长期住院男性精神分裂症患者认知功能5年随访及与阴性症状相关分析

目的了解男性长期住院精神分裂症患者5年随访认知功能变化及阴性症状对其影响。方法选取精神分裂症男性患者160名,采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)及阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)对患者基线期及随访5年后进行测评。使用SPSS17.0进行统计学分析。结果语言功能、视觉广度随访5年后比基线期评分降低,阴性症状、一般精神病理随访5年后比基线期升高(P≤0.05);阴性症状、一般精神病理与RBANS量表各因子分呈负相关关系(P≤0.05);阴性症状对语言功能及视觉广度有预测效应(P≤0.05),可分别解释语言功能及视觉广度方差变异的23.7%及19.2%。结论长期住院精神分裂症患者随访5年后认知功能减退,阴性症状、一般精神病理加重,阴性症状是语言功能及视觉广度的预测因子。     

具阴性症状精神分裂症的病程与其认知功能改善的相关性分析

目的探讨具阴性症状的精神分裂症病人的病程与其认知功能改善的关系。方法对60例具阴性症状的精神分裂症病人在氯氮平或利培酮治疗前后进行阴性症状评定量表（SANS）、简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）评定精神症状;用Wisconsin卡片分类测验（WCST）,Wechsler记忆测验（WMS）、Wechsler成人智力量表（WMS—RC）评定认知功能;以及对病程与认知功能的改善程度进行比较和相关性分析。结果WMS理解量袭分的前后差值与病程为0—5年和病程为11—15年有显著差异（P〈0．05）,在WSCT测验中总测验数的差值与病程为0—5年、6—10年和11—15年比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）,持续错误数的改善在病程为6—10年和11—15年两个组,有显著差异（P〈0．05）;WAIS—RC和WMS前后的差值与病程元相关性（P〉0．05）。结论具阴性症状的精神分裂症的部分认知功能改善程度与病程有关。     

长期住院精神分裂症患者的认知功能

目的:探讨长期住院精神分裂症患者的认知功能.方法:对30例长期住院患者按住院时间分为≤5年组和＞5年组进行精神症状、认知功能对比研究.结果:操作智商(PIQ)及总智商(FIQ)＞5年组比≤5年组显著要差,完成循环字母A删除测验两组间也有明显差异,手指敲击测验,左右手指敲击速度明显变慢,逻辑记忆自由联想两组间也有显著差异,在言语智商(VIQ)及延迟回忆方面两组间无明显差异.结论:长期住院对患者认知功能有影响,住院时间越长认知功能损害越重.     

利培酮和舒必利对认知障碍的影响对照研究

目的：比较利培酮和舒必利对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：精神分裂症患者60例随机分为利培酮组和舒必利组进行6周治疗，用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、数字划销测验(CT)、修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS—RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)进行检查，评估药物对认知功能的影响及与精神症状变化的关系。结果：脱落2例。58例患者在治疗6周后PANSS的评分显著下降，CT、WMS—RC、WCST测验成绩均显著提高，利培酮组认知改善主要与阴性症状改善有关；舒必利组认知改善主要与精神症状的阳性症状、一般病理性症状改善有关。结论：利培酮和舒必利均能改善精神分裂症的认知损害，但作用机制可能不同，利培酮对精神分裂症的执行功能疗效更好。     

首发精神分裂症患者认知功能相关因素的5年随访

目的探讨首发精神分裂症患者在急性期和维持治疗期认知功能与精神症状和社会功能的关系。方法对164例首发精神分裂症患者进行随访观察,于治疗前、治疗12周末、治疗1年末、2年末、3年末、4年末、5年末各做1次韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、铁槽铁钉测验、手指敲击试验、动作功能测验、手功能协调测验、连线测验A和B、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及言语流利性测验等10项神经心理测查及简明精神症状评定量表(BPRS)、阴性症状评定量表(SANS)、功能总体评定量表(GAF)评定。结果治疗前各项认知功能测查结果与BPRS、SANS、GAF均无显著相关(P>0.05);治疗12周末、治疗1年末、2年末手指敲击测验、动作功能测验、总记忆商(MQ)等与BPRS总分显著相关(P<0.003);治疗12周末、治疗1年末、2年末、3年末、5年末铁槽铁钉测验、手指敲击测验、手功能协调性测验、智商(IQ)、MQ等与SANS、GAF总分显著相关(P<0.003)。结论治疗前首发精神分裂症患者认知功能与阳性症状、阴性症状、社会功能相互独立;维持治疗期随着疾病的演变,它们之间的相关性也在发生着变化。     

