patients was respiratory failure in 5 cases and lung cancer in 2, respectively, and the mortality was significantly higher in patients who received NPPV during acute exacerbation than stable COPD patients receiving NPPV. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term improvement in daytime clinical symptoms and arterial blood gas tensions can be achieved by NPPV in patients with COPD.     

Where to perform noninvasive ventilation?

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) has been shown to be a means of reducing the need for endotracheal intubation, which when effective reduces the complication rate and improves outcome. Because paralysis and sedation are not needed and because the patient is not necessarily dependent upon a machine for respiration, ventilation outside the intensive care unit (ICU) is an option. A number of studies have shown that NPPV for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be effective in the non-ICU environment, though usually in patients with less severe exacerbations. However, there have been no direct comparisons of the application of NPPV in different locations. The likelihood of success of the technique is an important factor in deciding there NPPV should be performed. Ready access to invasive ventilation is important when NPPV is not indicated from the outset or fails after an initial trial. In acute exacerbations of COPD, NPPV is less likely to be successful the more severe the exacerbation, as measured by the severity of acidosis. Good tolerance of NPPV, which translates into an improvement in pH and a fall in respiratory rate, predicts a successful outcome and is a useful way of monitoring progress. NPPV has been shown to be cost effective both in the ICU and when performed on general wards. A dedicated intermediate care unit with particular expertise in noninvasive modes of ventilation may provide the best environment, both in terms of outcome, but also cost effectiveness. The ideal location for noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation will vary from country to country and indeed from hospital to hospital, depending upon local factors. However, the most important factor is that staff be adequately trained in the technique and be available throughout the 24-h period.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期呼吸衰竭临床研究

目的评价无刨正压通气（NPPV）治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）急性加重期呼吸衰竭的价值。方法收集2004年01月至2006年08月住我院重症监护室（ICU）54例COPD急性加重期呼吸衰竭的患者,观察所有患者在常规治疗基础上,进行NPPV治疗后的临床表现、动脉血气的变化。结果1例不能耐受、4例改用有创机械通气,49例患者经NPPV治疗2h后呼吸困难缓解,心率、呼吸频率下降（P〈0．05）,动脉血气指标、氧合指数改善（P〈0．05）。结论NPPV能明显改善COPD急性加重期呼吸衰竭的症状、低氧血症、氧合指数及二氧化碳潴留,说明NPPV治疗有效,耐受件好,并发症少。     

2014~2015年度无创正压通气进展

无创正压通气(NPPV)在 COPD 急性加重(AECOPD)、急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)、多种病因导致呼吸衰竭患者、需撤机患儿和婴幼儿中的应用呈稳步增长,而有创通气(IMV)使用有所下降,在“合适的患者”中应用 NPPV 作为一线治疗可获益,在有指征时,应及早应用。Meta 分析提示,对于 ALI/ARDS 患者,应用 NPPV 可降低气管插管率,对于急诊患者的院前治疗,支持早期应用 NPPV。部分研究结果支持在伴有慢性高碳酸血症的呼吸衰竭患者中应用较高强度的 NPPV 治疗,可降低病死率,能改善总体生存率、运动能力和生活质量评分。     

Effectiveness of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for patients with chronic stable hypercapnic respiratory failure]

The effectiveness of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) was evaluated in 20 patients with chronic stable hypercapnic respiratory failure. Patients were assigned to receive domiciliary long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT group, n = 11) or LTOT plus NPPV (NPPV group, n = 9). The primary endpoints were the health-related quality of life (HRQL), as assessed by the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF 36) questionnaire, and the activities and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL and IADL), as assessed by the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS). Secondary endpoints were mortality, the number of acute exacerbation episodes that required endotracheal intubation, and the length of hospital stay. Significant improvement was observed in the SF 36 physical functioning subscale (30.6 +/- 19.9 to 41.1 +/- 21.6, p = 0.02) and GARS score (36.1 +/- 9.0 to 32.3 +/- 8.5, p = 0.02) of the NPPV group. One patient in the NPPV group and 7 patients in the LTOT group underwent endotracheal intubation (relative risk = 0.18, p = 0.03). Differences in length of hospital stay (8.2 +/- 4.1 days vs. 31.6 +/- 35.8 days, p = 0.07) and mortality rate (1/9 vs. 3/11, p = 0.59) for the NPPV and LTOT groups were not statistically significant. We conclude that the utilization of NPPV for patients with chronic respiratory failure is effective in preventing the deterioration of underlying disease and in improving the quality of life.     

