2007年全国血吸虫病疫情监测

目的分析2007年全国血吸虫病疫情监测的疫情数据,了解监测点的疫情变化趋势,为及时调整血吸虫病防治策略提供依据。方法收集全国80个血吸虫病监测点的人群及家畜病情、螺情和相关因素调查资料,数据汇总整理,分析2007年的监测结果。结果2007年全国监测点总的居民感染率为0.92%,比2006年下降了42.31%;80个监测点居民感染率均〈5%;不同年龄组感染率高峰出现在50～60岁组;黄牛和水牛仍是主要感染家畜,总的家畜感染率比2006年下降明显;活螺平均密度为0.4300只/0.1m^2,感染螺框出现率为0.06%,感染性钉螺平均密度为0.0007只/0.1m^2,钉螺感染率为0.16%,都比2006年有所下降。结论全国血吸虫病监测点牛感染率和钉螺疫情已连续3年下降。     

2006年云南省血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的掌握云南省国家级血吸虫病疫情监测点2006年疫情状况，为全省防治工作提供科学依据。方法根据<全国血吸虫病疫情监测方案》，在4个国家级血吸虫病疫情监测点进行调查，并分析其结果。结果  全省4个监测点人群感染率为1.92%，黄牛及水牛感染率分别为3. 65%和6. 59%，有螺面积99. 44 hm2，钉螺密度为0. 37只10.1 m2，钉螺感染率为0. 08%，云南省居民血吸虫病有高感染率、低感染度的流行特点。结论云南省血吸虫病疫情下降明显，家畜传染源在血吸虫病传播中占有特殊地位，部分监测点螺情未得到有效控制，应进一步加强家畜血吸虫病的防治和 查灭螺工作。     

2000～2003年全国血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的分析全国血吸虫病疫情监测点4年来的疫情变化规律.方法根据<全国血吸虫病疫情监测点方案>,对全国疫情监测点2000～2003年的疫情进行纵向监测.结果在21个监测点中,6个监测点居民血吸虫感染率呈下降趋势;2个监测点活螺密度和感染螺密度逐步下降,但多数监测点的螺情仍未得到有效的控制;大部分监测点耕牛感染率年间有起伏且感染率居高不下;监测点4年中每年均有急性血吸虫病例发生,但晚期血吸虫病人数没有明显变化;在消灭地区的上海枫泾监测点未发现新病例及阳性钉螺.结论现有防治措施在血吸虫病情控制上已取得一定成效,但应长期坚持,而钉螺和耕牛的监测和控制尚需进一步加强.     

2014年湖北省血吸虫病国家监测点疫情分析

目的  分析湖北省2014年国家级血吸虫病疫情监测点疫情变化,了解湖北省血吸虫病流行现状,为制定血吸虫病防治对策提供科学依据。 方法  根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案（2011年修订版）》的要求,16个监测点开展了人群及家畜病情、螺情和相关因素调查,采用SPSS19.0软件统计分析监测结果。 结果  湖北省16个监测点居民感染率为0.18%,耕牛感染率为0,活螺平均密度为0.230只/0.11m2,活螺框出现率为7.987%,未发现感染性钉螺。 结论  湖北省血吸虫病国家监测点人畜感染率呈现持续下降,但钉螺面积依然维持在较高水平,血吸虫病传播风险仍在,应加强控制措施,防止疫情反弹。     

2006年江苏省血吸虫病监测点疫情分析I居民和家畜感染情况

目的 了解、掌握江苏省居民和家畜血吸虫感染情况,为制订防治规划提供科学依据。方法根据全国和江苏省血吸虫病疫情监测方案的要求,在全省血吸虫病流行区选择有代表性的82个流行村作为监测点,开展居民和家畜血吸虫感染情况的监测调查。结果全省监测点常住居民血检阳性率为1. 63%、粪检阳性率为0.035%;流动人群血检阳性率为2.42%,粪检阳性率为o．988%。推算全省流行区居民平均血吸虫感染率为0.007 4%,牛感染率为0.80%,羊感染率为1. 90%。结论全省血吸虫病疫情继续呈较为稳定的低流行态势;流动人群血吸虫感染率远高于常住居民;全省流行区中散放的家畜较少,总体感染率较低,但局部地区家畜感染率仍较高。流动人群和家畜仍为全省局部地区重要的血吸虫病流行因素。     

2008年全国血吸虫病疫情监测

目的分析2008年全国血吸虫病疫情监测数据,了解监测点疫情变化趋势,为及时调整血吸虫病防治策略提供依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》要求,收集2008年全国80个血吸虫病监测点螺情、病情和相关因素的调查数据,分析监测结果。结果2008年全国血吸虫病监测点居民血检阳性率和感染率分别为9.86%和0.67%,家畜感染率为1.62%,较2007年均有明显下降,但监测点家畜圈养仅占6.07%。共查出感染性钉螺面积177.70 hm^2,新发现钉螺面积7.64 hm^2,活螺平均密度为0.32只/0.1 m^2,钉螺感染率为0.15%。结论2008年全国血吸虫病监测点人畜病情及螺情均较2007年有所下降;家畜依然是血吸虫病的主要传染源,需进一步加强家畜管理,同时应关注螺情监测和钉螺控制。     

2000～2003年新济洲血吸虫病疫情监测点监测结果分析

目的掌握新济洲监测点血吸虫病疫情变化情况.方法按照<全国血吸虫病疫情监测点方案>要求的方法,每年开展螺情、病情等纵向观察.结果通过4年的疫情监测,该监测区螺情较重,感染性钉螺持续存在,而人群血吸虫总感染率维持在2%以下的较低水平.移民后,洲上无耕牛等家畜,但感染性钉螺面积仍有所上升,洲上居民感染率仍较高.结论监测区所采用的综合性防治措施对控制血吸虫病疫情是有效的,但监测和防治工作仍不能放松.洲上传染源情况较为复杂,需进一步研究.     

