广西地区家畜牛、羊体表硬蜱情况调查及种类鉴定

目的 掌握广西地区牛羊场硬蜱种类及其分子特征,了解该地区蜱类的分类地位,为养殖户防控硬蜱及蜱媒传染病提供参考依据。方法 本实验于2019年1月至2021年11月,采用动物体表法采集寄生的蜱类;提取蜱基因组,PCR扩增3种硬蜱的线粒体16S rDNA和COI基因片段,并进行同源性分析。基于邻接法,用MEGA6.0软件分别构建系统发生树,进行遗传进化分析。结果 牛羊体表上共采集蜱2 030只,隶属1科2属3种,其中微小扇头蜱1 968只,长角血蜱49只,具角血蜱13只。PCR扩增微小扇头蜱、长角血蜱和具角血蜱16S rDNA和COI基因片段长度分别是460 bp和710 bp左右,分别与GenBank中已登录的相应种类相似较高且在一个进化分支上。结论 广西地区牛羊场优势蜱种是微小扇头蜱且存在长角血蜱和具角血蜱。三蜱种16S rDNA和COI序列存在多样性和地域差异性。     

长角血蜱携带发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒调查及基因特征分析

目的探讨长角血蜱携带发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(SFTSV)情况及其基因特征,分析长角血蜱在发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)传播中的作用。方法在SFTS严重流行区河南省信阳市采集长角血蜱,采用实时RTPCR方法检测蜱中SFTSV核酸,阳性蜱进行SFTSV全基因组序列测定,并与当地病人血液中的SFTSV序列及GenBank中公布的SFTSV全基因组序列进行比较。结果共检测285只长角血蜱,SFTSV携带率为20.4%(58/285)。其中,游离蜱携带率31.9%(46/144),寄生蜱携带率8.5%(12/141),差异有统计学意义(χ2=24.136,P<0.01)。基于SFTSV的L、M和S片段构建的系统发育树,信阳地区长角血蜱的SFTSV序列与来自当地病人的SFTSV序列聚在同一分支,序列同源性分别为99.5%~99.7%,99.4%~99.5%和99.4%~99.5%。结论信阳地区SFTS高发病率与当地长角血蜱SFTSV高携带率有关,长角血蜱可能是SFTSV的传播媒介。     

内蒙古奇乾地区媒介蜱携带伯氏疏螺旋体的调查研究

目的了解内蒙古奇乾地区媒介蜱携带伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferii,B.b)的感染情况。方法用布旗法采集游离蜱,利用PCR和基因测序法对媒介蜱标本中B.b的感染进行检测和基因分型。结果采集媒介蜱共320只,其中全沟硬蜱293只(91.56%),森林革蜱22只(6.88%),嗜群血蜱5只(1.56%)。媒介蜱B.b阳性携带率为26.88%,可携带B.garinii、B.afzelii和B.miyamotoi 3种基因型。其中全沟硬蜱、森林革蜱和嗜群血蜱B.b阳性携带率分别为29.01%(85/293)、4.55%(1/22)、0(0/5)。结论内蒙古奇乾地区全沟硬蜱为优势蜱种,携带B.b基因型存在多样性,应引起公共卫生部门的高度重视。     

黑河口岸地区蜱类调查及研究

目的 调查分析黑河口岸地区蜱种类多样性。方法 对2012年至2014年黑龙江省黑河区域内蜱种群密度、数量、分布以及季节变迁方面的数据进行整理及总结,通过形态学的观察及PCR检测明确黑河地区蜱的分类及携带病原体情况。结果 黑河口岸地区的蜱类采集活动中,共获得蜱类1 343只,经鉴定分属3属3种,其中森林革蜱1 054只,占总体构成78.48%,为优势蜱种;嗜群血蜱236只,占总体构成17.57%;全沟硬蜱53只,占总体构成3.94%。之后本试验对采集到的1 343只蜱针对10种病原体进行PCR检测。在黑河地区的蜱类中,森林革蜱的立克次体感染率为64.37%、巴尔通体感染率为3.35%、类似巴贝西虫病原体检出率为1.70%,其他相关蜱虫病原检测结果为阴性。结论 森林革蜱为试验采集蜱虫中的优势蜱种;进行病原体检查发现立克次体具有较高感染率,其中病原体主要在森林革蜱中发现,森林革蜱仍然是监测新发蜱媒传染病的前哨种类。携带的病原体的种类随着生态环境的变化在慢慢发生变化,边境的生态环境复杂多样,在蜱虫比较活跃繁多的地区和季节应该增大防范措施,以免人们在工作以及生活中被其感染,从而造成生命财产损失。     

