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1.
Pradnya D. Rao Nanding Husile Andrew A. Strasser Paul M. Wise 《Chemosensory perception》2018,11(1):1-9
Introduction
The US Food and Drug Administration banned most “sweet” flavorants for use in cigarettes due to the concern that sweet flavors appeal to young, beginning smokers. However, many of the same flavors, including fruity and confection-associated aromas (e.g., vanilla), are still used in e-cigarettes. Sweet flavors may have a number of effects, including enhancement of the taste of other ingredients. The current work focused on the impact of model flavorants on the taste of a mixture of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine, solvents used in most e-cigarettes and related products.Methods
A device delivered mixtures of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine into the mouth in parallel with puffs of clean air (control) or odorized air. Aromas included two “fruity” esters (“pineapple” and “banana”), two confection-associated aromas (“vanilla” and “caramel/malty”), menthol (not a “sweet” aroma, but commonly used in e-cigarettes), and a “burnt” aroma not expected to enhance flavor. Twenty young adults, aged 18–25, rated the sweetness, bitterness, and pleasantness of all stimuli (within-subjects design).Results
Both fruity aromas significantly enhanced sweetness, both confection-associated aromas significantly enhanced pleasantness, and the caramel/malty aroma significantly reduced bitterness. Menthol and the “burnt” aroma had no measurable effects on the taste of solvent mixtures.Conclusion
Some flavorants modulated the taste of solvents commonly used in e-cigarettes in ways consistent with an enhanced sensory profile.Implications
If similar effects occur in actual products, improved flavor profiles could facilitate continued use, particularly in non-smokers experimenting with e-cigarettes and related products.2.
Introduction
Flavor is known as one of the main criteria that influences food choice. For flavor to be perceived, it needs to be released from the food. Prior studies on mechanisms that govern flavor release have largely focused on interactions with food/ingredients and have analyzed a single flavor modality (aroma or taste). The lack of comprehensive methods has limited our understanding of flavor release from food.Aim
The aim of this study was to comprehensively monitor flavor release by conducting a mass balance analysis (exhaled air, saliva, and gum bolus) of both volatile aroma and non-volatile taste compounds during mastication of chewing gum.Methods
Concentrations of volatiles (ethyl butyrate, benzaldehyde, menthol, menthone, and limonene) and non-volatiles compounds (sorbitol, aspartame, and acesulfame K) were determined over a 12-min mastication time period in expectorated saliva, gum bolus, and exhaled breath (only for volatiles) using LC/MS/MS, GC/MS, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS.Results
The percent release of the volatile compounds during mastication was lower when compared to the non-volatile compounds. The aroma release profile in the exhaled breath was not related to the compound concentration in the saliva or gum bolus. Results suggested the aroma release was primarily controlled by residual levels of these compounds in the oral cavity and/or the lungs. Similarly, the release profiles of the non-volatiles were not concentration dependent during the first 4 min of mastication, suggesting physical entrapment in the gum base and subsequent release when exposed to the oral cavity for extraction via mechanical stress during mastication.Conclusions
Two main mechanisms of flavor delivery from chewing gum were supported based on a mass balance analysis: (1) the renewal of the gum bolus surface area and (2) the absorption of the aroma compounds in the oral cavity or lungs as an important mechanism of aroma release.Implications
Our findings provide further insight into mechanisms of flavor delivery and an improved basis to investigate flavor perception of foodstuffs.3.
Introduction
In terms of both its physiological effects as well as its impact on flavor perception, ethanol is the defining component of alcoholic beverages. While ethanol’s effect on alcoholic beverage systems has been studied across a variety of disciplines, a comprehensive review of the literature is lacking. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on ethanol’s effect on flavor perception.Methods
This paper reviews the literature, exploring ethanol’s effects on the areas of physiochemical properties, instrumental measurements of flavor release, and sensory evaluation across a variety of alcoholic beverages including beer, wine, and distilled beverages and how changes in ethanol concentration can affect flavor perception.Results
Physicochemical properties such as the molecular level structure of water/ethanol matrices are significantly altered as a function of ethanol concentration. Of particular importance to flavor perception is the effect of ethanol on the release of aroma compounds into the headspace of the beverage. Both static and dynamic headspace systems have been studied. In general, increasing the concentration of ethanol decreases the volatile headspace in static systems, while it tends to increase the volatile headspace in dynamic systems. Most importantly, sensory studies have demonstrated that ethanol concentration significantly changes the flavor profile of beverages to the point where sensory panelists are able to identify and articulate these differences.Conclusions
The current literature demonstrates that ethanol can have a huge impact of flavor release and sensory perception of alcoholic beverages. Additionally monitoring ethanol’s effects in systems as close to real life as possible (i.e., dynamic vs static evaluation) is important. Even with the extensive knowledge in the area, there are still many gaps in our understanding of ethanol’s effects on the flavor of alcoholic beverages.Implications
Ethanol has been shown to have a tremendous influence on flavor release and subsequent chemosensory perception in alcoholic beverages. Changes in ethanol concentration can affect consumers’ perception of alcoholic beverages in terms of aroma, taste, and mouthfeel.4.
