血浆神经肽Y水平在不同甲状腺功能状态的意义

目的 :研究不同甲状腺功能状态 (甲亢、甲减及正常 )神经肽Y的水平。方法 :选取甲亢患者 5 5例 ,甲减患者 4 7例和正常对照 5 7例 ,放射免疫分析其NPY水平。结果 :甲亢患者 (无论性别 )NPY水平 (71 5±14 7)ng/L较正常对照组 (5 2 3± 11 8)ng/L呈显著性增高 (0 0 0 1

0 0 5 ) ;甲亢组 (71 5± 14 7)ng/L较甲减组 (4 2 2± 2 4 3)ng/L呈显著性增高 (P <0 0 0 1) ;所有样本NPY与瘦素 (Leptin)关系分析呈负相关 (r =-0 5 8,P =0 .0 15 )。结论 :甲状腺激素与NPY是影响人体正常能量代谢的激素 ;甲状腺激素与NPY可能存在相互影响的关系。     

Graves''病患者GH与IGF-1水平观察

目的:探讨Graves病(GD)患者对血清生长激素(GH)与胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)水平的影响.方法:采用放射免疫分析(RIA)检测42例GD患者、20例经治疗甲状腺功能恢复至正常水平GD患者与30例健康人血清GH与IGF-1水平.结果:GD组,血清IGF-1水平(170.8±44.4)ng/ml、GH水平(2.89±1.18)ng/ml明显升高,与对照组(IGF-1为90.5±30.5ng/ml、GH为1.58±1.20ng/m1)比较有显著性差异(p＜0.01、p＜0.05),且IGF-1与FT4正相关(r=0.58,p＜0.01).GD治疗缓解组,IGF-1水平(105.1±37.0)ng/ml、GH水平(1.71±1.36)ng/ml明显低于初诊未治疗组,差异有显著性(P＜0.01、P＜0.05).结论:GD患者血清IGF-1和GH水平明显升高,并且可能与甲状腺激素存在一定的关系.     

不同甲状腺疾病对血清IL-8、TNF的影响

目的 :研究不同甲状腺疾病患者 (甲亢 -Graves’病、甲减 -原发性甲减、亚甲炎 )及正常人对人体血清白介素 8、肿瘤坏死因子水平的影响。方法 :选初诊甲亢患者 95例 (男 4 1,女 5 4 ) ,甲减患者 5 3例 (男 2 3,女 30 ) ,正常对照 4 5例 (男 2 4 ,女 2 1) ,抽取静脉血测定血清白介素 8、肿瘤坏死因子水平。结果 :1 甲亢组 (Gra ves’病 )IL - 8浓度比对照组高 (F =2 93,p <0 0 1)。亚甲炎IL - 8浓度比对照组高 (F =3 4 0 ,p <0 0 0 5 )。甲减组中原发性甲减的IL - 8浓度比对照组高 (p <0 0 5 )。 2 甲亢组Graves’病TNF含量比正常对照高 (F =7 5 0 2 ,p<0 0 5 )。甲减组中原发性甲减的TNF含量比正常对照组高 (F =6 15 ,p <0 0 0 1)。 3 甲亢、甲减组患者中性别与IL - 8、TNF浓度无关 ,p >0 0 5 ,男女无差异。甲亢、甲减组患者年龄与IL - 8、TNF、T3、T4 、TSH无关。结论 :支持IL - 8和TNF参与多种自身免疫性疾病的免疫病理过程。包括Graves’甲亢 ,原发性甲减等。     

老年慢性肺心病的甲状腺功能变化

本文用放免法测定了34例老年慢性肺心病患者的甲状腺激素水平,以探讨老年慢性肺心病人的甲状腺功能状态。结果发现,老年慢性肺心病组血清的TT_3、TT_4均值明显低于健康对照组(p<0.01),而TSH均值二者比较无明显差异。急性发作期组TT_3、TT_4明显下降,尤以TT_3明显,分别为1.04±0.37(nmol/L)和95.83±36.58(nmol/L),缓解期组T_3、T4_均有回升,分别为1.58±0.61(nmol/L)和105±26.66(nmol/L),说明肺心病T_3、T_4下降与肺心病的严重程度有关。急性发作期组TSH与缓解期组及健康人组比较则无明显差异,说明老年肺心病患者的甲状腺功能有一定程度减退。而TSH测定正常,能排除原发性甲状腺功能减退所致的T_3、T_4改变,符合低T_3综合征,提示下丘脑的保护性适应。动态观察血清T_3、T_4的变化,对于判断治疗和预后有一定的价值。     

中老年甲状腺功能异常者HCY测定的临床观察

目的 探讨中老年甲状腺功能异常患者血清总高半胱氨酸(homocysteine,HCY)水平,了解与其甲状腺功能及在心血管疾病中的相关性.方法 收集30例甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)、29例甲状腺功能减退(甲减)老年患者及36例体检健康人员的血清,用ELISA法测定血清HCY,酶法测定血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C,电化学发光法测定甲状腺功能指标fT3、FT4.结果 中老年甲减组HCY高于对照组(P＜0.01),甲亢组HCY低于对照组(P＜0.01);甲减组HCY与TG水平呈正相关且甲减组、甲亢组HCY与FT3、FT4均呈负相关.结论 中老年患者血清总HCY水平与甲状腺功能存在相关性,可作为甲减患者并发冠心病的危险因素的监测指标.     

