腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管长轴皮瓣的应用解剖及其临床应用

目的 报道吻合血管的腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管长轴皮瓣的应用解剖及其临床应用效果.方法 10侧下肢标本采用有色乳胶经腘动脉灌注,解剖观测腓动脉穿支血管的分布、走行及管径,寻找适合用于吻合血管的穿支血管.2007年4月至2010年1月,采用吻合血管的腓动脉穿支蒂腓神经营养血管长轴皮瓣游离移植修复前臂及手部大面积软组织缺损6例.缺损范围15 cm × 6 cm～45cm×10 cm.皮瓣面积为16 cm×8 cm～30 cm×10 cm,血管蒂长4～6 cm.结果 腓动脉沿途平均发出5.3支穿支血管,在腓骨中下1/3交界处存在恒定的适合用于吻合血管的穿支血管,血管外径为(1.21±0.13)mm,血管蒂长(4.6±0.8)cm.6例皮瓣完全存活,随访3～12个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意.结论 以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠神经营养血管长轴皮瓣切取范围大,穿支血管蒂长,管径适中,血供可靠,对小腿功能影响小,是临床修复前臂及手部大面积软组织缺损的良好选择.     

超薄型胫后动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学观察与临床应用

目的 探讨游离超薄型胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损的可行性与临床效果.方法 用红色乳胶经股动脉灌注的6侧成人下肢标本,观测胫后动脉在小腿内侧的皮穿支数目、分布、分支、外径等指标.结合解剖学观察结果设计皮瓣,在切取穿支皮瓣后修剪掉多余的脂肪,保留皮瓣的营养血管系统,用来修复手背、腕背等创面.临床应用11例,皮瓣面积最大10 cm×14 cm,最小2 cm×5 cm.结果 在6侧标本中,观测到胫后动脉的皮肤穿支43条,穿深筋膜平面时外径≥0.5 mm者有29条,平均每侧4.8条.穿支血管起始点的平均外径为(1.8±0.5) mm,长度(44±15) mm,在小腿近端第2段、第5段内出现穿支各6条,口径较粗,可以提供吻合.所有皮瓣均完全成活,其中7例随访3 ～12个月,皮瓣质地柔软,外形不臃肿,供区无并发症,手部功能、外形均满意.结论 超薄型胫后动脉穿支皮瓣血供可靠、修复创面后外形美观,是一种修复手背部中、小面积软组织缺损的较好方法.     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿中上段软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用腓肠内侧动脉穿支血管皮瓣带蒂转移修复小腿中上段皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果. 方法 2006年5月至2012年8月,对小腿中上段皮肤软组织缺损患者26例,创面面积为5 cm×3 cm～12cm×8cm.均应用同侧腓肠内侧动脉穿支血管皮瓣带蒂转移修复.皮瓣前内界为胫骨的内后缘,后外侧界为小腿后正中纵轴线,以腘皱褶中点至内踝中点连线为轴设计皮瓣,皮瓣面积为6 cm×4 cm～13 cm×9 cm. 结果 术后26例皮瓣全部成活.术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地柔软,富有弹性,不臃肿,供区无明显功能障碍,行走时步态基本正常. 结论 应用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣带蒂转移修复小腿中上段皮肤软组织缺损临床效果佳,该皮瓣血供丰富,血管解剖恒定,皮瓣质地良好,供区无明显功能障碍,故不失为修复小腿中上段皮肤软组织缺损的一种较好的选择.     

应用桡动脉远侧穿支皮瓣修复手部创面

目的 探讨应用桡动脉远侧穿支蒂网状供血皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损的效果.方法 对手部皮肤软组织缺损采用桡动脉远侧穿支蒂网状供血皮瓣修复15例.创面大小6 cm×3 cm～10 cm×6 cm.切取皮瓣面积7 cm×4cm～11 cm×7 cm,皮瓣蒂长5～13 cm,实际皮瓣最长轴达20 cm.创面游离植皮.结果 所有皮瓣均完全成活,15例获随访,平均随访6个月,皮瓣外形良好.患手无缺血表现.结论 桡动脉远侧穿支蒂网状供血皮瓣可修复手部桡侧皮肤软组织缺损.血供可靠.     

吻合血管的足内侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖与临床应用

目的 研究足内侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及修复手部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 10侧成人足踝标本经胴动脉注入红色乳胶液,解剖观测足底内侧动脉穿支血管在足内侧区的分布、起源等.临床设计吻合血管的足内侧穿支皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损11例,软组织缺损面积2 cm×2 cm～9cm×4 cm.结果 足底内侧动脉向<足母>展肌和趾短屈肌肌间隙内发出2支相对恒定的足底内侧皮穿支,供养足底内侧皮瓣;向<足母>展肌和舟楔骨间隙内发出2支相对恒定的足内侧皮穿支,供养足内侧皮瓣.11例足内侧穿支皮瓣完全成活,皮瓣面积2 cm×3 cm～11 cm×5 cm.随访6～24个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意,供区愈合良好.结论 以足内侧穿支血管营养的足内侧穿支皮瓣血供可靠,质地优良,是修复手部软组织缺损的良好选择.     

