胃类癌的临床、生物学行为特点及外科治疗（附16例报告）

目的探讨胃类癌的临床、生物学行为特点及治疗选择。方法对1980—2002年经病理证实的胃类癌16例临床资料进行分析总结．结果16例中5例术前经胃镜活检确诊，2例术中经快速病理诊断，9例为术后病理证实。有淋巴结转移者7例，其中6例直径大于2cm。全组均予手术治疗，其中1例行内镜下电灼切除术，4例行局部切除术，1例行胃大部切除术，6例行根治性胃大部切除术，3例行根治性全胃切除术，1例行姑息性胃大部切除术及肝固有动脉结扎术。随访1—10年，死亡6例，其中5例死于类癌复发伴广泛转移．结论胃镜检查是术前发现胃类癌的重要手段，病理学诊断是最后确诊的主要方法．胃类癌的大小对判断其良恶性有重要参考意义．术式选择应根据肿瘤大小、浸润程度、有无淋巴结及肝转移而定。     

胃神经源性肿瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的总结胃神经源性肿瘤的临床特点和诊治方法,提高对这一罕见疾病的认识。方法回顾分析11例经手术、病理及免疫组织化学检查证实的胃神经源性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果本组男7例,女4例,平均55.5岁。临床主要表现为原因不明的上消化道出血、腹痛、上腹部不适和贫血。术前有9例进行了胃镜及活组织检查,其中仅1例确诊;2例行胃癌手术时发现,误诊率90.9%。全组患者均行外科手术切除肿瘤,其中胃远端大部切除术6例,胃部分切除术3例,胃近端大部切除术2例。全部患者术后均获随访,1例术后并发呼吸衰竭死亡,2例死于术后复发,其余患者预后均较好。结论胃神经源性肿瘤术前缺乏特征性的临床表现,诊断困难、误诊率高,一经确诊应及早手术治疗。     

膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的　提高膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊治水平。　方法　对 8例膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行分析。　结果　 8例术前均经膀胱镜检查及活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌。 7例经直肠前列腺穿刺活检确诊前列腺癌 ,1例为前列腺增生症 ,行膀胱前列腺全切术后病理证实为前列腺癌。 4例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切及双侧睾丸切除术 ,术后使用丝裂霉素或BCG等膀胱灌注及氟他胺内分泌治疗。 1例行膀胱前列腺全切加回肠膀胱术。 8例中 2例失访 ,3例因多发性转移 ,术后存活 <1年 ,3例行根治性膀胱前列腺全切术 ,术后随访 1.5～ 4.0年 ,经胸片、CT、同位素和PSA等检查未见肿瘤复发或转移。　结论　血清PSA测定、前列腺直肠指诊、经直肠前列腺B超检查、活检及膀胱镜检查是诊断膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺腺癌的主要方法 ,根治性膀胱前列腺切除是影响预后的重要因素     

甲状腺微小癌29例报告

探讨甲状腺微小癌的临床特点诊断及手术的切除范围。对14年间收治的29例甲状腺微小癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。术前6例经纫针穿刺细胞学检查结合B超确诊。颈淋巴结转移为首发症状者10例。14例行一例腺叶全切加峡部切除术，9例加颈淋巴清扫术，5例行一侧腺叶全切加对侧次全切除术；1例行甲状腺全切并同侧颈淋巴结清扫术。29例中乳头状腺癌28例，滤泡状腺癌1例。术后随访1—12年，仅1例术后3年复发，无1例死亡。提示甲状腺微小癌恶性程度低，颈部淋巴结转移多见，手术切除预后好。     

胃肝样腺癌的临床病理分析

目的 探讨胃肝样腺癌的病理组织学特点、生物学行为及临床诊断和治疗。方法 分析经手术及病理证实的胃肝样腺癌20例，其中14例行根治性胃大部切除术，3例行全胃切除术，3例因伴肝转移而行全胃切除术加肝转移灶切除术。结果 光镜下观察本组最具特征的组织学表现为玻璃样小体、广泛性侵犯静脉；免疫组化甲胎蛋白、α-胰蛋白酶、α-糜蛋白酶均呈阳性；电镜下可见癌细胞围成腔样，类似于毛细管结构，腔面有微绒毛，细胞膜相连处有连接复合体。随访1-5年，死亡12例，其中11例死于胃肝样腺癌广泛转移，1例死于腹腔种植性转移，其余均存活。1年、3年生存率分别为44%（8/18）、17%（3/18）。结论 胃肝样腺癌是原发于胃粘膜并具有腺癌和肝细胞癌特征的一种胃癌，分化差，易发生肝转移，预后不良。     