认知功能障碍与血清白细胞介素2的关系

目的 :探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能损害与精神症状及血清白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )水平的关系。　方法 :在 5 7例未服抗精神病药的患者中 ,采用数字划销测验 (CT)、韦氏成人记忆量表 (WMS RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验 (WCST)测试认知功能 ,用阳性症状与阴性症状量表 (PANSS)评定精神症状 ,同时测定血清IL 2浓度 ,分析其间的关系 ;并将记忆商数 (MQ)≤ 85者与MQ >85者比较血清IL 2水平及精神症状。　结果 :阴性症状分与各项认知测验的成绩均呈显著相关 ,部分认知损害还与一般病理性症状分相关 ,阳性症状分与所有认知测验的成绩均无相关性 ;血清IL 2水平与注意力、记忆力测验成绩呈显著负相关 ,与WCST测验成绩不相关 ;MQ≤ 85者与MQ >85者比较血清IL 2水平及阴性症状显著增高。　结论 :精神分裂症认知损害与阴性症状相关 ,与阳性症状不相关 ;血清IL 2水平可能与精神分裂症的注意力、记忆力损害相联系     

精神分裂症患者利培酮治疗前后认知功能的研究

目的　了解利培酮治疗对精神分裂症病人认知功能的影响 ,及认知功能与阳性和阴性症状的关系。方法　对 30例精神分裂症或分裂样精神病患者 ,在利培酮治疗前后进行威斯康星卡片分类测验 (WCST)。结果　治疗后WCST总测验次数、持续错误数、非持续错误数均少于治疗前 ,有显著性差异 ,P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5。PANSS总分的改善与WCST总测验次数、持续错误数呈正相关 ;阳性症状量表分的下降与WCST总测验次数、持续错误数、非持续错误数呈正相关 ,与正确反应数呈负相关 ;而阴性症状量表分的下降与WCST的各项指标之间无明显相关关系。结论　经利培酮治疗后 ,精神分裂症病人在症状改善的同时 ,认知功能也有明显提高 ,且认知功能的提高与阳性症状的改善存在着明显相关性 ,而与阴性症状的改善关系不大 ,提示两者可能存在异质性。     

氯氮平治疗对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的观察氯氮平治疗对首发精神分裂症认知功能的影响。方法将31例首发精神分裂症患者经氯氮平治疗前及治疗12周后,用韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、阳性症状量表、阴性症状量表、简明精神症状评定量表、维斯康星卡片分类测验进行评估,观察氯氮平对认知功能的影响及与精神症状变化的关系。结果治疗后,阳性症状量表、阴性症状量表、简明精神症状评定量表、维斯康星卡片分类测验中错误应答数的评估分值显著降低(P＜0．01)。维斯康星卡片分类测验中的非持续性错误、韦氏记忆量表中的再生、理解评估分值明显降低(P＜0．05)。结论氯氮平治疗精神分裂症可改善部分患者的认知功能。     

不同病程的稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能比较

目的比较不同病程的稳定期精神分裂症患者的认知功能,为不同病程的患者制定治疗方案提供参考。方法于2013年6月-2016年12月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院连续入组符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-IV)诊断标准的稳定期精神分裂症患者291例,根据病程将患者分为5年、5~10年及10年三组。同时招募健康人群76例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神分裂症患者的精神症状,采用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MCCB)评定患者及健康人群的认知功能。结果不同病程精神分裂症患者PANSS阳性症状、阴性症状和一般病理症状评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。三组不同病程的精神分裂症患者与健康人群MCCB各维度评分比较差异均有统计学意义(F=8.985~56.178,P均0.01)。事后比较结果显示,健康人群的信息处理速度、工作记忆、言语学习维度评分均高于各患者组(P均0.05),但患者组组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);在注意/警觉性、视觉学习、推理和问题解决能力、社会认知维度评分上,健康人群病程小于5年组病程5年以上组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论病程5年以上的稳定期精神分裂症患者认知损害比病程5年内的患者更严重。     