游离移植腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣游离移植修复前臂及手部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果.方法 2006年5月-2007年1月,收治6例前臂及手部皮肤软组织缺损患者.男5例,女1例;年龄22～51岁.机器绞伤4例,车祸伤2例.手部、前臂皮肤缺损伴尺桡骨骨折各1例,手部皮肤缺损伴肌腱损伤、掌骨骨折以及前臂皮肤缺损各2例.皮肤软组织缺损范围16 cm×7 cm～24 cm×10 cm.术中根据受区皮肤软组织缺损形状和大小,以外踝上腓动脉穿支血管为蒂带部分腓动脉主干、沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线设计并切取皮瓣修复受区,将腓动脉及2条伴行静脉分别与受区的桡(尺)动静脉及头静脉吻合.术中切取皮瓣18 cm×8 cm～25 cm×12 cm.供区两端直接缝合,中部残留创面以游离皮片修复.结果 术后5例皮瓣全部成活;1例皮瓣远端局部回流不畅浅表坏死,经换药及抗感染治疗后愈合.供区均Ⅰ期愈合.6例均获随访6～13个月,受区皮瓣外形及功能满意.供区肢体无异常,正常行走.结论 腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣外形美观,血管蒂恒定,血供可靠,切取范围大,对供区影响小,可用作游离移植修复前臂及手部的大面积皮肤软组织缺损.     

趾腓侧皮瓣与腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部缺损疗效比较

目的：探讨游离趾腓侧皮瓣与腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损的设计切取方法及临床疗效。方法2009年2月—2013年1月,对46例手部不同部位、形态的皮肤软组织缺损,分别采用游离趾腓侧皮瓣修复25例,游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复21例,皮肤缺损范围为1.5 cm＆#215;2.5 cm～3.0 cm＆#215;6.5 cm,根据受区皮肤软组织缺损大小、形状设计和切取皮瓣。结果本组46例皮瓣全部成活,1例出现静脉危象,经小切口放血后危象解除,皮瓣成活。术后随访6～12个月,手部整体外观、功能恢复良好,皮瓣感觉部分恢复,供区无并发症。结论应用游离趾腓侧皮瓣或腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损,可恢复手部良好的外观与功能。趾腓侧皮瓣皮肤质地、外观更接近正常手部掌侧皮肤;腓动脉穿支皮瓣可根据手部创面大小灵活切取,二者均可作为理想的游离皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及效果.方法　2003年1月至2011年1月,在腓动脉穿支与腓肠神经营养血供的解剖基础上,根据足踝部皮肤缺损大小,设计腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,逆行移位修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损13例.切取皮瓣而积9 cm×8.5 cm～ 28 cm×13 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7～3.3 cm.结果　本组中11例皮瓣全部存活,2例皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经换药治愈.全部患者随访6～12个月,皮瓣外形及功能满意.结论　腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损.     

跨区供血小腿前外侧皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用跨区供血小腿前外侧皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及疗效.方法 采用跨区供血小腿前外侧皮瓣逆行转移修复足部皮肤软组织缺损12例,皮瓣切取面积32cm×17cm～15cm×7cm.以腓动脉终末穿支为蒂8例,以腓动脉终末穿支降支为蒂4例.结果 皮瓣完全成活11例,1例术后发生静脉回流障碍,皮瓣远端部分坏死(面积约1.0cm×1.5cm),经换药伤口愈合.随访时间6个月～3年,皮瓣外形满意,供区植皮无溃疡或磨损,行走步态接近正常.结论 采用跨区供血小腿前外侧皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损,手术操作相对简单,不损伤主干血管,皮瓣供血可靠,是修复足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损的理想皮瓣.     

桡动脉腕部皮支穿支蒂皮瓣修复手部创面

目的 报告桡动脉腕部皮支穿支蒂皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及疗效.方法 2008年1月至2011年6月,对15例手部皮肤软组织缺损患者,根据皮肤软组织缺损情况,应用桡动脉腕部皮支穿支蒂皮瓣修复,皮肤缺损面积为2.5 cm×2.8 cm～4.6 cm× 9.5 cm,皮瓣切取面积为2.8 cm× 3.0 cm～ 4.8 cm×9.7cm.结果 术后1例皮瓣出现蒂部卡压症状,经行血管探查、减压术后存活,余14例皮瓣及供区植皮全部存活.随访时间为6～ 12个月,皮瓣外形良好,质地及功能满意.结论 桡动脉腕部皮支穿支蒂皮瓣血管相对恒定,外形美观,手术操作简便,是修复手部皮肤软组织缺损的有效手术方法之一.     