Morgagni hernia with respiratory failure aggravated by noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: A case report and overview of the literature

An elderly woman diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) in 2007 had improved with chemotherapy. She had severe kyphosis and a diaphragmatic hernia (DH), but no respiratory symptoms. In 2011, because of thoracic deformity and emaciation, we advised her to continue the previously prescribed domiciliary noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) therapy for chronic type II respiratory failure. However, she refused to continue NPPV. She was later admitted for deterioration in respiratory status and carbon dioxide (CO₂) narcosis. We believed her low adherence to domiciliary NPPV caused CO₂ narcosis; hence, we advised her to continue domiciliary NPPV and she complied. In May 2012, the now 79-year-old patient was admitted for acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure and CO₂ narcosis. Chest imaging suggested that DH had caused a deterioration of her status. She underwent laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair. Operative findings revealed a retrosternal hernia sac, and she was diagnosed as having a Morgagni hernia (MH). Her respiratory status subsequently improved. We hypothesize that NPPV increased intra-abdominal pressure, thereby worsening the MH and exacerbating respiratory failure. We believe that clinicians should be cautious when prescribing NPPV for MH patients.     

Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure: integrated use of negative pressure ventilation and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) can be treated with either invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), which can spare the complications of artificial airways. To evaluate the efficacy of an integrated approach using negative pressure ventilation (NPV) with iron lung and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), we performed a prospective study in a group of patients admitted to our respiratory ICU (RICU) for ARF due to exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure (CRF). SETTING: RICU at "R. Silvestrini" Hospital in Perugia, Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-two consecutive patients were included in the study and treated with iron lung as first choice or, when contraindicated or not tolerated, with NPPV using a nasal or facial mask. After 2 h of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), the patients were reevaluated; in case of clinical deterioration, patients receiving NPV were switched to NPPV. When NPPV as a first or second line of treatment failed the patients were intubated. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: One hundred fifty-two patients received NIMV, 97 with iron lung as the first choice of treatment, and 55 with NPPV. Six patients treated with NPV were switched to NPPV during the first 2 h of treatment. Twenty-five patients required IMV. The success rate of the integrated use of NIMV (NPV plus NPPV) was 81.6%, compared to that of NPV (83.5%) and NPPV (70.5%). Twenty-one patients (13.8%) required tracheostomy; the duration of hospital stay was significantly lower in patients treated with NIMV only. Thirty patients required mechanical ventilation at home. Few severe complications were observed in patients receiving IMV. CONCLUSIONS: The integrated use of two NIMV techniques is effective in patients with acute exacerbation of CRF. In most cases intubation and tracheostomy were avoided, thus reducing the complication rate of mechanical ventilation.     

Noninvasive ventilation and obstructive lung diseases.

The key role of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is well documented in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) since it may avoid endotrachal intubation in >50% of cases when used as the initial treatment. However, currently only minimal data is available to assess usefulness of NPPV in COPD patients on a long-term basis. Even if such studies are difficult to manage, there is clearly a need for prospective studies comparing long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and NPPV in the most severe COPD in a large amount of patients and on a real long-term basis of several years. Two randomized prospective studies are being completed in Europe and the first preliminary results show that NPPV is associated with a reduction of hospitalization for chronic respiratory failure decompensation. The main beneficial effect of long-term mechanical ventilation in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure implies a correction of nocturnal hypoventilation that could persist beyond the ventilation period because of a temporary improvement in carbon dioxide sensitivity that is often blunted in these patients. A synthesis from the literature suggest to consider NPPV for severe COPD patients who present with chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia and develop an unstable respiratory condition. Instability may be appreciated on a clinical basis and confirmed by a progressive worsening of arterial blood gas tensions, leading to frequent cardiorespiratory decompensations with ominous ARF episodes. NPPV should also be considered after an ARF episode successfully treated by noninvasive ventilation but with the impossibility to wean the patient from the ventilator. Thus, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation could be proposed as a preventive treatment in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with unstable respiratory condition associated with fluctuating hypercapnia before, during and after an acute respiratory failure episode, avoiding the need for a tracheotomy. Adjunction of noninvasive ventilation to exercise rehabilitation is under evaluation.     

