视神经脊髓炎(Devic's综合征)临床研究进展

近来研究表明视神经脊髓炎 (NMO)的临床经过、实验室和神经影像学特点均与MS不同。其病理改变限于视神经和脊髓 ,破坏性病变明显 ;临床表现较MS严重 ,单相病程者的严重的索引事件可在短时间内相继发生 ,复发病程者索引事件间隔期较长。CSF特点类似于MS ,但 1/ 3以上患者CSF细胞数 >5 0 /mm3 ,MRI检查显示 88%病例的脊髓纵向融合病变≥ 3个脊柱节段 ,通常为 6～ 10个节段 ,少数发展为局部脊髓萎缩。NMO预后较差 ,以复发病程型为著。     

血清尿酸水平与急性特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病的相关性研究

目的 探讨特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病患者急性期血清中UA表达水平与疾病活动的相关性.方法 分别检测观察组(40例观察MS组患者,27例观察NMO组患者)及67例对照组人群血清中UA表达水平,比较观察组与对照组UA的表达差异;同时分析研究者血清中的UA水平与性别、发病年龄、EDSS评分之间的关系.结果 (1)观察组MS及NMO...     

视神经脊髓炎患者33例脑部磁共振分析

目的 探讨视神经脊髓炎(neuromyelitis optica,NMO)患者脑部MRI影像学表现.方法 收集满足最新NMO诊断标准且脑部MRI表现不符合多发性硬化诊断标准的患者33例,均行脑部和脊髓MRI检查,分析其MRI影像学特点.结果 33例NMO中,脑部正常表现者5例(15.2%),异常表现28例(84.8%),其中脑内实质有明确病灶22例(66.7%),另6例(18.2%)脑内虽未见明确病灶,但深部脑白质显示了肉眼可视的对称性弥漫性脱髓鞘高信号影.22例明确病灶中,15例病灶数≥2个,7例为单个病灶.幕上近皮质、皮质下和深部脑白质区的点状非特异性病灶最多,少数为非典型的斑片状融合病灶.幕下脑干是易受累的部位(14/33,42.4%),特别是延髓(7/33,21.2%).结论 NMO患者出现脑内异常较为常见,有脑部的异常不能排除NMO的诊断.认识NMO脑内病灶对完善NMO诊断标准有帮助.     

视神经脊髓炎与脊髓型多发性硬化的临床研究

目的：视神经脊髓炎(NMO)又称Devic病,是视神经和脊髓同时或相继受累的急性或亚急性病变。它是一种独立的疾病实体还是MS的一种亚型,仍不清楚。本研究通过比较一些NMO和脊髓型MS的病例的临床特点,来探讨两者的关系。方法：回顾性分析20例NMO患者和40例脊髓型MS患者,对两组的人口统计学、临床表现、实验室检查(CSF和MRl、EP)及临床预后等进行比较。结果：NMO患者的神经系统表现局限于视神经和脊髓,多呈现横贯性脊髓损害(P＜0．001),而脊髓型MS多为不完全横贯性损害(P＜0．001)。NMO组出院时EDSS评分为5．3＋/－3．1,明显高于脊髓性MS组(2．2＋/－2．3,P＜0．001)。NMO组CSF细胞计数平均值明显大于脊髓型MS组(P＜0．001),蛋白质水平前者高于后者,但缺乏统计学意义。头MRI异常见于12．5％的NMO患者和83．3％的脊髓型MS患者(P＜0．001)。脊髓大型纵向融合病灶见于64．7％的NMO患者和21．6％的脊髓型MS患者(P＝0．005)。NMO组常累及髓内中心(P＝0．003),而MS组则多局限于侧后索(P＝0．003)。NMO组VEP异常率达100％,明显高于MS组(38．5％,P＜0．001)。BAEP异常率脊髓型MS组高于NMO组,并提示中枢受累(P＝0．372)。NMO组可分为单相型和复发型。女性、发病年龄晚、索引事件间隔时间较长可能与NMO复发病程有关。单相型临床表现比复发型重,但长期预后较好,复发型常在3年内经过一系列复发导致严重残疾。结论：根据临床数据,NMO和脊髓型MS应被视为两个独立的疾病实体。NMO发病时年龄大,女性居多,临床表现严重,预后差。头和脊髓MRI、CSF及诱发电位的特征可以帮助区别两种疾病。但是由于MS和NMO都没有特异性的生化指标,发现这样的生化指标将大大推动这一疾病的诊断和研究。此外,应进行大量多中心、大样本的长期随访研究,来对NMO和MS的各种治疗方法进行系统评价。     