The medial sural artery perforators: anatomic basis for a surgical plan

We performed an anatomic study on 20 fresh lower limbs. Resin was injected in the popliteal artery. Medial sural artery perforator flaps were sculptured according to anatomic markings. On average, length of flaps was 12.9 cm, width was 7.9 cm; all 38 perforators were musculocutaneous: 1 perforator was always found (on average, 1.9 per flap). All perforators gathered between 7 and 18 cm from the popliteal crease; 34.2% of perforators arose on the midline of the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle; before entering the fascia, the perforator artery diameter was on average 0.5 mm. Two configurations of the intramuscular course of perforators were found. Sixty-six percent of perforators originated from the lateral branch of the medial sural artery, 34% from the medial one. These results improve the anatomic knowledge of the medial posterior calf region and allow us to describe a convenient plan to make flap sculpturing easier.     

Free medial sural artery perforator flap for resurfacing distal limb defects

BACKGROUND: The need for thin flap coverage has increased, especially for contouring or covering shallow defects of distal limbs. The free medial sural artery perforator flap harvested from the medial aspect of the upper calf can be useful for this purpose. METHODS: Between January 2002 and February 2003, we used the free medial sural artery perforator flap for distal limb reconstruction in 11 clinical cases, including four hands and seven feet. This perforator flap is based on the proximal major perforator of the medial sural artery, which can be identified along the axis of the medial sural artery and usually emerges in an area between 6 and 10 cm from the popliteal crease and approximately 5 cm from the posterior midline of the leg. RESULTS: Most of the flaps were safely raised with a single perforator. One flap developed venous congestion during the postoperative course and finally underwent total necrosis. CONCLUSION: The main advantage of the medial sural artery perforator flap is that it only requires cutaneous tissue to achieve better accuracy in reconstructive site, and it preserves the medial gastrocnemius muscle and motor nerve to minimize donor-site morbidity. However, the tedious process of intramuscular retrograde dissection of the perforator and the unsightly scar of the donor region are the major concerns.     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣游离移植的手术方法及临床应用效果.方法 切取由腓动脉发出单一皮穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,游离移植修复手背及涉及足前部的足踝部皮肤软组织缺损.皮瓣穿支动脉、小隐静脉分别与受区邻近的主干动脉分支及头静脉或大隐静脉吻合建立血液循环;亦可单纯吻合穿支动、静脉供血.皮瓣腓肠神经与受区皮神经吻合.结果 2005年1月至2007年12月,于临床应用12例.皮瓣切取面积12 cm× 7 cm～18 cm×11 cm,皮瓣全部成活.术后随访7～27个月,皮瓣外观、质地优良,两点辨别觉7～12 mm,肢体功能恢复满意.结论 本术式综合了游离皮瓣、穿支皮瓣与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的优点,皮瓣设计灵活,切取方便,惨复位置随意,血供可靠,是修复手足皮肤软组织缺损的较好方法.     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复上下肢创面

目的介绍吻合血管的腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复上下肢创面的临床方法和经验。方法采用吻合血管的腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复上下肢创面11例，女6例，男5例。皮瓣设计区域为同侧小腿，腓肠内侧肌肌腹以远1／2的表面部分，前内界为胫骨的内后缘，后外侧界为小腿后正中纵轴线，皮瓣的轴行线为前内界和后外侧界的中线。皮瓣长8～15cm，宽6～14cm。结果10例皮瓣成活，皮瓣质地柔软，富有弹性，不臃肿，恢复了一定的触觉；1例皮瓣全部坏死，经扩创、断层皮片修复创面；不影响供区的运动功能。结论腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣可以用来修复上下肢创面，尤其对手足部创面的修复有较为满意的临床疗效。     

Free medial sural artery perforator flap for ankle and foot reconstruction

Resurfacing shallow defects over the ankle and foot with an appropriately thin flap is a common but difficult task. This can be accomplished by harvesting the medial sural artery perforator flap from the medial aspect of the upper calf. Based on the musculocutaneous perforator of the medial sural artery, this flap preserves the medial gastrocnemius muscle and avoids unnecessary flap bulkiness. Between January 2002 and February 2004, we used 2 variants of the free medial sural artery perforator flap for ankle and foot reconstruction in 13 patients (10 fasciocutaneous flaps and 3 adipofascial flaps). In these patients, skin defects were combined with bone, joint, or tendon exposure. The main advantage of this flap is that it provides a thin and pliable coverage to achieve better accuracy in the reconstructive site. Other advantages include maintaining the function of the medial gastrocnemius muscle, providing a long vascular pedicle, and avoiding the need to sacrifice major arteries of the leg. The main disadvantages are the tedious process of intramuscular retrograde dissection of the perforator and the unsightly skin graft over the medial calf.     