A chart of failure risk for noninvasive ventilation in patients with COPD exacerbation.

Knowing the likelihood of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could indicate the best choice between NPPV and endotracheal intubation instituted earlier. For this purpose, two risk charts were designed (at admission and after 2 h of NPPV) that included all relevant measurable clinical prognostic indicators derived from a population representing the patients seen routinely in clinical practice. Risk stratification of NPPV failure was assessed in 1,033 consecutive patients admitted to experienced hospital units, including two intensive care units, six respiratory intermediate care units, and five general wards. NPPV was successful in 797 patients. Patients with a Glasgow Coma Score <11, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II > or =29, respiratory rate > or =30 breaths x min(-1) and pH at admission <7.25 have a predicted risk of failure >70%. A pH <7.25 after 2 h greatly increases the risk (>90%). The risk charts were validated on an independent group of 145 consecutive COPD patients treated with NPPV due to an acute ventilatory failure episode. To identify patients with a probability of failure >50%, the sensitivity and specificity were 33% and 96.7% on admission and 52.9% and 94.1% after 2 h of NPPV, respectively. The prediction chart, based on data from the current study, can function as a simple tool to predict the risk of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and thus improve clinical management of patients tailoring medical intervention.     

Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: a prospective randomised placebo-controlled trial.

The aim of the present study was to clarify whether the known effects of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with respiratory failure are real or due to placebo effects and whether early application of NPPV in the emergency department leads to rapid improvement of the patients condition and outcome. A prospective randomised placebo-controlled study was conducted in 20 patients with severe acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute pulmonary oedema, not improving under conventional medical therapy and on the edge of intubation. Patients received either conventional medical therapy plus two-level NPPV (hi-level NPPV) or conventional medical therapy plus "placebo" NPPV. The main outcome measures involved the need for endotracheal intubation in the bi-level NPPV arm and in the placebo arm after crossing over to active NPPV. Morbidity, length of stay, mortality and the effect of the ventilatory mode on clinical, arterial-blood gas parameters, and the sternocleidomastoid muscles electromyogram (EMG) activity were also measured. The 10 patients in the active NPPV group rapidly improved and none needed intubation. Placebo NPPV resulted in no change in the clinical condition of patients that continued to worsen and the 10 patients were crossed over to active NPPV. Three patients were intubated. No differences in terms of morbidity, length of stay or mortality between the two groups were observed. Active NPPV (but not placebo NPPV) led to a rapid and significant improvement in the clinical parameters, pH and the carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood and to a decrease in respiratory frequency and sternocleidomastoid EMG activity. Early application of bi-level noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with severe acute respiratory failure, due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute pulmonary oedema, leads to a rapid improvement in clinical status and blood gases. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation had no placebo effect.     

夜间无创正压通气治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的临床研究

目的探讨夜间无创正压通气（NPPV）治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效。方法选择82例AE-COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭住院患者,随机分为夜间通气组（A组）、日间通气组（B组）,治疗前及治疗后3 d、7 d清晨分别抽取动脉血查血气分析,比较治疗前后两组患者动脉血气分析变化。结果两组在治疗后血气分析各项指标较治疗前有明显改善,比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）。两组间治疗后比较A组PH、PaO2较B组明显升高,PaCO2明显降低,有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论夜间NPPV治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者能较快改善患者血气分析指标及预后,长期应用有望提高患者生活质量。     

Noninvasive ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit for children with acute respiratory failure

Noninvasive ventilation, a novel treatment to increase alveolar ventilation, is accomplished with either subatmospheric or positive pressure administered via an external interface. In adults with acute respiratory failure, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is superior to standard therapy in preventing intubation and reducing mortality. The role of NPPV in pediatric-age patients with acute respiratory distress is not as well established. Early case reports showed that NPPV treatment does acutely improve both the clinical manifestations of respiratory distress and respiratory gas exchange in children with respiratory distress. However, it is not clear whether NPPV in this setting can prevent vs. delay endotracheal intubation. Other uses of NPPV in the pediatric intensive care unit include the treatment of upper airway obstruction, atelectasis, and exacerbations of neuromuscular disorders, and to facilitate weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation. Successful use of NPPV in young infants with respiratory distress is impeded by the lack of suitable size interfaces, and the response characteristics of commercially available bilevel ventilators. Despite these challenges, NPPV is a promising alternate to standard therapies in the treatment of acute respiratory distress in the pediatric-age patient.     