江西省赣州市蜱携带立克次体和埃立克体的调研

目的 了解江西省赣州市蜱的种类及其携带的病原体,为蜱传疾病的防控提供科学依据方法 在野外用布旗法和在动物体表采集蜱,进行种类鉴定。用PCR法扩增立克次体(Rickettsia sp.)gltA基因和埃立克体(Ehrlichia sp.)16S rRNA基因片段并测序,进行系统进化分析结果 江西省赣州市4县采集的395只蜱的种类包括2属4种,分别为血蜱属的长角血蜱(Haemaphysalislongicornis)、嗜群血蜱(H. concinna)、具角血蜱(H. cornigera)和扇头蜱属的微小扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus microplus)。395只蜱分为43批检测立克次体和埃立克体,共有18批阳性。系统进化分析显示,龙南县22批蜱中检测到16批阳性,来源于具角血蜱的LN1615株与扇头蜱立克次体(R. rhipicephali)处于同一分支,来源于微小扇头蜱的LN1620株与马赛立克次体(R. massiliae)处于同一分支,其余的12株来源于具角血蜱和2株来源于微小扇头蜱,与日本立克次体(R. japonica)处于同一分支。崇义县CY1602株来源于嗜群血蜱与R. raoultii处于同一分支。于都县YD1606株为来源于长角血蜱的埃立克体,与2010年Yonaguni206(HQ697589)、Yonaguni138(HQ697588)和2009年HLAE178(GU075695)处于同一分支。安远县微小扇头蜱检测均为阴性结论 本文对江西省赣州市采集的蜱进行了鉴定,首次在江西省赣州市的蜱中检测到日本立克次体、扇头蜱立克次体、马赛立克次体、R. raoultii和埃立克体,为江西省蜱种类的调查及其传播疾病的预防控制提供根据。     

塞罕坝自然保护区硬蜱调查及分子鉴定

目的掌握河北省承德市塞罕坝自然保护区内硬蜱种类及其分子特征,明确该地区蜱类的分类地位,为相关蜱媒传染病的防控制提供参考。方法 2018年4-9月间,采用布旗法捕捉该地区森林、草地、灌丛3种生境内自由生活的蜱类;提取蜱基因组,PCR扩增2种硬蜱的线粒体16S rDNA和COⅠ基因片段,并进行同源性分析。基于邻接法和最大简约法,用Mega 7.0软件分别构建系统发生树,进行遗传进化分析。结果在植被上共采集蜱231头,分为1科2属2种,其中全沟硬蜱212头,嗜群血蜱19头。PCR扩增嗜群血蜱标本(QS11)16S rDNA和COⅠ扩增基因片段长度分别是434 bp和712 bp,全沟硬蜱标本(QG13)16S rDNA、COⅠ基因片段长度是445 bp、735 bp。嗜群血蜱标本和全沟硬蜱标本的16S rDNA序列、COⅠ序列与GenBank中已登录的2种硬蜱对应基因聚类,且在一个进化分支上;嗜群血蜱标本16S rDNA、COⅠ序列与已登录嗜群血蜱相同基因序列的同源性分别为98.2%和98.1%,遗传距离分别为0.035和0.028;全沟硬蜱2个基因与已登录基因的同源性分别为98.3%和97.4%,遗传距离分别为0.067和0.104。结论塞罕坝自然保护区内优势蜱种是全沟硬蜱且存在嗜群血蜱。两蜱种16S rDNA、COⅠ与序列存在多样性和地域差异性。     

