Y形钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折分析

[目的]分析使用开放复位Y形钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的治疗方法和疗效。[方法]自2002年3月-2004年12月，对38例43足累及距下关节的跟骨骨折行开放复位Y形钢板内固定治疗。[结果]36例4l足获随访6个月-3a（平均20个月），按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能，优16足，良22足，优良率为93％。[结论]开放复位Y形钢板内固定能使骨折解剖复位，病人能早期进行功能锻炼，是治疗跟骨关节内骨折较好的方法。     

外侧切口钢板固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨改良外侧切口复位植骨钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的方法和疗效。方法自2006年9月至2008年7月,对35足跟骨关节内骨折行改良外侧切口复位植骨钢板内固定治疗。结果所有患者术后获5～16个月随访（平均10个月）。按Maryland跟骨骨折疗效评定标准：优21足,良9足,一般3足,差2足,优良率85．7％。结论改良外侧切口复位植骨钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折创伤小,恢复快,能早期进行功能锻炼,可获得满意的临床疗效。     

手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨应用跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折的手术方法和临床疗效。方法对44例(48足)跟骨关节内骨折采用足外侧入路行关节面复位,钢板内固定治疗,评价临床疗效。结果44例获12~36个月随访,参照M aryland的评分系统,优30足,良14足,可4足。结论应用跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折有较好的效果,应重视术后处理,减少切口感染和皮肤坏死的发生。     

切开复位Y型钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的观察切开复位Y型钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾分析使用切开复位Y型钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折32例35足的病案资料。结果全部病例均获得随访,随访11～26个月,平均19个月。疗效按Maryland足部评分标准:优15足、良17足、可1足、差2足,优良率91.4%。结论切开复位Y型钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折固定坚强可靠、复位良好,可早期进行功能锻炼,是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的一种较满意的手术方法。     

锁定钢板加硫酸钙人工骨治疗跟骨关节内骨折

[目的]探讨采用锁定跟骨钢板加硫酸钙人工骨植骨治疗粉碎性跟骨关节内骨折的手术方法和临床疗效.[方法]对35例39足闭合性跟骨关节内骨折患者,采用跟骨外侧扩大L形入路,骨折复位后骨缺损处行颗粒状硫酸钙人工骨植骨,利用锁定跟骨钢板行骨折内固定.[结果]全部患者获得随访,随访时间8～ 30个月,平均17个月.根据Maryland评分,优25足,良10足,可4足,优良率89.7％.[结论]应用锁定钢板结合硫酸钙人工骨植骨治疗粉碎性跟骨关节内骨折,能使跟骨得到坚强内固定,又可以填充骨缺损,使患者早期功能锻炼,降低并发症发生率,临床疗效满意.     

切开复位解剖钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折切开复位、解剖钢板内固定的方法、效果及跟骨骨折手术的并发症及对策。方法对46例52足跟骨粉碎性骨折,波及跟距关节,出现跟-结节角变小、关节面移位、跟骨变宽,行外侧入路切开复位加跟骨解剖型钢板内固定,植骨或不植骨。按Sanders分类,型32足,型20足。结果骨折复位满意,切口皮肤坏死裂开1例,窦道形成5例;30例34足得到随访,随访时间18～32个月,平均20.1个月,按Kerr足部评分标准,优16足,良14足,中4足。结论切开复位加解剖型钢板内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折疗效可靠。     

重建钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨切开复位跟骨重建钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折疗效。方法跟骨关节内骨折21例（23足）,采用跟骨外侧可延伸的L形切口入路,切开复位重建钢板内固定。结果所有患者均获4-25个月随访。根据M aryland足部评分系统,优13足,良8足,中2足。结论跟骨关节内移位骨折采用切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗,能早期功能锻炼,减少并发症,降低病残率。     

小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折21例初步报告

[目的]探讨小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折治疗方法和疗效。[方法]自2004年5月～2007年10月，对22侧跟骨关节内骨折行跟骨外侧小切口复位钢板内固定治疗。[结果]所有患者术后获6～18个月随访（平均10个月）。按Creighton-Nebraska跟骨骨折疗效评定标准：优15侧，良5侧，可2侧，优良率90．9％。[结论]小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折可获得满意的临床疗效。     

异形钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的 探讨切开复位异形钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的疗效.方法 应用跟骨外侧入路异形钢板内固定治疗64例(66足)跟骨骨折患者.结果 62例(64足)获得随访,时间4～15个月,骨折全部愈合.1足伤口感染植入的人工骨漏出,5足出现表皮坏死,均经对症治疗愈合.按Maryland足部评分系统评价疗效:优38足,良16足,可7足,差3足,优良率为84.4％.结论 异形钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折效果满意.     

钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折

目的探讨应用跟骨解剖钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的疗效。方法对98例跟骨关节内移位骨折患者(102足)采用切开复位跟骨解剖钢板内固定,粉碎严重伴骨缺损及跟距关节面塌陷者,取自体髂骨植骨,恢复后关节面复位,跟骨外侧放置解剖钢板固定。结果患者均获随访,时间8～29个月,骨折均愈合。有2例拔出橡皮片引流后皮下渗液,经换药3周后愈合;1例伤口皮缘浅层坏死,换药4周后愈合。Bhler角和Gissane角术前分别为-5°～25°和151°～182°,术后分别为25°～41°和97°～138°。根据Mary-land et al评分系统评定:优56足,良34足,可12足,优良率为88.24%。结论采用切开复位跟骨解剖钢板内固定必要时植骨治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折,疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.