计算机化认知训练对慢性住院精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨计算机化认知训练对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 采用随机对照研究,将80例慢性精神分裂症患者分为两组,每组40例,均服用抗精神病药维持治疗.研究组患者在使用药物治疗的同时合并计算机化认知训练(干预6周),对照组患者单纯使用药物治疗.采用阳性与阴性症状评定量表(PANSS)和精神分裂症认知功能成套测验(MCCB)在干预前后评定患者的精神症状和认知功能.结果 经过计算机化认知训练后,研究组的MCCB中工作记忆训练分与对照组比较改善明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而MCCB中其他项目分及PANSS评分改善不明显,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 计算机化认知训练能够改善慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能,尤其表现在工作记忆上.     

Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Whether cognitive function in schizophrenia deteriorates, improves, or remains stable is a crucial question. Few studies have examined the longitudinal stability of cognitive function and the relationship between cognitive performance and clinical symptoms over time in a cohort of well-treated patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: In the present study, 54 patients with first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia completed a comprehensive cognitive test battery and were rated on symptom measures at index hospitalization and again after 5 years. RESULTS: Performance IQ and full-scale IQ significantly improved, whereas verbal IQ did not change. Group performance improved on some of the neuropsychological tests, including the Circle A letter-cancellation task, free recall of logical memory test score, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Mean finger-tapping performance worsened over time, whereas performance on other neuropsychological tests did not change. Negative, psychotic, and disorganized symptoms significantly improved over the time period. Changes in negative symptoms were correlated with performance changes in verbal IQ and full-scale IQ but not performance IQ. Improvement in verbal cognition was observed when negative symptoms improved. Psychotic and disorganized symptom dimensions were not correlated with any IQ measure. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that in a cohort of young patients receiving neuroleptic treatment early in their illness, cognitive performance does not deteriorate--and may improve. Only one of the three symptom dimensions--negative--was associated with change in cognitive performance. This study supports the view that negative symptoms are associated with a poor long-term cognitive outcome and may be closely related to the primary cognitive deficit in schizophrenia.     

Cognitive correlates of the negative, disorganized, and psychotic symptom dimensions of schizophrenia

Knowledge of the relationship between specific cognitive abnormalities and the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia could give insight into the nature of their underlying pathophysiology. Composite scores were generated for negative, disorganized, and psychotic symptom ratings in 134 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria). Partial correlations (each composite corrected for the others) were computed with neuropsychological measures. Negative symptoms were related to poor performance on tests of verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency, visual memory, and visual-motor sequencing. Disorganized symptoms were correlated with lower verbal IQ and poor concept attainment. Psychotic symptoms had no significant relationship with cognitive deficit.     

IQ as a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia: a longitudinal, four-year study of first-episode psychosis

Studies of established schizophrenia have consistently found that cognitive function predicts social and clinical outcomes. The findings from first-episode studies have been more variable, with only some studies reporting predictive relationships. We tested the possibility that an index of general cognitive ability, IQ, may be a more sensitive and reliable predictor of outcome in first-episode schizophrenia than specific measures of memory and executive function. Fifty-four patients with first-episode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were assessed for cognitive and social function as well as symptoms at three time points over the four years following first presentation of their psychotic illness. Regression analyses were performed to determine whether IQ and specific neuropsychological measures at first episode and one-year follow-up predicted four-year social function and residual symptoms. The effects of premorbid and concurrent IQ on outcome were also assessed. Premorbid IQ and IQ at each assessment significantly predicted social function at four-year follow-up. This relationship remained significant after the social function or symptom scores at first presentation were accounted for in the regression. Specific measures predicted certain domains of social function, but these were weaker and less consistent than IQ. The predictive values of cognition on residual symptoms were less strong; the most consistent finding was a relationship between IQ and the negative syndrome. This study suggests that early in the course of schizophrenia, general cognitive ability, as measured by IQ, is a more sensitive and reliable predictor of functional outcome than measures of specific ability.     