内蒙古大兴安岭林区牙克石段的蜱种及蜱携病原体感染调查

目的 调查内蒙古东部大兴安岭林区牙克石段的蜱种分布及病原体感染状况。方法 2016-2019年,在东部林区蜱活跃高峰期(5-6月)采用布旗法采集游离蜱标本,使用体视显微镜对蜱初步分类;提取蜱全基因组DNA,采用斑点热立克次体、无形体属、埃立克体属、莱姆病螺旋体和新型回归热螺旋体病原体的特异性基因进行PCR检测。结果 本次共采集蜱虫2 786只,通过体视显微镜和基因检测分析,隶属于1科3属4种,分别为全沟硬蜱(Ixodes persulcatus)、嗜群血蜱(Haemaphysalinae concinna)、日本血蜱(Haemaphysalinae japonica)、森林革蜱(Dermacentor silvarum)。其中,全沟硬蜱(78.6%,2 191/2 786)、嗜群血蜱(15.9%,442/2 786)为本地区的优势蜱种。在大兴安岭林区牙克石段的7个采样地区的蜱中,乌奴耳镇斑点热立克次体检出率最高,为74.2%(222/299);博克图镇无形体属检出率较高,为18.9%(39/206);库都尔镇埃立克体属、莱姆病螺旋体、新型回归热螺旋体的检出率均较高,分别为26.1%(12/46)、76.1%(35/46)、13.0%(6/46)。除新型回归热螺旋体外,其他4种病原体的检出率雄蜱均高于雌蜱(P<0.05);成蜱的无形体、埃立克体、莱姆病螺旋体检出率均高于幼蜱(P<0.05)。大兴安岭林区牙克石段蜱的复合感染率为19.5%(544/2 786)。其中,免渡河镇蜱携2种病原体复合感染率为40.6%(186/458),乌奴耳镇蜱携3种及以上病原体复合感染率分别是47.4%(36/76)、90%(9/10)。结论 大兴安岭林区牙克石段共存在4种蜱,蜱携莱姆病螺旋体最普遍,其中免渡河镇和乌奴耳镇的蜱普遍携带多种病原体,需重点加强该地区蜱媒传染病的监测和预防。     

从内蒙采集的全沟硬蜱中分离出莱姆病病原体

1989年5月在内蒙呼盟莫尔道嘎林区采集到游离的全沟硬蜱(Ixodes persulcatus)和草原革蜱(Dermacentor nuttalli)。从一组全沟硬蜱(20只)中分离出一株螺旋体,经形态及免疫学初步鉴定,为伯氏疏螺旋体。从而,在病原学上提示,内蒙可能也存在莱姆病自然疫源地。     

上海市犬体表媒介蜱寄生情况初步调查

目的初步了解上海市犬体表蜱虫寄生情况。方法2011年3-12月,在上海市18个区(县)采用动物体表采集法捕获犬体表蜱类样本,将蜱虫样本带回实验室,在解剖显微镜下观察成蜱形态,通过形态学鉴定蜱种类。结果在上海市18个区(县)共调查犬1 950只,其中在嘉定、闵行、浦东、松江、黄浦、金山6个区的犬体表共捕获蜱虫328只,经实验室鉴定分为2属2种;宠物犬体表寄生的蜱种为血红扇头蜱和长角血蜱,实验犬和警犬体表寄生的蜱种为血红扇头蜱。结论血红扇头蜱是上海市犬体表寄生的优势蜱种,长角血蜱是新发现的寄生于上海市犬体表的硬蜱蜱种;应加强对媒介蜱的防控。     

基于16S rDNA和COⅠ基因的3种血蜱分子生物学鉴定

目的利用16S rDNA基因及线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(cytochrome oxidase subunitⅠgene,COⅠ)基因建立3种形态学特征相近的血蜱属蜱类-长角血蜱、褐黄血蜱及铃头血蜱的分子生物学鉴定方法,探讨它们的系统发生关系。方法在上海市动物体表采集寄生蜱,在解剖显微镜下进行形态学鉴定后,提取蜱样本基因组DNA,采用PCR方法从蜱基因组中扩增16S rDNA及COⅠ基因,测序后进行同源性分析,用Mega 6.0软件分别构建系统发生树并进行系统进化分析。结果3种血蜱中长角血蜱的16S rDNA序列和COⅠ序列与GenBank中的长角血蜱的16S rDNA序列和COⅠ序列同源性分别为96.0%~97.2%,96.9%~98.8%;褐黄血蜱的16S rDNA序列和COⅠ序列与GenBank中的褐黄血蜱的16S rDNA序列和COⅠ序列同源性分别为95.9%~98.3%、87.1%~91.9%;铃头血蜱的16S rDNA序列与GenBank中来自日本的铃头血蜱(AB819170)的16S rDNA序列同源性为97.5%;3种血蜱16S rDNA基因之间的同源性分别为88.0%、87.0%、86.9%,COⅠ基因之间的同源性分别为80.4%、80.8%、82.8%。用16S rDNA及COⅠ基因构建系统发生树中,长角血蜱、褐黄血蜱分别与已知的长角血蜱和褐黄血蜱聚在一起,长角血蜱、褐黄血蜱均形成独立的分支。结论在传统形态学分类的基础上结合分子生物学鉴定方法能更准确地鉴定蜱的种类,并能更好地了解其系统发育进化关系。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.