无创正压机械通气在治疗急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目的 探讨无创正压机械通气( NPPV)治疗急性胰腺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年5月收治的27例急性胰腺炎并发ARDS患者行NPPV治疗的病例资料,对比治疗前后患者心率、呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、氧合指数(OI)及动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)的变化情况。结果 27例患者中,25例(92.6％)经NPPV治疗后,心率、呼吸频率从上机前的(118.4±13.4)次/min、(32.1±1.7)次/min降低到上机后48 h的(81.9±8.5)次/min、(19.9±2.1)次/min,PaO2、OI及PaCO2从上机前的(74.1±5.0)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、(148.2±10.0) mmHg、(28.7±1.6) mmHg增加到上机后48 h的(110.4±20.8) mmHg、(204.5±71.1) mmHg、(38.4±3.6) mmHg,最终顺利脱机并过渡为文丘里面罩给氧;2例(7.4％)患者呼吸情况恶化,最终改为经口气管插管接有创呼吸机辅助呼吸。结论 急性胰腺炎并发ARDS患者使用NPPV治疗的疗效满意。NPPV操作相对简单,容易学习和掌握,并发症少,值得在临床上推广应用。     

The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with chronic ventilatory failure (CVF) are more likely to develop exacerbations, which are an important determinant of health-related quality of life (HRQL). Long-term noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) has been proposed in addition to long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) to treat CVF but little information is available on its effects on HRQL and resource consumption. Therefore, the current authors undertook a 2-yr multicentric, prospective, randomised, controlled trial to assess the effect of NPPV+ LTOT on: 1) severity of hypercapnia; 2) use of healthcare resources, and 3) HRQL, in comparison with LTOT alone. One hundred and twenty-two stable hypercapnic COPD patients on LTOT for > or = 6 months were consecutively enrolled. After inclusion and 1-month run-in, 90 patients were randomly assigned to NPPV+LTOT (n=43) or to LTOT alone (n=47). Arterial blood gases, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, total hospital and ICU length of stay and HRQL were primary outcome measures; survival and drop-out rates, symptoms (dyspnoea and sleep quality) and exercise tolerance were secondary outcome measures. Follow-up was performed at 3-month intervals up to 2 yrs. Lung function, inspiratory muscle function, exercise tolerance and sleep quality score did not change over time in either group. By contrast the carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood on usual oxygen, resting dyspnoea and HRQL, as assessed by the Maugeri Foundation Respiratory Failure Questionnaire, changed differently over time in the two groups in favour of NPPV+LTOT. Hospital admissions were not different between groups during the follow-up. Nevertheless, overall hospital admissions showed a different trend to change in the NPPV+LTOT (decreasing by 45%) as compared with the LTOT group (increasing by 27%) when comparing the follow-up with the follow-back periods. ICU stay decreased over time by 75% and 20% in the NPPV+LTOT and LTOT groups, respectively. Survival was similar. Compared with long-term oxygen therapy alone, the addition of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation to long-term oxygen therapy in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with chronic ventilatory failure: 1) slightly decreased the trend to carbon dioxide retention in patients receiving oxygen at home and 2) improved dyspnoea and health-related quality of life. The results of this study show some significant benefits with the use of nocturnal, home noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with chronic ventilatory failure due to advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Further work is required to evaluate the effect of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation on reducing the frequency and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation.     

无创正压通气治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭日通气时间的探讨

目的探讨无创正压通气（NPPV）治疗AECOPD并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭每天最佳通气时间。方法将AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭60例患者随机分为间歇组和持续组。比较治疗前后及两组间临床症状改善的情况、动脉血气的变化、平均住院日、气管插管率及面罩副反应。结果两组在治疗后心率、呼吸频率逐渐减慢,血气分析指标有明显改善,与治疗前比较有显著性差异。两组间比较,在心率、呼吸频率、气管插管率等方面无显著性差异;而两组间的平均住院日、面罩副反应及治疗后的血气分析指标在24小时、尤其是72小时的改善有显著性差异。结论NIPPV治疗AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭,能够明显改善临床症状;持续NPPV治疗能够较快的改善患者的血气指标,缩短患者的住院时间;持续通气会增加患者出现面罩副反应的几率,两种治疗方法在气管插管率方面无明显差异。     

