老年人短暂性脑缺血发作与非惊厥性癫痫的鉴别诊断

目的探讨老年人短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与非惊厥性癫痫的鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析56例有反复发作性局限性神经功能障碍特点临床症状的老年患者的视频脑电图及经颅多普勒超声(TCD)、头颅磁共振血管造影(MRA)影像资料。结果 38例(67.9%)患者视频监测脑电图异常,监测到临床发作26例,伴随临床发作同步背景脑电图表现为癫痫样病理波发放为主6例(15.8%),表现为局灶性慢波为主20例(52.6%)。12例(31.6%)不伴临床发作患者脑电图以局灶性慢波为主。视频监测脑电图正常18例(32.1%)。56例患者入院时诊断为TIA,实际上至少6例为癫痫,误诊率大于10.7%。TCD异常52例(92.9%)。MRA显示,颅内大血管狭窄48例(85.7%)。结论老年人TIA与非惊厥性癫痫的临床症状相似,忽视癫痫的排查,容易造成非惊厥性癫痫的漏诊、误诊,对这类患者视频脑电监测应作为常规检查手段。     

脑囊尾蚴病患者抗囊尾蚴治疗前后脑电图及影像学对比研究

目的 目的 观察脑囊尾蚴病患者抗囊尾蚴治疗前后脑功能和病理形态学改变。 方法 方法 对412例脑囊尾蚴病患者抗 囊尾蚴治疗前后的脑电图和影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果 结果 412例脑囊尾蚴病患者中, 脑电图检查示轻、 中、 重度异 常分别占40.53%、 45.63%、 13.84%; 脑电波主要表现为弥漫性慢波和局限性慢波活动, 或在异常背景上有少量散在或阵发 性棘、 尖波或棘?尖慢综合波。脑CT、 MRI检查示单发小囊型占23.54%, 多发小囊型占44.42%, 脑炎型占13.59%, 大、 小囊 并存型占4.85%, 钙化型占2.18%, 混合型占11.41%。脑囊尾蚴病患者经过3个疗程抗囊尾蚴治疗后复查, 脑电图恢复正常 和明显好转分别占79.85%和20.15%; CT、 MRI检查发现77.18%的患者病灶全部吸收, 20.63%的患者大部分病灶吸收, 2.18%的患者病灶无变化, 均为钙化型。脑内囊尾蚴感染处于急性期的单发和多发小囊型、 脑炎型和大、 小囊并存型抗囊 尾蚴治疗效果好, 混合型抗囊尾蚴治疗效果较差, 处于钙化期的脑囊尾蚴病患者仅需进行对症治疗。结论 结论 脑囊尾蚴病 患者脑电图表现为轻度至重度异常, 脑CT、 MRI检查以多发小囊型为主。经抗囊尾蚴治疗后, 多数患者脑电图逐渐恢复正 常, 病灶全部吸收, 但部分患者会留有少量钙化灶。     

24小时动态脑电图对发作性意识丧失成年患者的病因诊断价值

目的探讨24 h动态脑电图（AEEG）对成年患者发作性意识丧失病因诊断的价值。方法回顾分析39例发作性意识丧失成年患者的24 h AEEG监测结果。结果 39例患者中癫痫11例（28.2%）,心源性晕厥8例（20.5%）,脑源性晕厥5例（12.8%）,反射性晕厥15例（38.5%）。癫痫患者均出现棘波、棘慢波、尖慢波等典型痫样放电;37.5%（3/8）的心源性晕厥出现阵发性弥漫性中至高波幅慢波;80.0%（4/5）的脑源性晕厥患者有脑电图异常,表现为基本节律减慢、阵发性局限性θ波或散在θ波增多;40.0%（6/15）的反射性晕厥患者AEEG为轻度异常。结论 24 h AEEG是鉴别癫痫与晕厥的有力手段。晕厥发作间期脑电图显示广泛阵发性慢波的患者应警惕心源性晕厥的可能。     

部分性癫痫与短暂性脑缺血发作的脑电图表现

目的探讨老年患者部分性癫痫发作与短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的诊断与鉴别诊断。方法对76例年龄≥65岁初诊为TIA患者的全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA),头颅磁共振血管成像(MRA)及24h动态脑电图回顾性分析。结果 76例患者中,20例脑电图异常,占26.32%。20例脑电图患者中,11例监测到临床发作,其中8例有癫痫波发放,另9例无临床发作。脑电图正常56例(73.68%)。最终确诊部分性癫痫发作8例,占10.53%。头颅MRA或DSA显示颅内外大血管异常67例(88.16%)。结论老年人部分性癫痫发作与TIA有时在临床上表现相似,容易造成部分性癫痫发作的误诊、漏诊,对不能排除部分性癫痫发作患者应进行视频脑电图及MRA或DSA等检查明确诊断。     

老年急性脑梗死患者脑电图异常与癫痫发作的关系

目的探讨老年急性脑梗死患者脑电图异常与癫痫发作的关系。方法回顾性分析该院收治的150例老年急性脑梗死患者的临床资料,应用视频脑电分析仪监测患者脑电图,记录患者脑梗死位置及异常脑电图的类型,出院后随访1年,分析脑梗死患者梗死位置及异常脑电图与癫痫发作的关系。结果 150例老年急性脑梗死患者中134例(89.3%)存在早期视频脑电图(VEEG)监测异常,其中53例监测到癫痫样异常放电但无临床癫痫发作,17例患者诊断为早发性癫痫;按照位置不同分为部分皮层及皮层下91例、分水岭位置18例及大面积脑梗死41例,其癫痫发作及癫痫异常放电发生率,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);随访1年,17例早发性癫痫通过抗癫痫药物治疗,院后癫痫未再发作;53例早期监测到癫痫样异常放电但无临床癫痫发作患者中迟发性癫痫发生率,明显高于早期VEEG无异常且无癫痫异常放电患者(P0.05)。结论老年急性脑梗死患者应积极监测其脑电图,对脑电图癫痫异常放电患者,应密切关注以预防癫痫的发作。     

