颅骨成形术后颅内出血的相关危险因素分析

目的分析颅骨成形术后颅内出血的相关危险因素。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第三医学中心神经创伤外科自2010年11月至2018年11月收治的278例行颅骨成形术患者的临床资料，按照术后颅内是否出血将患者分为出血组和未出血组。采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析确定颅骨成形术后颅内出血的独立影响因素。 结果278例患者颅骨成形术后颅内出血12例，颅内出血发生率为4.3%。单因素分析显示：缺损面积及颅骨缺损时间与颅内出血发生相关，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），Logistic多因素回归分析显示：颅内缺损面积（≥100 cm²）是颅骨成形术后颅内出血的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。 结论颅骨缺损面积是影响颅骨成形术后颅内出血的临床危险因素，评估上述指标对颅骨成形术后颅内出血有重要的临床意义。     

颅骨成形术后皮下积液与感染的原因及防治

目的探讨颅骨成形术后皮下积液与感染的原因及防治方法。方法75例行颅骨成形术患者中，23例皮下积液，6例感染，回顾分析其临床资料。结果23例皮下积液患者中，经穿刺抽吸、加压包扎19例治愈，6例感染者经早期引流4例治愈。结论颅骨成形术后出现皮下积液和感染的大部分患者可经保守治疗成功，少数需手术去除植入物；皮下积液是感染的重要诱因，对于这种感染重点在于预防。     

聚醚醚酮与钛网在颅骨成形术中应用体会

目的 总结聚醚醚酮及钛网在颅骨成形术中的临床应用经验。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月~12月行颅骨成形术的25例颅骨缺损的临床资料,其中5例采用聚醚醚酮,20例采用传统钛网。结果 聚醚醚酮人工颅骨成形术5例中,2例术后3 d拔除引流管;3例术后6 d拔除引流管,其中2例发生硬膜下积液,但积液量较术后3 d拔管少且于2周内吸收完全,另1例住院期间恢复良好未有明显不良反应。术后随访1年,5例均无不良反应发生。钛网颅骨成形术20例中,3例术后发生皮下积液,余无明显不良反应;术后随访1年,1例发生顶部钛网外露,感染严重取出钛网;2例术后1年内癫痫发作。结论 聚醚醚酮材料,具有强度高、质量轻、稳定性强等特点,手术简单易行,术后影像学检查干扰较小,远期并发症少,术后并发皮下伴硬膜外积液比率较高。钛网材料质量轻,强度较高,塑形较为容易,但受外力后凹陷、受温度影响较大,远期并发症较多。     

颅骨成形术后发生癫痫的危险因素

目的 探讨颅骨成形术后发生癫痫的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年6月在我院行颅骨成形术的115例颅骨缺损的临床资料。采用多因素logistic回归分析检验术后发生癫痫的危险因素。结果 115例中，术后发生癫痫25例，发生率为21.7%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，术前GCS评分≤8分、颞部颅骨缺损、颅骨缺损面积>120 cm2、骨窗塌陷程度>0.5 cm及钛网板下积血或积液颅骨成形术后发生癫痫的独立危险性因素（P<0.05）。结论 影响颅骨成形术后癫痫的危险因素众多，临床应采取相应的措施，以减少术后癫痫。     

颅骨成形术三种不同材料的临床分折

我院1988年至2000年采用三种不同材料进行颅骨成形术113例,早期采用硅橡胶涤纶网颅骨成形片成形30例,1989年起用自体颅骨片皮下埋藏后再回植成形68例,1999年来使用EH复合人工骨材料成形15例,均取得较为满意的效果,现对该三种不同的材料进行颅骨成形术的临床特点及生物力学特性进行分析比较.     

自体颅骨自身保存及回植治疗体会

我院近几年来对颅脑损伤或自发颅内血肿所致颅高压患者进行去颅骨瓣减压。骨瓣根据病情分别埋藏于头皮下、腹部及大腿皮下保存,待病情平稳,脑肿胀消退,颅高压下降后,于不同时间将原骨瓣取出修补颅骨缺损。共治疗44例,取得满意效果。现报道如下。     

计算机辅助设计的颅骨成形术治疗颞部颅骨缺损

目的研究颞部颅骨缺损的计算机辅助设计的颅骨成形术的材料制作和固定方法。方法对32例颞部颅骨缺损患者采用计算机辅助设计的颅骨成形术进行处理。头颅超薄CT扫描,了解颅骨及周围软组织的形状,制作患者缺损颅骨及颅骨缺损区周围感兴趣软组织的模型及补片模型;患者认可后制作钛合金网补片,手术植入。结果手术处理32例,补片与缺损颅骨完整适配,平均手术时间50分钟。手术并发症：2例术后出现头痛,1例于2周后、1例于4周后症状消失。术后随访3个月,无植入物松动、移位及感染发生。结论对于颞部颅骨缺损患者,根据CT的颅骨及周围软组织信息,采用计算机辅助设计颅骨成形术,制作钛合金植入材料,联合应用钛钉和加长钛螺丝将颅骨缺损补片固定在颞肌与头皮之间,可以简化手术,提高疗效。     

颞肌成形在颅骨成形术中的临床应用

目的探讨颞肌成形在颅骨成形术治疗颅骨缺损中应用的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年12月111例因颅骨缺损行颅骨成形术的临床资料,术中行颞肌的充分游离,并成形、固定。结果术后1个月行颞肌功能锻炼,术后随访3~6月;病人双侧颞部对称,皮肤切口愈合良好,无颞前区塌陷及颞肌下坠畸形,无明显颞肌萎缩,颞肌功能保留。结论颅骨成形术中进行颞肌成形,可以有效恢复颅骨缺损处颞部的外形和颞肌功能,进一步完善颅骨成形术的治疗效果。     

颅骨成形术后癫痫发作的危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅骨成形术后癫痫发作的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年12月至2020年12月行颅骨成形术的72例颅骨缺损病人的临床资料。术后随访2个月,依据癫痫发作的临床表现进行术后癫痫评估。结果 72例中,20例颅骨成形术后出现癫痫发作,发生率为27.8%。即刻癫痫发作（≤24 h）6例,早期癫痫发作（24 h～2周）8例,晚期癫痫发作（>2周）6例。随访期间,未出现伤口感染、人工修补材料外露、颅内感染、术区出血、脑疝等。单因素分析显示年龄、去骨瓣减压术后继发癫痫、颅骨缺损原因和直径与颅骨成形术后癫痫发作有关（P<0.05）,多因素logistic回归分析显示颅骨缺损直径是颅骨成形术后癫痫发作的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 颅骨成形术作为神经外科的基础手术之一,手术过程相对简单,但其并发症不容忽视。颅骨成形术后癫痫发作的临床影响因素较多,颅骨缺损直径越大,发生癫痫的风险越高。     

颅骨成形术的历史及进展

颅骨缺损一般缺损直径超过3 cm即可产生临床症状,颅骨成形术可以避免脑的再次损伤,外观上达到整形效果,治疗脑膨出、颅骨缺损综合征及部分局灶性神经功能障碍.颅骨成形术几乎和钻孔开颅术一样具有悠久的历史[1] ,但其历史却未被完整地记载.早期的外科作者,如著名的希腊学者Hippocrates和Galen,从未讨论过颅骨成形术.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.