视神经脊髓炎和多发性硬化患者颈髓扩散张量成像研究

目的通过扩散张量成像(DTI)比较视神经脊髓炎和多发性硬化患者与正常对照者常规MRI表现正常脊髓的扩散性差异,并探讨其临床应用价值。方法采用平面回波成像技术对10例视神经脊髓炎、14例多发性硬化患者和13例正常对照者进行颈髓DTI检查,分别测量颈椎C2~5水平前索、侧索、后索和灰质兴趣区的部分各向异性(FA)和平均扩散率(MD)。结果与正常对照组相比,视神经脊髓炎组患者前索、侧索、后索FA值降低(均P0.05),左侧侧索、后索、灰质MD值升高(均P≤0.05);多发性硬化组患者右侧侧索、后索FA值降低(均P0.05)。与多发性硬化患者相比,视神经脊髓炎患者侧索FA值更低,左侧侧索和右侧后索MD值更高(均P0.05)。结论 DTI可以检出视神经脊髓炎和多发性硬化患者常规MRI表现正常脊髓的水分子扩散异常,进而发现二者脊髓扩散指标的差异性,为早期诊断与鉴别诊断提供重要信息。     

MOG抗体介导的特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病

正近年来有关髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,MOG)抗体的特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病(idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease,IIDDs)的研究增多,该抗体介导的炎性脱髓鞘疾病可能成为一类IIDDs的新类型,有学者称之为MOG抗体介导的IIDDs(简称为"MOG抗体病")。此类疾病临床表现与其他类型IIDDs有一定的重叠,这些表现在AQP4抗体     

视神经炎的体感诱发电位研究

目的：探讨视神经炎患者的亚临床损害情况。方法：利用短潜伏期体诱发电位对３０便视神经炎患者进行四肢分侧检查。结果：下肢中枢传导异常率５０％，明显同于上肢７％；下膨枢传导异常单侧；同时还发现有外周传导异常。提示脊髓胸段频敏地不对称地受累。结论：视神经炎可能是多发性硬化的一个临床亚型表现，或者说视神经炎时往往有脊髓的亚临床损害。     

中枢神经系统特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病患者血清尿酸改变的临床分析

目的 探讨血清尿酸（UA）与中枢神经系统特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病（IIDDs）[包括多发性硬化（MS）、视神经脊髓炎（NMO）、急性播散性脑脊髓炎（ADEM）、临床孤立综合征（CIS）]的关系.方法 选择IIDDs患者100例为病例组,其中MS组30例、NMO组18例、ADEM组25例、CIS组27例.另选取非炎性神经系统疾病40例为对照组.采用酶比色法测定各组血清UA.比较病例组与对照组UA值,并分析MS组患者尿酸与Kurtzke扩展残疾状态量表（EDSS）评分相关性.结果 MS组、NMO组、ADEM组、CIS组患者血清UA值均较对照组明显降低（均P＜0.05）;MS组患者EDSS评分与UA值呈负相关（P＜0.01）.结论 除MS外,NMO、ADEM、CIS患者也存在UA水平降低;MS患者UA水平降低与其临床神经功能缺损的严重程度有关;提示低UA血症可能是IIDDs的独立危险因素,间接证实了UA在IIDDs中的保护性作用.     