Mingyang Huang M. F. Valim Shi Feng Laura Reuss Lixiao Yao Fred Gmitter Yu Wang 《Chemosensory perception》2017,10(4):161-169
Introduction
The main purposes of this study were to identity major peel oil odorants and determine which aroma compounds are primarily responsible for the overall aroma profile of a recently developed Huanglongbing (HLB)-tolerant mandarin hybrid.Methods
The aroma-active compounds present in the recently developed mandarin hybrid peel oil were extracted by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA).Results
Thirty odor-active compounds in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range of 2 to 256 have been identified. On the basis of high FD factors, α-pinene, limonene, β-myrcene, linalool, and β-caryophyllene were characterized as the most essential aroma compounds at a FD factor ≥ 128, followed by γ-terpinene, β-pinene, terpinolene, p-dimethylstyrene, (E)-linalool oxide, decanal, β-cubebene, α-terpineol, and perilla aldehyde at a FD factor ≥ 16. Among all the detected aroma compounds, limonene was the most abundant compound (86.5 ± 2.8%), followed by γ-terpinene (5.3 ± 0.1%), β-myrcene (2.4 ± 0.1%), and α-pinene (1.2 ± 0.0%).Conclusions
The compounds including α-pinene, limonene, β-myrcene, linalool, and β-caryophyllene were characterized as the most essential aromas. The sensory evaluation results indicated that the major attributes (FD ≥ 2) such as floral, lemon, peel-like, green, mint, and sweet were comparable to that of natural mandarin peel oil.Implications
Based on the human perception, olfactometry and AEDA were used to determine the aroma-active compounds in the peel oil. Human perception also involved in aroma reconstitution to compare the re-engineering solution containing the essential aroma compounds with the natural mandarin oil.5.
Jenny M. Cundiff Thomas W. Kamarck Stephen B. Manuck 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2016,50(6):854-861
Background
Socioeconomic position is a well-established risk factor for poor physical health.Purpose
This study examines whether the effects of lower social rank on physical health may be accounted for by differences in daily social experience.Methods
In a large community sample (N?=?475), we examined whether subjective social rank is associated with self-rated health, in part, through positive and negative perceptions of daily interpersonal interactions, assessed using ecological momentary assessment.Results
Higher social rank was associated with higher average perceived positivity of social interactions in daily life (e.g., B?=?.18, p?<?.001), but not with perceived negativity of social interactions. Further, the association between social rank and self-rated physical health was partially accounted for by differences in perceived positivity of social interactions. This effect was independent of well-characterized objective markers of SES and personality traits.Conclusions
Differences in the quality of day-to-day social interactions is a viable pathway linking lower social rank to poorer physical health.6.
Sungeun Cho Araceli Camacho Emily Patten Denise Costa Bruno Silva Damiao Robert Fuller Luan da Palma Han-Seok Seo 《Chemosensory perception》2017,10(1-2):1-7
Introduction
This study aimed to determine whether a smoking restriction prior to sensory evaluation affects sensory perception and liking of beverages that represent sweetness (sweetened cocoa), saltiness (vegetable juice), sourness (orange juice), and bitterness (black coffee).Methods
Smokers were asked to either abstain from smoking for 2 h or to smoke a cigarette 5 min prior to sensory evaluation of beverages. As a control, non-smokers participated in this study.Results
Smokers who smoked 5 min prior to tasting beverages rated black coffee as significantly more bitter than did those who either abstained from smoking for 2 h or non-smokers. No effect of cigarette smoking was found either in intensity of other taste qualities and flavor or in the liking of the four types of beverages.Conclusion
This study provides empirical evidence that cigarette smokers should abstain from smoking for 2 h prior to sensory evaluation of bitter-tasting beverages such as black coffee.7.