2000～2002年全国血吸虫病疫情监测点结果分析

目的　掌握全国血吸虫病疫情监测点疫情变化规律。　方法　根据《全国血吸虫病疫情监测点方案》,对全国21个监测点20002002年的疫情进行纵向观察。　结果　在全国各血吸虫病监测点中,2个监测点的病情、螺情连续三年下降;多数监测点居民血吸虫感染率呈下降趋势,8个监测点的耕牛感染率有所下降,另有2个监测点连续3年发生急性血吸虫感染。在上述监测点中,8个点的活螺密度和感染螺密度较2001年增加,其中有6个点高于建点初的水平;湖南君山监测点2002年首次在垸内查找到感染性钉螺;已宣布消灭地区的上海枫泾监测点钉螺面积有扩大趋势。结论　现有防治措施在病情控制上有一定成效,但应长期坚持,并需进一步加强对螺情的监测和控制     

2006年江苏血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的掌握江苏省血吸虫病疫情动态,为制订防治策略和考核防治效果提供依据。方法按《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的方法,在全省8个国家级监测点开展血吸虫病疫情监测。结果7个监测点查到活螺,4个监测点查到感染性钉螺,3个监测点查出粪检阳性者,1个监测点查出粪检阳性家畜。监测点当地居民和流动人口的感染率分别为0.15%和2.74%。,牛、羊的感染率分别为2.82%和3.19%。结论监测区疫情较2005年有所下降,但流动人群和局部区域的家畜感染率仍较高,需加大防治力度,才能有效控制流行。     

2006年云南省血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的了解2006年血吸虫病监测点的疫情状况,为全省防治工作提供参考。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》,在云南4个国家级监测点开展血吸虫病疫情监测。结果全省4个监测点人群感染率为1.92%,黄牛与水牛的感染率分别为3.65%和6.59%,有螺面积99.44hm2,钉螺密度为0.37只/0.11m2,钉螺感染率为0.08%。结论总体疫情程度下降,但牛的感染率依然较高,个别监测点未能有效控制螺情,仍应加强家畜和钉螺的血吸虫病防控工作。     

Appendiceal schistosomiasis

Twenty surgical specimens of appendiceal schistosomiasis were reviewed retrospectively. They constituted 1 percent of 1984 appendices seen among approximately 15,000 surgical specimensexamined at free central laboratories serving the Igbos of Nigeria, West Africa. Oviposition bySchistosoma haematobium was classified according to its association with suppurative appendicitis and normal appendices. Seven of ten infested appendices obtained at curative operations showed suppurative appendicitis, whereas eight of nine infested appendices removed at incidental appendectomies were negative. One interval appendectomy was also negative. It is postulated that utilization of this novel classification on a worldwide basis will help to end the controversy concerning the etiologic role of schistosome ova in acute appendicitis.     

Colorectal schistosomiasis

The role of colonoscopic polypectomy for schistosomal polyps was studied. The results showed that, in spite of the large number of polyps, a total of 404 polyps were removed from 20 patients. The procedure is feasible with minimal complications. A marked reduction of rectal bleeding occurred in half the patients, and the remaining half had minimal symptoms. Colonoscopic polypectomy gives equal results to colonic excision for schistosomal polyps.     

Hepatic schistosomiasis

Opinion statement Praziquantel is the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis because of its efficacy, ease of administration, limited side effects, and low cost. Praziquantel has been so effective that alternative therapies are increasingly difficult to obtain, and the development of novel medications has been limited. The possibility of praziquantel resistance is a grave concern. Low cure rates for praziquantel have been reported in several countries, but despite widespread use, no significant loss of efficacy has occurred to date. The primary goal of antischistosomal therapy is parasite eradication, which reduces the likelihood of chronic complications, including advanced hepatic fibrosis. Mild to moderate hepatic fibrosis results from the immune response to schistosome eggs deposited in the portal venules and reverses with successful treatment. Most individuals clear schistosomiasis with a single course of therapy. Repeat doses cure the majority of patients in whom eradication does not occur after the initial dose. A secondary goal of therapy for patients with persistent or recurrent infection is egg burden reduction, which also reduces the risk of hepatic fibrosis and lowers community spread. Community eradication programs in highly endemic regions use periodic retreatment to limit chronic schistosomiasis’ morbidity. Advanced liver fibrosis and portal hypertension due to chronic schistosomiasis are irreversible. Variceal bleeding is the primary cause of death in hepatic schistosomiasis. The bleeding risk is best reduced through use of β-blocker prophylaxis or endoscopic banding or sclerotherapy. Surgical management of varices, including splenectomy with esophagogastric devascularization or selective shunts such as the distal splenorenal, is effective in patients with recalcitrant bleeding. Because hepatic synthetic function is normal in patients with schistosomiasis, procedures that reduce portal pressures may lower hepatic perfusion and cause hepatic impairment. The risk of encephalopathy after shunt surgery is higher in patients with schistosomiasis than in those with cirrhosis. For these reasons, nonselective shunt surgery such as the proximal splenorenal or the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt should not be performed in patients with advanced hepatic schistosomiasis.     

Genital schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is the most serious helminthic infection in the United Kingdom. Female genital schistosomiasis affects 9-13 million women worldwide, mainly in areas where Schistosoma haematobium is endemic. With increasing tourism to these areas, this diagnosis is being encountered more frequently in the West. We present 2 cases of vulval schistosomiasis that were presented to our department in 1999 and 2000.