视神经脊髓炎临床与病理

目的：分析视神经脊髓炎（NMO）的特征。方法：对114例NMO患者的临床资料,3例尸检结果,28例随访情况进行研究。结果：该病患者男女之比为1：2．5,发病年龄以12－50岁居多（85％）,急性和亚急性起病占大多数（74．84％）,视神经症状为首发占58．77％,视神经与脊髓症状的间隔时间在1年内者60例,占52．33％。脊髓以横贯性损害为主,有95例（83．33％）,以胸段损害最多（64．33％）,尸体解剖例2、3为NMO;病程中有缓解－复发者65例,其中有14例发展为多发性硬化,包括尸体解剖例1。结论：NMO有两种类型;复发型中有一小部分可发展成为MS,MRI,脑干视觉诱发电位和长期随访有利于NMO和MS的鉴别。     

Optic neuritis in relation to multiple sclerosis

Summary Available estimates of the frequency with which a patient with optic neuritis develops multiple sclerosis range from as low as 13 percent to as high as 87 percent. In an effort to obtain a better estimate, a nation-wide study of optic neuritis was carried out in Israel. Patients who fulfilled strict diagnostic criteria of optic neuritis were identified and examined periodically.Between 1955 and 1964, 105 patients were found and on the basis of these, the average annual age-adjusted incidence of optic neuritis in Israel was 0.56 per 10⁵ population compared to 1.2 per 10⁵ cases of multiple sclerosis per year, i.e. optic neuritis was about half as frequent as multiple sclerosis each year. As with multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis was more common in European immigrants to Israel than in Afro-Asian immigrants.During a follow-up interval which ranged from 3.3 to 15.6 years (mean 9.5 years), at least 27 of the 105 patients developed multiple sclerosis (28 percent). A life-table analysis showed that after 10 years 32.3 ± 5.6 percent of patients with optic neuritis would develop multiple sclerosis and, after 14 years, about half would develop multiple sclerosis.Risk of dissemination was highest in those who were youngest when optic neuritis developed. Neither sex nor ethnic background influenced risk significantly. Results of the present study support earlier work using life-table methods carried out in Hawaii which also showed that between 29 and 39 percent of patients with optic neuritis will develop multiple sclerosis within 10 years of onset. The life-table method is a better predictor of prognosis than newer laboratory techniques such as spinal fluid studies of IgG, kappa-lambda light chain ratios and serum/CSF IgG ratios.

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Zusammenfassung Schätzungen der Häufigkeit, mit der ein Patient mit Retrobulbärneuritis eine Multiple Sklerose bekommt, schwanken zwischen 13 und 87%. Um zu genaueren Werten zu kommen, wurde eine die ganze Bevölkerung umfassende Studie in Israel ausgeführt. Patienten mit den typischen Merkmalen einer Retrobulbärneuritis wurden erfaßt und periodisch untersucht.Zwischen 1955 und 1964 wurden 105 Patienten gefunden. Das ist eine durchschnittliche jährliche altersbereinigte Häufigkeit der Retrobulbärneuritis in Israel von 0,56 bei einer Bevölkerungszahl um 10⁵. Verglichen damit ist die jährliche Häufigkeit der Multiplen Sklerose 1,2 auf 10⁵, d. h. die Retrobulbärneuritis ist halb so häufig wie die MS. Wie die MS ist die Retrobulbärneuritis häufiger in Israel unter europäischen Einwanderern als bei Afro-Asiaten.Während der Kontrollperiode von 3,3 bis 15,6 Jahren (Durchschnitt 9,5 Jahre) zeigte sich bei 27 der 105 Patienten eine MS (28%). Die Sterbetafeln ergaben eine Häufigkeit von 32,3 ± 5,6% nach 10 Jahren, nach 14 Jahren zeigte sich etwa bei der Hälfte der Patienten eine MS. Das Risiko war am höchsten bei den jüngsten Patienten. Weder Geschlecht noch ethnische Abstammung beeinflußten dieses Risiko signifikant.Die Ergebnisse der Studie bestätigten frühere Untersuchungen in Hawaii, die nach den Sterbetafeln eine Häufigkeit von 29 bis 39% ergab, mit welcher innerhalb von 10 Jahren nach Ausbruch der Retrobulbärneuritis eine MS auftrat. Die Sterbetafeln gestatten eine bessere Voraussage der Prognose als neuere Labortechniken wie die Untersuchung der IgG im Liquor, der Kappa-Lambda leichte Kettenrationen und IgG in Serum und Liquor.