Introduction
The purpose of this work is to determine the key odorants (KO) in shochu, a Japanese spirit made from sweet potato, barley, rice, soba, or sugarcane extract fermented with 20% rice koji. Each carbohydrate source produces a mild flavored spirit, but sweet potato produces shochu with a strong savory character.Methods
The KOs released by sweet potato, barley, rice, and sugarcane shochus were determined using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) dilution analysis to determine aroma characteristics, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and authentic standards to determine identity.Results
The five top KOs found in sweet potato shochu were ethyl octanoate, ethyl cinnamate, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, β-damascenone, 2-methyl-3-(methyldithio)-furan. The five top KOs in barley, rice, and sugarcane shochus were ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, and ethyl isobutyrate.Conclusion
The unique savory aroma of sweet potato was found to have higher levels of ethyl cinnamate, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, and 2-methyl-3-(methyldithio)-furan while the five top KOs in barley-, rice-, and sugarcane-derived shochus were esters common in most alcoholic fermentations.Implications
There is growing evidence that a small number of odorants determine our perception of food aroma. The first challenge is to determine what these key odorants are and second to determine the rules used by the olfactory system to create odor images. This research identifies candidates for the unique aroma of sweet potato shochu.8.
Ann W. Nguyen Robert Joseph Taylor Linda M. Chatters Harry Owen Taylor Karen D. Lincoln Uchechi A. Mitchell 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2017,52(3):299-309
Purpose
This study examined the relationship between informal social support from extended family and friends and suicidality among African Americans.Methods
Logistic regression analysis was based on a nationally representative sample of African Americans from the National Survey of American Life (N = 3263). Subjective closeness and frequency of contact with extended family and friends and negative family interaction were examined in relation to lifetime suicide ideation and attempts.Results
Subjective closeness to family and frequency of contact with friends were negatively associated with suicide ideation and attempts. Subjective closeness to friends and negative family interaction were positively associated with suicide ideation and attempts. Significant interactions between social support and negative interaction showed that social support buffers against the harmful effects of negative interaction on suicidality.Conclusions
Findings are discussed in relation to the functions of positive and negative social ties in suicidality.9.
Introduction
There is a continued need for the application of flavour modifiers to improve the sensory profile of products within the functional food market. Additionally, psychophysical studies have tended to confine their scope to stimuli that elicit single sensations, and ingredients that are not always of most interest to the food industry. While basic taste-eliciting compounds and odourants have been used in functional food optimisation, modification can also include the addition of bitter-blocking ingredients. This study examines the impact that these modifiers have both alone and in conjunction with each other on the flavour of (+)-catechin containing model functional beverages.Methods
The intensities of sweetness, bitterness, astringency and aroma were rated for (+)-catechin (CAT) aqueous solutions alone and containing a sweetener [sucrose or rebaudioside A (REB)], an odourant (vanilla or black tea), a bitter blocker [ß-cyclodextrin (CD) or homoeriodictyol sodium salt], and all combinations of each.Results
The use of sweeteners, both alone and in conjunction with bitter blockers, decreased the bitterness of CAT, while odourants had no effect. CD + REB significantly decreased the astringency of CAT. Astringency and bitterness of CAT was not altered by the addition of bitter blockers alone or in combination with odourants. Bitter blockers did not affect intensities of sweetness and aroma.Conclusions
The use of sweeteners in combination with bitter blockers can lower the bitterness of (+)-catechin. The addition of bitter blockers may be used without a detrimental effect on the flavour profile of model beverages.Implications
Decreasing the bitterness of plant-derived, health-promoting compounds may be achieved through the application of certain sweet eliciting and bitter-blocking compounds, which in turn, may lead to increasing the acceptability of some functional foods for bitter sensitive consumer populations.10.
Lara Hilton Susanne Hempel Brett A. Ewing Eric Apaydin Lea Xenakis Sydne Newberry Ben Colaiaco Alicia Ruelaz Maher Roberta M. Shanman Melony E. Sorbero Margaret A. Maglione 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(2):199-213
Background
Chronic pain patients increasingly seek treatment through mindfulness meditation.Purpose
This study aims to synthesize evidence on efficacy and safety of mindfulness meditation interventions for the treatment of chronic pain in adults.Method
We conducted a systematic review on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with meta-analyses using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random-effects models. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Outcomes included pain, depression, quality of life, and analgesic use.Results
Thirty-eight RCTs met inclusion criteria; seven reported on safety. We found low-quality evidence that mindfulness meditation is associated with a small decrease in pain compared with all types of controls in 30 RCTs. Statistically significant effects were also found for depression symptoms and quality of life.Conclusions
While mindfulness meditation improves pain and depression symptoms and quality of life, additional well-designed, rigorous, and large-scale RCTs are needed to decisively provide estimates of the efficacy of mindfulness meditation for chronic pain.11.
