Changes in organ of vision in proliferative diseases of hematopoietic system in children

Leukemias and lymphomas are the most common neoplasms of hematopoietic system in children. The aim of the study was to determine ophthalmological signs in these disaeses referring to available literature.     

巨噬细胞内的炎症小体在眼内炎发生中的作用机制探讨

眼内炎是一种非常严重的致盲性疾病,一旦发生将造成急性视力下降甚至眼球萎缩.巨噬细胞是炎症反应的中心环节,炎症小体(inflammasome)是巨噬细胞中参与免疫反应的重要组成部分.鉴于巨噬细胞在非特异性免疫反应的诱发调节中起关键作用,如果明确眼内炎发生早期的巨噬细胞相关的抗感染免疫机制,可能为眼内炎的诊治开辟一条新的途径.     

近十年国内眼科领域获得专利项目的分析

目的汇总分析近十年国内眼科领域发明型和实用新型专利的亚领域、申请人及地域分布等特点。 方法在IncoPat科技创新情报平台(简称"ncoPat"，http：//www.incopat.com)，分别以国际专利分类表中A61B3、A61B5/0496、A61B8/10、A61F9、A61H5/00、A61H35/02及A61P27/02-A61P27/14为检索分类号，以眼科亚领域涉及眼科检查或色觉异常、眼睑或眼表、屈光或斜弱视、白内障、青光眼、眼底病及神经眼科或葡萄膜炎或眼眶病方面的关键词作为检索关键词，检索2010年1月1日至2020年7月22日眼科领域的发明型和实用新型专利。逐项记录近十年眼科领域发明型和实用新型专利各年度的数量、各眼科亚领域的数量及占比、发明型专利数量排名前十位申请人及其发明型和实用新型专利的数量以及中国各区域发明型和实用新型专利的数量等指标。将眼科领域各年度的发明型和实用新型专利的数量，以文字、柱形图及折线图的形式进行描述。将各眼科亚领域发明型和实用新型专利数量占眼科领域的发明型和实用新型专利数量的百分比，以文字和饼图的形式进行描述。将眼科领域申请人按发明数量以降序方式排列，取排名前十位的申请人及其发明型和实用新型专利的数量，采用文字和柱形图的形式进行描述。将发明型和实用新型专利的申请人地域分布采用文字和表格的形式进行描述。 结果十年间，国内眼科领域的发明型和实用新型专利共有36 540件。其中，发明型专利24 488件(已授权专利7058件)，实用新型专利12 052件。2010年至2014年间，发明型和实用新型专利数量平稳增长；2014年至2019年间，发明型和实用新型专利数量快速增长，特别是2019年较2018年的增长速度尤为明显。排名前三位的亚领域分别为眼科检查或色觉异常占31%、眼睑或眼表占19%及眼底病占15%。从申请人看，发明数量排名前十位的均为企业，其中8家企业为国际企业，2家为国内企业。其中，排名前3位的企业分别为美国的直观外科手术操作公司有346件发明型专利，美国的诺华股份有限公司有255件发明型专利，而日本的佳能株式会社则有237件发明型专利和2件实用新型专利；2家国内企业分别为深圳市精锋医疗科技有限公司有116件发明型专利和14件实用新型专利，成都博恩思医学机器人有限公司则有109件发明型专利和67件实用新型专利。从申请人地域分布来看，首先华东地区申请的数量最多为13 576件，大幅领先于其他地区；其次为华南地区有4321件；再次为华北地区有3697件；西北地区有953件。 结论需提升专利申请质量；关注眼科热点领域和技术空白点；加强专利保护意识，完善知识产权管理制度；西北地区有待加大投入、提高科研人员的积极性和创新性。     

Diagnosis of toxocariasis in uveitis in children

Seventeen children aged 2 to 13, suffering from uveitis of unknown etiology, were screened for chronic infections, toxocariasis included. Antibodies to Toxocara canis were detected in the blood of two children with negative results of tests for toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, herpetic and cytomegaloviral infections. One of these two suffered from panuveitis, the other from granulomatous chorioretinitis. Both the clinical forms are characteristic of ocular toxocariasis.     

