高龄患者行治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影的安全性和有效性探讨

[目的]探讨治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)在高龄患者中应用的有效性和安全性。[方法]将行治疗性ERCP操作的患者169例,按年龄分组,其中≥70岁83例(高龄组),70岁86例(非高龄组);记录2组患者ASA分级、基础疾病、ERCP操作以及并发症情况,对结果进行统计分析、比较2组患者治疗性ERCP的应用情况,[结果]169例患者进行了181次治疗性ERCP操作。2组间例数、性别比例均差异无统计学意义(P0.05),高龄组患者ASA分级、胆道系统结石及胰腺或胆道恶性肿瘤发生率均显著高于非高龄组(P0.05);治疗性ERCP后2组操作成功率、并发症发生率均差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]高龄组进行治疗性ERCP操作的疗效与非高龄组一致,治疗性ERCP在高龄患者中的应用是安全、有效的。     

治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影技术治疗胆总管结石216例临床分析

随着内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）技术的不断提高,治疗性ERCP技术,如内镜下乳头切开术、针状电刀乳头预切开术、内镜下十二指肠鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）、内镜下乳头括约肌气囊扩张术（EPBD）和机械碎石术（ML）等在胆总管结石患者的治疗中得到广泛应用。我们对我院运用ERCP技术治疗的216例胆总管结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影治疗取石困难胆总管结石64例

目的:探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)在取石困难胆总管结石中的应用价值.方法:连续收集64例取石困难胆总管结石患者,分析在ERCP术中操作的难点,巨大结石采用机械碎石、激光碎石、体外震波碎石法;胆总管畸形采用变换体位、反复吸引、网篮体外塑形法;胆管过度扩张或狭窄采用吸引或柱状气囊扩张法;结石坚硬采用反复缓慢加压碎石法再进行胆管取石.结果:64例取石困难者,经ERCP取石成功53例,总体取石成功率为82.81%.其中巨大结石者18例,取石成功15例,成功率83.33%;胆总管畸形者18例,取石成功14例,成功率77.78%;胆总管过度扩张或狭窄者19例,取石成功16例,成功率84.21%;结石坚硬者9例,取石成功8例,成功率88.89%.结论:ERCP术可以有效地治疗取石困难胆总管结石.     

169例高龄患者行治疗性ERCP的安全性和有效性探讨

目的通过比较不同年龄段患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancre—atography,ERCP）的应用情况,分析和探讨ERCP在高龄患者中应用的有效性和安全性。方法2010年1月～2012年12月,本院进行ERCP操作的患者169例,按年龄分组,其中≥70岁的患者（高龄组）83例,〈70岁的患者（非高龄组）86例。记录患者ASA分级、基础疾病、ERCP操作以及并发症情况,对结果进行统计分析。结果169例患者进行了181次ERCP操作。例数、性别比例在两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。ERCP操作成功率、并发症发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。高龄组患者ASA分级比非高龄组高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。高龄组胆道系统结石及胰腺或胆道恶性肿瘤显著高于非高龄组（P〈0．05）。结论高龄组进行ERCP操作能够取得和非高龄组一样的疗效,ERCP在高龄患者中的应用是安全、有效的。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在超高龄胆总管结石治疗中的应用

目的 探讨超高龄胆总管结石患者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）取石治疗的安全性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析长安医院收治的35例超高龄（≥85岁）胆总管结石患者的临床资料,术前充分评估及预防基础疾病,术中根据结石大小、数目、梗阻症状选择一次性治疗或分次治疗,手术以ERCP联合内镜下乳头括约肌切开术+网篮取石术+内镜下胆管塑料支架置入术或鼻胆管引流术为主。结果 35例患者中ERCP一次性治疗26例,分次治疗9例。结石完全取出成功率82.8%(29/35),术后严重并发症发生率5.7%(2/35),其中急性胰腺炎1例,因血小板减少致术中出血1例,无穿孔并发症的发生,因脓毒性休克死亡1例,与ERCP操作无关。结论 超高龄胆总管结石患者合并症较多,病情复杂,在做好充分评估及预防的情况下,ERCP治疗是安全有效的。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗老年胆总管结石的临床疗效