Elisabeth P. Golden Meredith A. Bryarly Steven Vernino 《Clinical autonomic research》2018,28(1):115-123
Purpose
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is associated with ganglionic acetylcholine receptor (gAChR) antibodies. We describe a similar but distinct series of patients with autoimmune autonomic failure lacking this antibody.Methods
Retrospective chart review.Results
Six patients presented with subacute autonomic failure, seronegative for gAChR antibodies. Orthostatic hypotension and gastrointestinal complaints were common. Autonomic testing revealed predominant sympathetic failure and no premature pupillary redilation. All patients had sensory symptoms and/or pain, which was severe in three. Immunotherapy with plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab was ineffective. Three patients responded to intravenous steroids.Conclusion
In these cases of autoimmune autonomic failure, key differences from seropositive AAG emerge. Testing showed prominent sympathetic (rather than cholinergic) failure, specific pupillary findings of AAG were absent, and sensory symptoms were prominent. AAG responds to antibody-targeted immunotherapy, while these patients responded best to steroids. This seronegative autoimmune autonomic neuropathy is a distinct clinical entity requiring a different treatment approach from AAG.12.
Michael J. Sagherian Tania B. Huedo-Medina Jennie A. Pellowski Lisa A. Eaton Blair T. Johnson 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2016,50(6):920-934
Background
Evidence-based, single-session STI/HIV interventions to reduce sexual risk taking are potentially effective options for implementation in resource-limited settings and may solve problems associated with poor participant retention.Purpose
The purpose of the study is to estimate the efficacy of single-session, behavioral interventions in reducing unprotected sex or increasing condom use.Methods
Data sources were searched through April 2013 producing 67 single-session interventions (52 unique reports; N?=?20,039) that included outcomes on condom use and/or unprotected sex.Results
Overall, participants in single-session interventions reduced sexual risk taking relative to control groups (d + ?=?0.19, 95 % CI?=?0.11, 0.27). Within-group effects of the interventions were larger than the between-groups effects when compared to controls.Conclusions
Brief, targeted single-session sexual risk reduction interventions demonstrate a small but significant effect and should be prioritized.13.
Background
Corticosteroids are commonly used in the management of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors and CNS metastases to treat cancer- and treatment-related cerebral edema and improve neurologic function. However, they are also associated with significant morbidity and mortality, given their wide range of adverse effects.Purpose of Review
To review the mechanism of action, pharmacology, and toxicity profile of corticosteroids and to critically appraise the evidence that supports their use in neuro-oncologic practice based on the latest scientific and clinical data.Recent Findings
Recent data suggest that corticosteroids may negatively impact survival in glioma patients. In addition, corticosteroids should be incorporated as a standard criterion to assess a patient’s clinical and radiographic response to treatment.Summary
Corticosteroids should be used judiciously in neuro-oncologic patients, given the potential deleterious effects on clinical outcome and patient survival. Anti-angiogenic agents, which lack these adverse effects, may be a reasonable alternative to corticosteroids.14.
Purpose of Review
The sensory neuronopathies are sensory-predominant polyneuropathies that result from damage to the dorsal root and trigeminal sensory ganglia. This review explores the various causes of acquired sensory neuronopathies, the approach to diagnosis, and treatment.Recent Findings
Diagnostic criteria have recently been published and validated to allow differentiation of sensory neuronopathies from other polyneuropathies. On the basis of serial electrodiagnostic studies, the treatment window for the acquired sensory neuronopathies has been identified as approximately 8 months. If treatment is initiated within 2 months of symptom onset, there is a better opportunity for improvement of the patient's condition.Summary
Even though sensory neuronopathies are rare, significant progress has been made regarding characterization of their clinical, electrophysiologic, and imaging features. This does not hold true, however, for treatment. There have been no randomized controlled clinical trials to guide management of these diseases, and a standard treatment approach remains undetermined.15.
R. Barnes B. Giles-Corti A. Bauman M. Rosenberg F. C. Bull J. E. Leavy 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):86-94
Background
Mass media campaigns are widely used in Australia and elsewhere to promote physical activity among adults. Neighbourhood walkability is consistently shown to be associated with walking and total activity. Campaigns may have different effects on individuals living in high and low walkable neighbourhoods.Purpose
The purpose of this study is to compare pre- and post-campaign cognitive and behavioural impacts of the Heart Foundation’s Find Thirty every day® campaign, in respondents living in high and lower walkable neighbourhoods.Methods
Pre- and post-campaign cross-sectional survey data were linked with objectively measured neighbourhood walkability. Cognitive and behavioural impacts were assessed using logistic regression stratified by walkability.Results
Cognitive impacts were significantly higher post-campaign and consistently higher in respondents in high compared with lower walkable neighbourhoods. Post campaign sufficient activity was significantly higher and transport walking significantly lower, but only in residents of lower walkable areas.Conclusions
Cognitive impacts of mass media physical activity campaigns may be enhanced by living in a more walkable neighbourhood.16.