深圳早产儿视网膜病变筛查结果分析

目的 了解深圳地区三间医院早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）发病情况。方法 2004年 1月至2007年1月，对深圳市人民医院、深圳市妇幼保健院和深圳市眼科医院三间医院出生体重<2000g的早产儿或根据儿科医生的要求超过以上标准但患有严重疾病的早产儿共1372例2744只眼采用双目间接检眼镜和（或）广角数码儿童视网膜成像系统（RetCamII）进行 ROP筛查，发现阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP及时进行冷冻或激光 光 凝治疗。所有患儿随访至视网膜完全血管化或病变退化。结果 所有早产儿中218例436只眼发生ROP，发病率15.9％，其中阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP190只眼，发病率6.9％；4~5期ROP 16只眼，发病率0.6%；未到阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP 230只眼，发病率8.4 %。出生体重≤1500 g者435例870只眼，占所有筛查对象的31.7％；236只眼发生ROP，发病 率27.1%：其中阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP 126只眼，发病率14.5％；4~5期ROP10只眼，发病 率1.1%，未到阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP 100只眼，发病率11.5%。出生体重≤1250 g者274 只眼，占所有筛查对象的10％；108只眼发生ROP，发病率39.4%：其中阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型 RO P 60只眼，发病率21.9%；4~5期ROP 4只眼，发病率1.4%；未到阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP 4 4 只眼，发病率16％。所有早产儿、出生体重≤1500g者和出生体重≤1250g者的RO P发病率（χ²=60.43，P<0.001）、阈值或阈 值前期Ⅰ型ROP发病率（χ²=46.82，P<0001）和未到阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP发病 率 （χ²=10.71，P=0.005）比较，差异均有统计学意义。结论 深圳地区三间医院早产儿ROP的总体发生率较 低，但需要治疗的阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型重症ROP发病率高。出生体重是影响ROP发病 率的重要因素。     

Calibration of measurements in vivo of fluorescein in the cornea

Quenching of fluorescence of fluorescein is not observed with broad field fluorophotometers. Fluorophotometric equipment which measures the fluorescence in a tiny spot has, however, been reported to underestimate the molarity of fluorescein in the rabbit corneal stroma by as much as a factor of two. In this experiment, quenching was measured in the rabbit cornea with two scanning fluorophotometers. The quenching was measured by four different techniques: (1) by elution of fluorescein, (2) by elution of albumin, (3) by polarization of fluorescence, and (4) by spectrofluorophotometry. It was estimated by all four methods that quenching in the living rabbit cornea with these instruments is approximately 20%. Taken together, the four experiments suggest that the quenching of fluorescence of fluorescein can be explained entirely on the basis of the interaction of fluorescein and albumin in the stroma.     

正视眼人群角膜不同范围的非球面性评价

目的初步探索正视眼人群角膜Q值的分布。方法对来我院健康体检的正视眼192人（384眼）进行裸眼远视力、电脑验光、裂隙灯、直接检眼镜和角膜地形图检测，并对结果进行统计学分析。结果本组人群角膜前表面曲率半径R为（7.80±0．23）mm。Q10值为=-0．083±0.098．Q15值为-0.119±0.097．Q20值为-0．149±0.104．Q25值为-0.200±0、107，Q30值为-0．262±0．104；角膜前表面Q值越近中央部越接近0，越靠近周边越向负值增加的方向变化。不同性别角膜不同范围平均Q值无明显差异性（P〉0．05）。Q25与Q30在不同年龄组之间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）．45岁以上组的Q25和Q30值与其他年龄组相比偏大，差别有显著性（P〈0．05）。Q30与角膜前表面曲率半径呈负相关（r=-0.115，P〈0．05）。各范围Q值均与年龄无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论正视眼人群角膜前表面中央接近于球形，越到周边越趋于平坦。     

阿托品在大龄弱视儿童治疗中的应用

弱视是影响儿童视觉发育最常见的眼病。弱视的患者不仅单眼或双眼视力明显低下,更重要的是有可能失去双眼平衡及立体视。三百多年来,遮盖法作为治疗弱视的经典疗法广泛应用于临床。但遮盖一眼后,一方面不利于双眼立体视的建立,可能形成遮盖性弱视;另一方面,年龄虽然是影响弱视治疗效果的重要因素,但患者治疗的依从性对疗效的影响也至关重要。基于上述原因,遮盖疗法对大龄弱视儿童的治愈率及治疗的疗程受到相应的制约。因此,阿托品疗法(尤其是光学药物压抑疗法)被一些患者,特别是大龄弱视儿童(7岁以上)广泛接受。因为它既能给患儿一个被迫依从的治疗过程又能压抑主眼,同时给双眼共同视物的机会,以利于双眼视功能的建立。并且这种治疗方法有效地解决了患者因为美容或其他原因不愿意接受遮盖的问题。下面我们就阿托品压抑疗法在大龄儿童(7岁以上)弱视治疗中的应用进行综述。     

Determination of the solubility of perfluorocarbon liquids in silicone oil in vitro and in vivo