     

Long-term follow-up of isolated optic neuritis: the risk of developing multiple sclerosis, its outcome, and the prognostic role of paraclinical tests

We evaluated the risk of developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) after an acute attack of isolated optic neuritis (ON) in 112 patients, in relation to demographic and paraclinical findings. Patients were examined by brain MRI, CSF analysis, and multiple evoked potentials (EPs); 10 were lost to follow-up, and the other 102 were enrolled in a prospective study (follow-up duration 6.3 ± 2.2 years). Of these, 37 (36.3%) developed CDMS after a mean interval of 2.3 ± 1.6 years. The risk of developing CDMS was 13% after 2 years, 30% after 4, 37% after 6, and 42% after 8 and 10 years. Gender, age, and season of ON onset did not affect the risk. MS occurred in 37 of 71 patients (52.1%) with one MRI lesion or more; no patient with a normal MRI developed the disease. MS developed more frequently in patients with intrathecal IgG synthesis than in those without (43% vs. 28%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Multiple EPs showed a slight predictive value only including somatosensory EPs of the lower limb. Multiple sclerosis was mild in most cases (EDSS 2.2 ± 1.9). The EDSS was less than 4 in 32 cases (86%), between 4 and 6 in 2 (5%), higher than 6.5 in 3 (8%). Received: 27 July 1998 Received in revised form: 3 February 1999 Accepted: 7 February 1999     

Brain MRI follow-up of patients with persistent isolated optic neuritis

In this study a brain MRI long-term follow-up of 19 patients at presentation with Acute Isolated Optic Neuritis (AION), who did not develop further neurological disturbances, was performed to evaluate the frequency of subclinical evolution of the pathological process. At presentation, the brain MRI in nine patients was abnormal and in 10 normal. CSF oligoclonal bands were found in 11 patients, five of whom had normal basal MRI. All patients with abnormal basal MRI had new lesions on follow-up scans, while only one of the patients with a normal basal brain MRI had multiple lesions on the second scan. Our data suggest that about 50% of patients with AION had subclinical activity, even though there were no new clinical relapses.     

Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis

The NcoI tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) polymorphism was studied in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis and monosymptomatic optic neuritis. The frequency of the NcoI marker phenotypes did not differ between healthy controls and the two disease groups. No extra or missing DNA fragments were observed in the disease groups when compared with controls.     

Multifocal visual evoked potentials in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: A review

Multifocal visual evoked potential (mf-VEP) represents a new approach to the classical full field (ff-)VEP with separate responses from up to 60 sectors of the visual field. A thorough literature survey of the use of mf-VEP in optic neuritis (ON) and multiple sclerosis (MS) is presented (38 published studies were retrieved). Mf-VEP provides direct topographical information of specific lesions and facilitates investigations on structural-functional correlations thus providing new methods for exploring the interplay between demyelination, atrophy and remyelination in MS. Good correlation was shown between mf-VEP and OCT, ff-VEP, MRI (MTR, DTI), 30-2 standard automated perimetry and low-contrast-visual acuity. All but one study showed superior sensitivity and specificity compared to ff-VEP, especially with regards to small, peripheral lesions or lesions of the upper visual field. Mf-VEP has shown superior sensitivity and specificity than established methods in diagnosing optic nerve lesions and tracking functional recovery following lesions. Abnormal mf-VEP responses in the fellow, non-ON afflicted eye may predict MS risk in ON patients. No standardization currently exists and no direct comparisons in ON and MS between at least 5 different commercially available mf-VEP systems have so far been published. Despite these limitations, mf-VEP is a promising new tool of diagnostic and prognostic value of mf-VEP in ON and MS.     