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has reemerged as an effective strategy for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During acute respiratory failure, dynamic hyperinflation, intrinsic PEEP, and increased airway resistance result in a mechanical workload that exceeds inspiratory muscle capacity. NPPV provides augmentation of alveolar ventilation and respiratory muscle rest. Observational, cohort, and, more recently, randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the ability of NPPV to decrease the need for endotracheal intubation and decrease complications and mortality. NPPV performs better in COPD patients without significant comorbid illness. It should be initiated during COPD exacerbations if arterial pH is less than 7.35 or if the patient is severely distressed. Pressure support ventilation (10–20 cmH₂O) via face mask is likely the optimal technique and, when successful, results in rapid clinical improvement. Accepted for publication: 17 October 1996     

Predictors of survival in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure receiving domiciliary NPPV

Fifty-four cases (36 men) with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure were prescribed domiciliary NPPV during 9 years. COPD (26 patients) and sequelae of tuberclosis (16 patients) were the major primary diseases. At the initiation of NPPV, the age was 71.2 +/- 7.3 years-old (mean +/- standard deviation) and PaCO2 was 76.7 +/- 16.2Torr. Overall, the 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 63.8% and 26.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified BMI (body mass index) (hazzard ratio : 0.837, p = 0.020) and the number of days of hospitalization during 1 year before NPPV (hazzard ratio: 1.013, p = 0.016) as predictors of survival. Patients with frequent hospitalization for exacerbation or with malnutrition had poor prognosis, so comprehensive supports aimed to improve general status are needed for patients with chronic respiratory failure received domiciliary NPPV.     

强化血糖控制对AECOPD无创通气的影响

目的探讨强化血糖控制AECOPD伴应激性高血糖在无创通气治疗中的作用。方法 160例AECOPD导致2型呼吸衰竭伴应激性高血糖患者,随机分为强化血糖控制组(强化组)和常规治疗组(常规组),观察两组患者无创通气时间和失败率、28天死亡率;并用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)测定治疗前、治疗后第3天和7天血清中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度。结果强化组无创通气时间及无创通气的失败率与常规组相比均显著减少(P<0.05);强化组患者第3天和第7天血清中IL-6和TNF-α的浓度明显低于常规组;两组死亡率无显著统计学差异。结论强化血糖控制提高AECOPD伴应激性高血糖患者的无创通气疗效。     

Nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Difficult and time-consuming procedure for nurses

Intubation and mechanical ventilation are well-established techniques in the management of patients with acute respiratory failure; however, there are situations in which these procedures cannot be used safely for various reasons. A recently described noninvasive technique, nasal positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV), has been developed for home ventilation of certain patients with chronic ventilatory insufficiency. We hypothesized that NPPV could be used in selected patients in whom intubation and mechanical ventilation were clearly indicated, but not immediately possible, or even contraindicated. Six patients were treated with NPPV during an episode of acute respiratory failure and enrolled in a prospective study. We found that NPPV was successful in avoiding intubation, but only in the three patients suffering from a restrictive pulmonary disorder, whereas the procedure was unsuccessful in patients with obstructive disorders. Moreover, in every patient, acute NPPV was very time-consuming for the nursing staff: in patients with restrictive disorders, a nurse had to monitor a patient submitted to NPPV during 41 +/- 9 percent of the duration of ventilation and during 91 +/- 9 percent of the NPPV time in patients with obstructive disorders. We conclude that acute NPPV may be attempted in selected patients with acute respiratory failure, predominantly patients with restrictive respiratory disorders, but that this procedure is very time-consuming for nurses.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭

无创正压通气已经广泛用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的治疗,主要适应证包括呼吸增快、动脉氧分压下降、二氧化碳分压升高和呼吸性酸中毒,颜面部畸形、严重意识障碍、呼吸心跳停止以及血流动力学不稳定是其主要禁忌证。无创正压通气能够减轻呼吸肌负荷、减轻呼吸肌疲劳,具有降低患者病死率和气管插管率的作用。无创正压通气治疗时给予足够的压力支持和治疗时间是取得治疗效果的重要保证。