胃间质细胞瘤18例诊治分析

目的　探讨胃间质细胞瘤的诊断和治疗。方法　对胃质细胞瘤 18例临床资料进行回顾性分析。 18例均经手术证实病理确诊。胃楔形切除 2例 ,胃部分切除 5例 ,胃大部切除 9例 ,全胃切除加局部淋巴结清扫 2例。结果　该病多见于 40岁以上成人 ,以胃体和腔内型生长为多 ,分别占5 5 .5 %和 61.1%。术前诊断率 2 7.8% ,误诊率 72 .2 %。手术切除率 10 0 % ,无手术并发症和手术死亡。 15例术后随访 1～ 10a ,2例死于肿瘤复发转移 ,其余均存活。结论　该病缺乏特异临床表现 ,术前诊断较难。X线钡餐和胃镜检查是主要辅助诊断手段 ,结合组织学和免疫组化检查有助于确诊。手术切除是惟一有效的治疗方法。     

甲状腺微小癌（附71例报告）

目的 探讨甲状腺微小癌诊断和外科治疗的经验。方法 总结１９８５年１月至１９９８年８月间经手术和病理证实的甲状腺微小癌７１例,结果 仅有５例术前诊断微小工由病理证实３例出现颈淋巴结转移,１例骨转移,２６例行一侧腺叶全切除加对侧次全切除术,３例加颈淋巴结清扫术,其余行一侧腺叶全切除和一侧或两侧腺叶次全切除,随访病例中,术后复发１例（１．６％）,无一例死亡,结论 甲状腺微小癌发生率较高,提高术术,术中的     

原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤的临床分析

目的探讨原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法 2010-05—2015-05间,共收治9例腹腔镜阑尾切除术后病理学检查确诊为原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤的患者。2例黏液腺癌、1例腺癌及4例类癌患者,术后再次行腹腔镜辅助根治性右半结肠切除术。2例类癌患者未再行手术治疗。结果所有患者均获随访6~62个月。8例无症状生存,1例黏液腺癌患者术后6个月死于腹腔内广泛转移。结论阑尾恶性肿瘤术前确诊困难,对怀疑阑尾恶性肿瘤的患者,术中行快速冰冻病理学检查确诊并选择合理术式是保证预后的重要手段。     

原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗(附15例报道)

目的探讨原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析15例经病理确诊并手术的原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤资料。典型类癌6例,杯状细胞类癌1例;阑尾粘液腺癌4例,中分化腺癌2例,粘液囊腺癌2例。术前确诊1例杯状细胞类癌,行右半结肠切除+腹腔化疗;术中确诊7例,其中2例典型类癌、1例粘液腺癌和1例粘液囊腺癌行阑尾及肿瘤切除术,1例典型类癌、1例粘液囊腺癌及1例腺癌行右半结肠切除术;术后明确诊断7例,2例典型类癌未再行手术治疗,1例典型类癌、4例腺癌行补救性右半结肠切除术。结果所有患者平均随访32(4~98)月。11例无症状生存,3例腺癌和1例杯状细胞类癌在术后15月内死亡。结论阑尾恶性肿瘤术前确诊困难,术中确诊并选择合理术式是保证预后的重要手段。     

阑尾肿瘤12例诊治体会

目的探讨阑尾肿瘤的诊断和治疗措施。方法回顾性分析我院近40年来收治且经病理诊断证实的阑尾肿瘤12例的临床资料。结果本组病例均行手术治疗。术后随访11例,有1例腺癌者术后2年死于癌转移,1例术后3年死于心肌梗塞,余均无复发和转移。结论阑尾肿瘤术前诊断困难。术中仔细探查和病理检查对手术方式的选择有重要作用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.