中老年甲状腺功能异常者HCY测定的临床观察

目的 探讨中老年甲状腺功能异常患者血清总高半胱氨酸(homocysteine,HCY)水平,了解与其甲状腺功能及在心血管疾病中的相关性.方法 收集30例甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)、29例甲状腺功能减退(甲减)老年患者及36例体检健康人员的血清,用ELISA法测定血清HCY,酶法测定血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C,电化学发光法测定甲状腺功能指标FT3、FT4.结果 中老年甲减组HCY高于对照组(P<0.01),甲亢组HCY低于对照组(P<0.01);甲减组HCY与TG水平呈正相关且甲减组、甲亢组HCY与FT3、FT4均呈负相关.结论 中老年患者血清总HCY水平与甲状腺功能存在相关性,可作为甲减患者并发冠心病的危险因素的监测指标.     

不同甲状腺疾病对血清IGF-Ⅰ水平的影响

目的：研究不同甲状腺疾病对人体血清胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ（IGF-Ⅰ）水平的影响。方法：采用放射免疫分析（RIA）分别检测55例甲状腺功能亢进、36例原发性甲状腺功能减退、25例桥本氏甲状腺炎患者和30例健康人IGF-Ⅰ水平,并随访经过治疗后甲状腺功能恢复至正常水平患者（24例甲亢、16例甲减、10例甲炎）血清IGF-Ⅰ水平。结果：血清IGF-Ⅰ水平,甲亢组（398.9±92.6）ng/ml明显高于健康组,有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）;甲减组（123.7±43.4）ng/ml,甲炎组（178.9±50.5）ng/ml明显低于健康组（239.7±68.1）ng/ml,有显著性差异（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。大多数甲状腺疾病治疗缓解患者血清IGF-Ⅰ水平得到恢复。结论：不同甲状腺疾病因甲状腺激素的变化影响了IGF-Ⅰ的正常调节,而且IGF-Ⅰ有可能参与调节甲状腺疾病的进程。     

男性甲功异常者甲状腺激素与血清性激素相关性分析及临床意义

目的 研究男性甲状腺功能异常患者的血清性激素水平变化及其对性功能的影响.方法 选择2015年1月至11月在我院接受治疗的160例男性甲状腺功能异常患者,其中甲状腺功能亢进症患者86例,甲状腺功能减退症患者74例.选取同期在我院进行体检的健康男性80例作为对照组.比较治疗前三组受检者的血清性激素水平及甲状腺功能异常患者治疗前后的血清性激素变化.结果 治疗前甲亢组和甲减组患者的E2和PRL水平均明显高于正常人群,甲亢组患者的T水平高于正常人群,甲减组患者的T水平低于正常人群,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而甲亢组和甲减组患者与对照组的FSH和LH水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后,甲状腺功能亢进症患者的PRL、E2和T水平明显下降,甲状腺功能减退症患者的PRL和E2水平明显下降,T水平上升,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组患者的FSH和LH水平基本不变.结论 男性甲状腺功能异常患者会伴有一定的性功能障碍,甲状腺激素水平对PRL、E2和T水平的影响较大,对FSH和LH水平的影响不明显.     

甲状腺重量及血清TSH浓度对小剂量^131I治疗甲亢疗效的影响

目的评价甲状腺重量及血清TSH浓度对小剂量131Ⅰ治疗甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)疗效的影响.方法患者治疗前均行甲状腺SPECT扫描并检测血清FT3、FT4、TSH浓度;131I治疗的剂量为常规剂量的1/2～2/3.结果①治疗前一次给药组TSH浓度为0.10±0.34mμ·L-1,重复给药组为0.04±0.10mμ·L-1,两者差异有显著性(P＜0.05);②治疗前甲状腺的重量一次给药组为51.22±26.09g,重复给药组87.34±63.69g,两者差异有显著性(P＜0.0001).结论小剂量131Ⅰ治疗甲亢的疗效良好,多数患者能一次治愈,但对于大甲状腺患者或血清TSH浓度很低者则需多次治疗.     

血清甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体阳性患者致病因素分析

目的：观察甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）阳性人群性别、年龄及TPOAb水平与甲状腺疾病（TD）产生的相关性,以指导临床对AITD的诊断和治疗。方法：对用电化学发光检测TPOAb阳性352例患者结合临床表现及甲状腺功能检查分为三组：甲亢组103例、甲减组98例、甲状腺功能正常且无临床表现组151例（以下简称无表现组）,健康人群50例为对照组,比较四组人群的TPOAb水平及观察TPOAb阳性各组的年龄、性别及发病比例。结果：甲减组、甲亢组、无表现组与对照组TPOAb水平差异显著（P〈0.01）;甲减组、甲亢组与无表现组TPOAb水平差异显著（P〈0.05）;甲减组与甲亢组TPOAb水平无显著差异（P〉0.05）;TPOAb阳性人群男、女性别比约为1∶4;甲减组平均年龄51.7±14.8岁,甲亢组平均年龄37.4±13.7岁;TPOAb阳性人群中51.7%患甲状腺疾病。结论：性别、年龄、血清TPOAb滴度均与血清甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体阳性患者甲状腺疾病产生有一定的相关性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.