老年癫痫患者常见病因与临床特征的分析

目的探讨老年癫痫患者的常见病因、临床特点及预后。方法选择1993～2012年我院收治的癫痫患者87例,回顾性分析患者的发病临床特点、临床结局等。结果 87例患者的平均发病年龄(78.5±10.4)岁,年龄>75岁占73.6%。住院期间并发癫痫占73.6%,全身性发作占75.9%,部分性发作占12.6%,记录不详占11.5%。老年人癫痫发作的主要原因为脑血管病(42.5%),其余主要为代谢性疾病、颅内肿瘤、脑变性病和脑外伤等。所有患者中有47例进行了脑电图检查,占54.0%,放电阳性率仅为6例,占12.8%,主要表现为背景和节律异常,弥漫或局限性慢波活动,散在性棘波、尖波等。结论脑血管病为老年人癫痫的主要原因,全身性发作是主要的癫痫发作形式。老年癫痫患者行常规脑电图检查的比例并不高,且癫痫放电阳性率低。     

168例癫痫患儿动态脑电图及常规脑电图监测分析

对168例癫痫患儿作动态脑电图(AEEG)和常规脑电图(REEG)监测,结果 AEEG显示异常135例(80.3%),监测到临床发作28例(16.7%);REEC显示异常61例(36.3%),监测到临床发作6例(3.6%).认为AEEG在监测癫痫患儿脑电异常活动方面优于REEG,可为临床诊治癫痫提供依据.     

小脓肿性脑囊尾蚴病70例临床分析

小脓肿性脑囊尾蚴病是脑囊尾蚴病的一种特殊类型 ,为探讨其临床特点 ,指导临床治疗 ,现将 1 995年以来在我所经住院系统治疗且病历完整 70例小脓肿性脑囊尾蚴病人的临床特点分析如下。1　临床资料1 .1　诊断70例患者根据病史、临床表现、脑 CT或 MRI检查、免疫学检查以及疗前、后脑 CT的影像改变等综合分析确诊为脑囊尾蚴病 [1 ] 。1 .2　一般资料本组病例男 4 5例 ,女 2 5例 ,年龄最大为 65岁 ,最小为 4岁。病程最短 2天 ,最长 3年。临床表现 :癫痫发作( EP) 4 5例 ,占 64.3% ,其中局限性发作 1 9例 ,全身强直性痉挛发作 2 6例。癫痫发…     

睡眠中癫痫性电持续状态相关癫痫综合征患儿临床资料及脑电图分析

目的分析睡眠中癫痫性电持续状态(ESES)相关癫痫综合征患儿临床资料及脑电图特征。方法选取42例ESES相关癫痫综合征患儿为研究对象,分析确诊年龄、失语特征、癫痫表型、认知评估、行为评估等临床资料特征,放电侧位特征、放电病灶数、放电部位、棘慢波频率等脑电图特征资料及失语疗效、癫痫发作评估、认知评估疗效、脑电图疗效、综合疗效等临床预后资料,探讨ESES相关癫痫综合征患儿临床特征、脑电图特征及临床预后特征。结果纳入的42例ESES相关癫痫综合征患儿确诊年龄为(1~14)4.87±0.34岁,伴失语症状儿童占80.95%,认知异常儿童占33.33%,行为异常儿童占52.38%;癫痫表型以多种混合型癫痫发作为主,占85.72%。42例ESES相关癫痫综合征患儿脑电图放电侧位特征以单侧放电为主,占66.67%,放电病灶数以局灶性放电为主,占73.81%,脑电棘慢波频率分布上较多变,且呈假节律性发放,≥2.0 Hz患儿占47.62%,放电部位分布于全脑部位,颞区、额区、枕区、中央区放电分布较平均,约25.0%。42例ESES相关癫痫综合征患儿手术治疗10例,保守药物治疗32例,治疗12个月后失语症状疗效、癫痫发作疗效、认知疗效、脑电图疗效、综合疗效总有效率分别为91.43%、95.24%、78.57%、85.91%、83.33%。结论ESES相关癫痫综合征患儿临床特征和脑电图特征表现复杂多变,其病理基础是睡眠中广泛而持续的棘慢波发放,控制和改善异常脑电波是临床治疗的关键。     

脑囊尾蚴病致癫痫持续状态的抢救

脑囊尾蚴病所致癫痫持续状态是较为严重的急症之一。若不及时治疗 ,可合并生命功能衰竭而死亡 ,或造成永久性脑损害 ,故应作为急诊抢救。本文对住院的 32例脑囊尾蚴病所致癫痫持续状态的患者抢救情况总结报告如下。1　临床资料32例患者中男 2 5例 ,女 7例 ,年龄 6～ 5 2岁。病程最长2年 ,最短半年。脑 CT影像均显示大脑实质多发弥漫性低密度小囊 ,内见头节 ,有的呈大片低密度水肿区。临床上均以频繁的癫痫发作为主 ,每次发作持续 30 min以上 ,或连续多次发作 ,间歇期间意识不恢复 ,病情持续数小时至数天。伴颅内压增高、精神错乱、高热、脱…     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.