Objective
To review existing evidence regarding interactions between the autonomic nervous system and the immune system functions in multiple sclerosis.Methods
We reviewed the literature regarding new insights linking autonomic dysfunction to immune deregulation in multiple sclerosis, with particular focus on the specific influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction on inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes.Results
Autonomic dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis, representing a significant cause of disability. Several connections between pathologic immune pathways and the autonomic nervous system function were found.Conclusions
Autonomic dysfunction may enhance inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathways that are of major importance in multiple sclerosis. Autonomic dysfunction can present with highly variable manifestations. Sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction displays different patterns in multiple sclerosis, with specific impact on inflammation and neurodegeneration.17.
Gerald Jordan Miriam Kinkaid Srividya N. Iyer Ridha Joober Karen Goldberg Ashok Malla Jai L. Shah 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2018,53(7):757-761
Purpose
To explore the unintended impact of a targeted case identification (TCI) campaign for first episode psychosis (FEP) on people not experiencing FEP (“non-cases”) with respect to referral patterns and reasons for being a non-case.Methods
Sources of referral, reasons for being a non-case, and subsequent referral destinations of non-cases were examined before and after a TCI.Results
Following the TCI, a greater proportion of non-cases lived outside the study catchment area. A smaller proportion was referred by the parent hospital’s emergency room or had a substance-induced psychosis.Conclusions
TCIs for FEP may have unintended effects, with implications for early case identification and early intervention services.18.
Hua Bai Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis Andrew T. Kaczynski Gina M. Besenyi 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):39-48
Background
Parks are important resources for physical activity (PA), yet few studies have examined how perceptions of park characteristics relate to PA and health.Purpose
This study investigated associations between perceptions of neighborhood park quality and overall moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), park-based PA, and body mass index (BMI).Methods
Data were collected via questionnaire from 893 households in Kansas City, Missouri.Results
The newly developed neighborhood park quality scale demonstrated good test–retest and internal reliability. Residents’ perceptions of neighborhood park quality were related to PA and health outcomes. Perceiving parks as a benefit was positively related to overall MVPA and park-based PA and negatively related to BMI. Perceptions of well-used parks were positively related to BMI, while perceived cleanliness was negatively related to park-based PA.Conclusions
Better measuring and understanding how perceptions of local parks are associated with PA and health can improve appreciation of how parks facilitate active living.19.
Marlene Pacharra Michael Schäper Stefan Kleinbeck Meinolf Blaszkewicz Christoph van Thriel 《Chemosensory perception》2016,9(1):27-36
Introduction
Adverse effects of malodorous chemicals in humans are usually described as negative emotional reactions and impaired cognitive performance. Sensory acuity and automatic associations to odor words could influence cognitive processing of chemosensory stimulation and such adverse effects. We hypothesized that adverse effects are amplified in individuals with lower olfactory acuity due to a more automatic and emotional odor evaluation process. In contrast, adverse effects should be attenuated if odor words such as smell automatically activate positive mental associations.Methods
After the assessment of olfactory acuity and automatically activated associations in standardized tests, 37 women were exposed to ascending concentration steps of ammonia (0–10 ppm) in an exposure laboratory for 75 min. Participants rated hedonic valence, intensity, and pungency of ammonia and performed working memory and response inhibition tasks.Results
Olfactory acuity modulated ratings of hedonic valence and working memory performance: Participants with lower olfactory acuity reported stronger odor unpleasantness and showed impaired performance compared to participants with higher olfactory acuity during the exposure to 10 ppm ammonia. In the lower olfactory acuity group, participants with strong automatic associations between odor words and positive valence rated ammonia at high concentrations to be less pungent than participants with weaker automatic associations.Conclusions
We conclude that sensory acuity and automatically activated associations modulate chemosensory-mediated adverse effects of ammonia. Beyond established self-report measures, these individual characteristics could help explain differences in environmental odor annoyance.20.
Sebastian H. Doeltgen Jessica Young Lynley V. Bradnam 《Cerebellum (London, England)》2016,15(4):466-474