Steriods for multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials on steroid treatment for multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. Of the 25 trials comparing steroids and controls without steroid treatment that we identified 12 were selected for this review. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the overall odds ratio across the studies for the numbers of patients without functional improvement and with new relapses. The trials included a total of 1714 patients: 998 with multiple sclerosis and 716 with optic neuritis. Any type of corticosteroids or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment was considered, as was any dosage, route of administration, and length of treatment. Main outcome measures were: (a) number of multiple sclerosis patients who did not improve by at least one point on the EDSS or equivalent scale, or number of optic neuritis patients without complete recovery of visual acuity at 8 or 30 days and at longer follow-up; (b) number of multiple sclerosis patients with at least one new relapse, or number of optic neuritis patients in whom definite multiple sclerosis was diagnosed at longer follow-up. We found that corticosteroids or ACTH produced a significant improvement in disability or visual acuity at 30 days (odds ratio 0.49; 95 % CI 0.37–0.64). The improvement was not statistically significant at longer follow-up (0.85; 95 % CI 0.67–1.09). The treatment did not significantly reduce the number of patients with relapses (0.74; 95 % CI 0.54–1.01). Both low and high doses were effective for 30-day improvement, but only high-dose and short-term therapy were factors that identified subgroups with some reduction in the risk of new relapse. However, the power of the statistical analysis to detect a reliable difference in the subgroups was low. Steroid treatment is therefore effective in accelerating short-term recovery in patients with multiple sclerosis or optic neuritis. Whether steroids are also effective in reducing the risk of relapse, and the optimal dose and length of treatment must still be determined. Received: 5 August 1999, Received in revised form: 29 December 1999, Accepted: 22 January 2000     

视神经脊髓炎与多发性硬化的临床症状、脊髓MRI表现的对比分析

目的 结合视神经脊髓炎(NMO)与多发性硬化(MS)患者的临床症状和脊髓MRI特点探讨两者之间差异发生的机制.方法 回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院自2004年1月至2007年1月收治的23例NMO患者及21例MS患者的临床资料,比较其临床症状及脊髓MRI上受损部位MRI上的差异.结果 NMO患者多为女性,且首次发病年龄、扩展病残状况评分(EDSS)评分均高于MS患者;双侧深感觉障碍、束带感、直肠或膀胱括约肌功能障碍3种临床症状在NMO、MS患者中的发生率不同,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);上述各临床症状基本能在脊髓MRI找到相应受损病灶.结论 NMO是不同于MS的脱髓鞘疾病,其特殊的发病机制导致其临床症状与脊髓MRI均有自己的特点.     

Bilateral and recurrent optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis

Burman J, Raininko R, Fagius J. Bilateral and recurrent optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis.
Acta Neurol Scand: 2011: 123: 207–210.
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective – To assess the frequency of bilateral and recurrent optic neuritis (ON) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and to compare these results with epidemiological data of ON in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and recurrent ON without other signs of disease. Methods – We identified 472 patients with diagnosis of MS from the Swedish Multiple Sclerosis Register. These patients were evaluated for the presence of ON and whether the ON was the presenting symptom of MS; unilateral or bilateral; monophasic or recurrent. Results – Twenty‐one percent presented with ON as their first manifestation of MS. The proportion of patients developing a second attack of ON before demonstration of other manifestations of MS was 5.5% and the frequency of recurrent bilateral ON as the presenting symptom was 3.8%. Only two patients presented with simultaneously appearing bilateral ON corresponding to 0.42%. Conclusion – Recurrent ON, whether unilateral or bilateral, is a common presentation of MS. As MS is a much more common disease than NMO, care must be taken when evaluating the work‐up of patients with recurrent ON. In some cases repeated MRI and lumbar punctures are warranted to improve diagnostic accuracy, even in the presence of the serological marker NMO‐IgG.