Does operational diagnosis of schizophrenia significantly impact intellectual deficits in psychotic disorders?

Background Evidence suggests that, as a group, patients with schizophrenia have intellectual deficits that may precede the manifestation of psychotic symptoms; however, how successfully intelligence tests are able to discriminate schizophrenia from other psychotic disorders has yet to be investigated in detail. Methods Using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised (WAIS‐R) data for 55 inpatients with schizophrenia and 28 inpatients with non‐schizophrenic psychotic disorders (NSPD) (schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition, and psychotic disorders not otherwise specified), intelligence performance was compared between schizophrenia and NSPD and among different subtypes of schizophrenia. Results There were no significant differences in intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) discrepancy, and subtest scores of WAIS‐R between the patients with schizophrenia and those with NSPD. These diagnostic groups were not discriminated well by any WAIS‐R variables. Schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms, on the other hand, had a significantly larger IQ discrepancy (VIQ > PIQ) than those without prominent negative symptoms and NSPD patients. Intelligence performance in schizophrenia did not differ with respect to diagnostic subtypes and longitudinal courses. Conclusions The current study failed to show diagnostic usefulness of WAIS‐R in discriminating schizophrenia and other psychoses. A diagnosis of schizophrenia does not significantly impact intellectual deficits in psychotic disorders.     

不同亚型精神分裂症患者的认知损害与精神症状及血清IL-2水平的关系

目的 探讨不同亚型精神分裂症患者认知功能损害与精神症状及血清白介素-2(IL-2)水平之间的关系。方法 对94例精神分裂症患者进行测验，评定其认知功能，即采用PANSS量表评定阴、阳性症状及分型，以数字划销测验(CT)、修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS-RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)，并用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清IL-2水平，比较认知功能损害与精神症状和血清IL-2水平之间的差异。结果 阴性亚型、混合型的认知损害程度较阳性亚型重；各亚型中认知损害主要与阴性症状相关，与阳性症状无关；各亚型间血清IL-2水平差异不显著；血清IL-2水平与认知损害有关，但各亚型不同。结论 认知损害与精神症状及血清IL-2水平之间的关系各亚型间存在差异。     

IQ and non-clinical psychotic symptoms in 12-year-olds: results from the ALSPAC birth cohort

BACKGROUND: Non-clinical psychotic symptoms appear common in children, but it is possible that a proportion of reported symptoms result from misinterpretation. There is a well-established association between pre-morbid low IQ score and schizophrenia. Psychosis-like symptoms in children may also be a risk factor for psychotic disorder but their relationship with IQ is unclear. AIMS: To investigate the prevalence, nature and frequency of psychosis-like symptoms in 12-year-old children and study their relationship with IQ. METHOD: Longitudinal study using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. A total of 6455 children completed screening questions for 12 psychotic symptoms followed by a semi-structured clinical assessment. IQ was assessed at 8 years of age using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd UK edition). RESULTS: The 6-month period prevalence for one or more symptoms was 13.7% (95% CI 12.8-14.5). After adjustment for confounding variables, there was a non-linear association between IQ score and psychosis-like symptoms, such that only those with below average IQ score had an increased risk of reporting such symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Non-clinical psychotic symptoms occur in a significant proportion of 12-year-olds. Symptoms are associated with low IQ and also less strongly with a high IQ score. The pattern of association with IQ differs from that observed in schizophrenia.     