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗老年胆总管结石的临床疗效及术后并发症的影响因素。方法回顾性分析136例行ERCP治疗的老年胆总管结石患者的临床资料,分析其临床疗效及术后并发症发生的影响因素。结果 136例老年胆总管结石患者经ERCP治疗后,取石成功率和取净率均为100%,住院时间、疼痛缓解时间和抗感染治疗时间方面均较显著。经单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析,括约肌功能障碍(SOD)病史(OR=1.318,95%CI=1.114~4.926)、胰管显影(OR=1.101,95%CI=1.022~2.731)和插管时间>60 min(OR=1.026,95%CI=1.016~3.769)为影响ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石术后并发胰腺炎的主要危险因素;胆道结石病史(OR=1.249,95%CI=1.105~3.621)、胆道中高位梗阻(OR=1.412,95%CI=1.263~4.788)和胆管治疗史(OR=1.281,95%CI=1.051~2.871)为影响ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石术后并发胆道感染的主要危险因素。结论 ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石疗效显著,术后并发症影响因素主要为SOD病史、胰管显影、插管时间、胆道中高位梗阻、胆道结石病史和胆管治疗史。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影治疗十二指肠乳头憩室合并胆总管结石的临床价值

回顾性分析2014年1月至2017年12月在蚌埠市第三人民医院接受ERCP取石治疗的171例十二指肠乳头憩室合并胆总管结石的患者资料。患者均成功完成ERCP取石治疗,平均手术时间（35.6±7.9）min,平均插管时间（6.5±2.1）min,插管成功率100％。167例患者取净结石,一次取石成功率 97.7％（167／171）。7例（4.1％）患者术中出血,1例（0.6％）患者发生迟发性出血;术中及术后无一例患者发生穿孔;3例（1.8％）患者术后发生急性胰腺炎。术后随访时间12～24个月,随访期间,所有患者健康生存,无严重并发症发生。ERCP治疗十二指肠乳头憩室伴胆总管结石安全有效。     

继发性胆总管结石的临床及内镜逆行胰胆管造影表现特点

[目的]探讨继发性胆总管结石的临床特点和内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)表现.[方法]回顾经ERCP检查确诊的58例胆囊结石切除术后继发胆总管结石患者的相关资料,观察其临床特点及ERCP表现,并与原发组作对比分析.[结果]继发性胆总管结石的发病年龄大,误诊时间长,临床表现主要为腹痛、消化不良.ERCP表现以多发结石、大结石常见.[结论]胆囊结石切除术后胆总管结石仍有较高的发生率.ERCP检查是诊断胆总管结石的安全有效方法.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗老年胆总管巨大结石40例

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗老年胆总管巨大结石的可行性及安全性。方法 40例老年胆总管巨大结石患者完善术前准备,密切监护下经十二指肠镜先行ERCP,发现胆总管结石后行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)和机械碎石(EML)取石,视具体情况留置鼻胆管引流及支架置入引流。结果 40例患者37例取石获得成功,成功率92.5%;其中10例经过二次取石。所有患者腹痛症状明显改善,皮肤巩膜黄染迅速消褪,发热患者48 h内体温趋于正常。术后并发轻型胰腺炎4例,乳头肌切口创面轻度渗血2例,均经内科保守治疗痊愈,未发生肠穿孔、胆道撕脱等严重并发症和死亡。结论 ERCP治疗老年胆总管巨大结石是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,应考虑作为治疗的首选方案。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在胆总管结石诊治中的应用进展

正胆总管结石大多由胆囊结石移行至胆总管内停滞继发所致,也可由于胆道感染等因素在胆总管内原发形成。胆总管结石是引起胆道梗阻的最常见的非肿瘤性病因。胆总管结石可无症状,也可引起胆绞痛、梗阻性黄疸、胰腺炎、梗阻性化脓性胆管炎甚至死亡,因此即使是无症状的胆总管结石也需要积极治疗[1]。目前经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)是胆总管结石所致的梗阻性黄疸最有效的治疗方式,87%～100%的胆总管结石患者通过ERCP能够获得有效治疗[2]。自1968年     

Non‐radiation endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of choledocholithiasis during pregnancy

Gallstone diseases are common during pregnancy. In most cases, patients are asymptomatic and do not require any treatment. However, choledocholithiasis, cholangitis, and gallstone pancreatitis may potentially become life‐threatening for both mother and fetus and often require urgent intervention. Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the standard technique for removing common bile duct stones, it is associated with ionizing radiation that could carry teratogenic risk. Non‐radiation ERCP (NR‐ERCP) is reported to be effective without incurring this risk. Two techniques have been described to confirm bile duct cannulation: bile aspiration and image guidance. With bile aspiration, biliary cannulation is confirmed by applying suction to the cannula to yield bile, thus confirming an intrabiliary position. Image guidance involves using ultrasound or direct visualization (choledochoscopy) to confirm selective biliary cannulation or duct clearance. Once cannulation is achieved, the stones are removed using standard ERCP techniques and tools. Case series and retrospective studies have reported success rates of up to 90% for NR‐ERCP with complication rates similar to standard ERCP. Pregnancy outcomes are not adversely affected by NR‐ERCP, but whether the avoidance of radiation carries benefit for the baby is unknown. Prospective comparative trials are lacking. NR‐ERCP is technically demanding and should be attempted only by skilled biliary endoscopists in properly equipped and staffed health‐care institutions, in a multidisciplinary setting.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影在高龄急性胆囊炎患者中的临床应用