PURPOSE: To investigate the solubility of perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) in silicone oil. METHODS: Forty-eight samples of silicone oil (1,300 mPas, n = 22; 5,000 mPas, n = 26) were analyzed for dissolved fluorocarbon molecules after surgical removal from patients who had initially undergone vitreoretinal surgery with (n = 41) and as control without (n = 7) the use of perfluorodecalin in headspace gas chromatography. In vitro, the solubility of three different PFCL-perfluorooctane (PFO), perfluorodecalin (PFD), and fluoromethylcyclohexane (FMCH)-in silicone oil of various viscosities was determined. The diffusion phenomena during a direct exchange were studied. RESULTS: In 39 of 41 silicone oil samples removed from patients who had undergone vitreoretinal surgery with the use of PFD, small amounts of dissolved perfluorocarbons could be detected. The mean value in 5,000-mPas silicone oil was 939.0 x 10-4 m/% and in 1,300-mPas silicone oil was 322.75 x10(-4) m/%. No perfluorocarbon molecules were found in seven control patients. In vitro, the following maximum solubilities in 1,000-mPas silicone oil were measured at room temperature: PFO, 3.2 m/%; PFD, 5.1 m/%; and FMCH, 10.3 m/%. The maximum values measured in 5,000-mPas silicone oil were PFO, 3.3 m/%; PFD, 5.7 m/%; and FMCH, 8.5 m/%; and in 100-mPas silicone oil were PFO, 2.4 m/%, and PFD, 5.1 m/%. CONCLUSION: Perfluorocarbon liquids dissolve in silicone oil. This may lead to transient formation of "heavy silicone oil," but no stable heavy silicone oil can be created adding PFCL. Intraocularly, retained PFCL vanish in silicone oil and are removed during silicone oil removal.     

Role of fibronectin in the healing of superficial keratectomies in vitro

A fibronectin (Fn)-fibrinogen (Fg) surface matrix is not essential for epithelial cell migration in a corneal epithelial scrape wound model, in which the basement membrane is preserved. We have therefore tested whether such a provisional scaffolding becomes more critical in a superficial keratectomy model, when the basement membrane is surgically removed. Exogeneous Fn at 0.3 mg/ml was added to the medium of organ cultures of rabbit superficial keratectomies. At 48 hr after wounding, the healing rate was 1.12 +/- 0.03 mm2/hr in control corneas and 1.11 +/- 0.03 mm2/hr in those cultured with Fn. At 64 hr after wounding, the healing rates were also not significantly different (P greater than 0.5). Immunofluorescence studies showed that Fn was not detectable on the surface of control corneas but could be depicted under the migrating epithelium. In corneas cultured with Fn, it diffused throughout the entire stroma but did not deposit as a surface matrix. We therefore attempted to obtain formation of a provisional Fn-Fg surface matrix before establishment of the in vitro organ culture by leaving the superficial keratectomies in vivo for 8 hr, 24 hr or 64 hr. At 64 hr after wounding, their healing rate was 0.80 +/- 0.04 mm2/hr, 0.86 +/- 0.04 mm2/hr and 0.85 +/- 0.06 mm2/hr, respectively, which were not significantly different from that of contralateral ex vivo-wounded cultured corneas (0.83 +/- 0.04 mm2/hr, P greater than 0.5). Immunofluorescence studies revealed a Fn matrix on the bare surface of in vivo-wounded specimen, which was not detectable on ex vivo-wounded cultured corneas; there was also no diffuse stromal Fn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

临床路径在睫状体冷冻术治疗难治性青光眼中的应用

目的:分析临床路径在睫状体冷冻治疗难治性青光眼中的实施价值。方法:在我科2011-01/12行睫状体冷冻治疗难治性青光眼的患者中,以进入临床路径的23例24眼为路径组,以未采用临床路径的20例20眼为对照组,比较两组患者平均住院日、术前平均住院日、平均住院费用、治愈率、患者满意度指标。结果:两组手术有效率相当(83%vs80%);路径组平均住院日、平均住院费用均少于对照组(4.2dvs8.3d,2138元vs2787元),患者满意度高于对照组(96%vs85%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在睫状体冷冻治疗难治性青光眼中应用临床路径有利于规范手术操作、确保手术成功,提高工作效率,改善医疗服务质量。     

Prevalence of myopia in school children in Vanuatu

The onset of myopia typically occurs in childhood and increases during puberty. We studied the vision and refractive errors of 977 school children (ages 6 to 17 years) in 1983. Myopia in the group was extremely low; 97% had vision of 6/6, and 1.3% had myopia greater than 0.25D. Regression analysis revealed a change in mean refraction of -0.016D/year for males and -0.024D/year for females. There were no significant differences between males and females. These children engaged in about 8 hours of school work per day, and we conclude that genetic factors predominate over environmental factors in the determination of myopic refractive errors for this group.     

Perceptions of eye health in schools in Pakistan

Background  

Research exploring children's and their teachers' perceptions of eye health is lacking. This paper reports for the first time on perceptions of primary schoolchildren and their teachers of healthy and diseased eyes, things that keep eyes healthy and damage them, and what actions to be taken in case of an eye injury.