Olfactory deficits, cognition and negative symptoms in early onset psychosis

BACKGROUND: Smell identification deficits (SID) are common in adult schizophrenia, where they are associated with negative symptoms and lower intelligence. However, smell identification has not been examined in adolescents with early onset psychosis, wherein diagnosis is often obscure, and there are few prognostic predictors. METHOD: We examined smell identification, diagnosis, neuropsychological performance and symptoms in 26 well characterized adolescents with early onset psychosis, age 11-17 years. RESULTS: SID existed in the sample and were more common in patients with schizophrenia and psychotic depression than in patients with psychosis NOS and bipolar disorder. As in adults, SID were significantly associated with greater negative symptoms and lower verbal IQ. However, the associations of verbal IQ (and other verbal tasks) to smell identification in this pediatric sample were explained by the relation of both of these types of variables to negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: SID existed across this sample of youths with psychotic disorder, and were specifically related to typical characteristics of schizophrenia, such as negative symptoms and lower intelligence, but not to features of bipolar disorder, such as grandiosity. SID is a characteristic of early onset psychosis that may be useful for prognostic purposes.     

IQ stabilization in childhood-onset schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long term IQ trajectory for childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) in an expanded, prospective longitudinal study. METHODS: Seventy children meeting DSM criteria for schizophrenia were tested at 2 year intervals with age appropriate Wechsler intelligence tests and repeated administration of information and comprehension WISC subtests even after age 18. For a subgroup with 31 patients, pre-NIH IQ test administrations were available including 18 pre-psychotic and 13 post-psychotic subjects. The pattern of IQ performance over time was determined using mixed model regression analysis. RESULTS: No progressive cognitive decline was seen up to 13+ years post psychosis onset. For the subgroup of subjects with pre-illness scores, there had been an initial steep decline in IQ, from about 2 years prior to 1.7 years after onset of psychotic symptoms, as reported for adult patients. CONCLUSIONS: The level long-term trajectory of IQ measures in COS appears stable, similar to that reported for adult onset patients. For COS, level cognitive functioning extends up to 13+ years post psychosis onset, in spite of chronic illness and concomitant, progressive loss of cortical gray matter.     

Predictors of early stable symptomatic remission after an exacerbation of schizophrenia: The significance of symptoms,neuropsychological performance and cognitive biases

Neuropsychological deficits and severity of initial psychopathology have been repeatedly associated with poor symptomatic outcomes in schizophrenia. The role of higher-order cognitive biases on symptomatic outcomes of the disorder has not yet been investigated. The present study aimed to assess the contribution of cognitive biases, psychopathology and neuropsychological deficits on the probability of achieving early symptomatic remission after a psychotic episode in patients with schizophrenia. Participants were 79 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder undergoing an acute psychotic episode, and 25 healthy controls. According to psychopathology assessments, patients were split into those who had achieved remission after an average follow-up interval of 7 months, and those who had not (NR). Patients who achieved remission exhibited higher premorbid IQ and better performance on the TMT-B, as well as lower baseline positive, disorganized and distress symptoms than NR patients. TMT-B performance and positive symptoms at baseline were the best predictors of remission. Cognitive biases and negative symptoms were not associated with later remission. The findings highlight the significance of initial symptom severity for at least short-term symptomatic outcomes and, thus, the importance of adequate symptomatic treatment and prevention of psychotic outbreaks in patients.     

Intellectual Disability and Psychotic Disorders of Adult Epilepsy

Summary:  Purpose: To investigate the prevalence, psychopathology, and cognitive functions associated with psychotic disorders among adult epilepsy patients with intellectual disability (ID) based on a multicenter study in Japan.
Methods: The study was divided into three phases; a prevalence study of psychotic disorders among new referrals of epilepsy, a polydiagnostic comparative study of patients with psychotic epilepsy and those with schizophrenia, and a neuropsychological study of patients with psychotic epilepsy and education level–matched controls.
Results: Among 336 new referrals of epilepsy, a higher prevalence of psychotic disorders was found among patients with ID (24%) than among those with normal intelligence (6%). The psychotic symptoms and operational diagnoses of psychotic epilepsy patients with ID were similar to those of patients with normal intelligence. A wide range (7–86%) of psychotic epilepsy patients was diagnosed as having schizophrenia, depending on the operational criteria used. Patients with psychotic epilepsy had more disturbances in verbal memory and attention functions than did the controls.
Conclusions: Epilepsy patients with ID show a predisposition to develop psychotic disorders. Distinguishing their psychotic symptoms from those of schizophrenia is difficult. Subtle cognitive disturbances predispose to psychotic disorders in epilepsy.