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）在高龄（≥75岁）急性胆囊炎患者中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年12月拟行ERCP治疗的75岁以上胆囊炎患者。本次急性发作时间为1～5 d,均经影像学（包括腹部超声、CT及磁共振）确诊为急性胆囊炎。所有手术患者均给予留置鼻-胆囊引流（ENGBD）,术后观察腹部体征、体温、C反应蛋白（CRP）,腹部影像学及记录胆囊引流情况,出院后定期随访。结果共有24名患者,其中男13例,女11例,年龄75～88岁,平均（81.0±3.2）岁接受ERCP检查,其中术前诊断18例为结石性胆囊炎（75.0%）,6例为非结石性胆囊炎（25%）,13例（54.2%）合并胆总管结石。所有患者均成功留置鼻胆引流管,21例（87.5%）于术后腹痛缓解,体温降至正常,CRP于术后6 d内均降至正常。2例（8.3%）术后出现高淀粉酶,3 d后降至正常。无ERCP相关穿孔、出血、术后胰腺炎、死亡等并发症出现。术后随访3～12个月,23例（95.8%）症状长期缓解,1例因症状反复出现行腹腔镜手术。结论对于无法行急诊手术的高龄急性胆囊炎患者,行ERCP留置鼻-胆囊引流管治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影治疗80岁以上胆胰疾病患者的策略

我国已进入老龄化社会,高龄(≥80岁)患者日益增多,根据高龄患者胆胰疾病的特点,治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)成为治疗高龄患者胆胰疾病的主要方法。对于高龄胆胰疾病患者行治疗性ERCP,除了术前积极评估和紧急治疗内、外科合并症外,还需要进一步细化治疗方案。治疗性ERCP的应用为高龄胰胆疾病患者提供了良好的治疗方法,使复杂的手术简单化,具有应用安全、方便灵活的特性。     

Current status of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy must be performed by a highly experienced endoscopist.The challenges are accessing the afferent limb in different types of reconstruction,cannulating a papilla with a reverse orientation,and performing therapeutic interventions with uncommon endoscopic accessories.The development of endoscopic techniques has led to higher success rates in this group of patients.Device-assisted ERCP is the endoscopic procedure of choice for high success rates in short-limb reconstruction;however,these success rate is lower in long-limb reconstruction.ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography is now popular because it can be performed independent of the limb length;however,it must be performed by a highly experienced and skilled endoscopist.Stent deployment and small stone removal can be performed immediately after ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography,but the second session is needed for other difficult procedures such as cholangioscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy.Laparoscopic-assisted ERCP has an almost 100%success rate in longlimb reconstruction because of the use of a conventional side-view duodenoscope,which is compatible with standard accessories.This requires cooperation between the surgeon and endoscopist and is suitable in urgent situations requiring concomitant cholecystectomy.This review focuses on the advantages,disadvantages,and outcomes of various procedures that are suitable in different situations and reconstruction types.Emerging new techniques and their outcomes are also discussed.     

179例80岁以上患者ERCP安全性及疗效分析

目的分析和探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）在〉80岁患者中应用的有效性和安全性。方法对2006年6月至2011年4月在本院进行ERCP操作的患者179例进行回顾性分析,记录患者基础疾病、ER-CP操作以及并发症情况,对结果进行统计分析。结果 179例患者进行了212次ERCP操作。其中胆总管结石取石122例,恶性胆道梗阻48例,良性胆道狭窄6例,十二指肠乳头腺瘤3例。ERCP操作成功率为95.5%,取石成功率为99.2%（1例未取出）,10例患者采用了预切开术（8.2%）,3例十二指肠乳头腺瘤均成功切除,并分别置入胰管及胆管塑料支架。ERCP术后并发症12例,其中术后胰腺炎4例,迟发性出血2例,穿孔1例,死亡3例,高淀粉酶血症2例。结论尽管〉80岁患者基础疾病较多,但ERCP在〉80岁患者中的应用是安全有效的。     

Uncommon and rarely reported adverse events of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become a primary tool for the treatment of biliary and pancreatic ductal diseases. It is essential for the endoscopist carrying out the ERCP to have a thorough understanding of the potential adverse events. Typically, endoscopists are well familiar with common adverse events such as post‐ERCP pancreatitis, cholangitis, post‐sphincterotomy bleeding, post‐sphincterotomy perforation, and sedation‐related cardiopulmonary compromises. However, there are other less common adverse events that arecritical to promptly recognize in order to provide appropriate therapy and prevent disastrous outcomes. This review focuses on the presentation and management of the less common and rare adverse events of an ERCP from the perspective of the practicing endoscopist.