Surgical anatomy of the medial sural artery perforator flap

Background?The medial sural (medial gastrocnemius) perforator flap is a thin flap with a long pedicle. It has tremendous potential for applications in a variety of soft-tissue defects. We aimed to further clarify the vascular anatomy of the medial sural region and establish a safe approach for elevation of this flap.Methods?Ten fresh cadaveric lower limbs were injected and used in this study. We identified the locations and courses of the medial sural artery perforators and correlated them to anatomic landmarks.Results?The medial sural artery divides into two branches, a medial and lateral branch. Correspondingly, musculocutaneous perforators supplying the overlying skin were oriented in two parallel vertical rows, along the course of the lateral or medial branch of the medial sural artery. Two to six perforators were located 6 cm to 22.5 cm from the popliteal crease. Perforators from the lateral row, nearer the posterior midline, were generally larger. In most cases, a large perforator with a superficial, straight intramuscular course could be identified a mean of 10 cm distal to the popliteal crease and an average of 2 cm from the posterior midline. Based on the above findings, we successfully used this flap in five clinical cases.Conclusion?Perforators of the medial sural artery were arranged in a medial and a lateral row. Use of perforators from the lateral row, nearer the posterior midline, is preferable as these are usually larger in size. A consistent major perforator could always be identified in all specimens. With increased safety and confidence in flap harvesting, the medial sural artery perforator flap may find wider clinical applications.Clinical question: TherapeuticLevel of Evidence: IV.     

Operative technique to harvest an arterial flap from the posterolateral calf region: how can we elevate a lateral gastrocnemius perforating artery flap safely?

The posterior calf region is a useful donor site for skin or composite flaps including muscle and/or nerves. We reported the first clinical use of the lateral gastrocnemius perforating artery flap including a vascularized sural nerve in 2003. This flap was elevated based on a perforator arising from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. However, we have since encountered vascular variations in these perforators. We subsequently developed a reliable technique for harvesting this flap in the course of treating 10 patients. Safe flap elevation from the lateral aspect of the posterior calf requires preservation of one of the superficial sural arteries until reliable perforators arising from gastrocnemius muscle lateral head are encountered during dissection. When such perforators are not observed, nutrient vessels such as superficial sural arteries or muscle perforators originating from vessels other than the lateral sural artery must be selected as a flap pedicle.     

Medial sural artery perforator flap for repair of the hand

We report our experience of using the medial sural artery perforator flap in the reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the hand in seven cases with 1 to 2 year follow-up. The flap is harvested from the posteromedial aspect of the leg, just below the knee and superficial to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. It is based on the perforator arteries and veins supplied by the medial sural artery. The flaps ranged in size from 14 x 10 cm to 8 x 6 cm. The donor area was closed directly or by a skin graft. All but one flap survived. The cosmetic results were satisfactory and without apparent bulkiness. Similarity of colour and thickness of the donor and recipient sites are advantages. We feel that this new flap is a satisfactory option for use in the hand, particularly for extended soft tissue defects on the dorsal hand.     

Medial sural artery perforator flap for intraoral reconstruction following cancer ablation

In oral cavity reconstruction, the fasciocutaneous flaps of the distal extremities have always been preferred to any other kind of flap because of their thinness and pliability, which makes them adaptable to different areas in the oral cavity. The radial forearm flap is frequently considered the first choice for intraoral reconstruction, but the disadvantages of donor site morbidity include sacrificing a major artery to the hand and leaving a conspicuous donor site scar. The search for another primarily thinned skin flap as an alternative has led to the application of the medial sural artery perforator flap, which is harvested from the medial aspect of the upper calf. Between June 2003 and March 2007, 22 free medial sural artery perforator flaps were transferred for intraoral defects after cancer ablation, including tongue and floor of mouth (15 cases), buccal mucosa (5 cases), retromolar trigone (1 case), and anterior floor of mouth (1 case). We paid attention to the major perforator (vein > or =1 mm), which was confirmed by the endoscope, as the vascular relay for the skin flap. The size of the skin paddle varied from 7.5 x 4 cm to 17 x 8 cm. The main advantage of this flap is that it provides thin and pliable coverage to achieve better accuracy in the oral cavity. Other advantages of minimizing donor site morbidity include maintaining the function of the medial gastrocnemius muscle, avoiding the need to sacrifice major arteries of the leg, and possible primary closure of the donor defect.