Operative cholangiography: a reappraisal based on a review of 400 cholangiograms.

In the period 1957-72, 426 patients were operated upon for calculous disease of the biliary tract. For various reasons pre-exploratory operative cholangiography was not performed in 26 patients, but in the remaining 400 patients this examination was the major determinant as to whether or not the common duct contained calculi, and hence required exploration. Analysis of this series of 400 patients shows that without operative cholangiography (a) ductal stones would have been overlooked in 16 of the 78 patients with stones in the common duct (4 per cent of the whole series; 20-5 per cent of those with stones in the common bile duct); (b) exploration of the common duct would have been required in a further 48 (15 per cent) of the 322 patients without stones in the common duct, giving a positive yield from operative cholangiography in 64 patients (16 per cent) in the whole series. Negative exploration of the common duct was performed in only 31 patients, that is 29 per cent of the patients whose duct was explored but only 7-8 per cent of the whole group. The criteria by which an operative cholangiogram should be assessed were re-evaluated in the light of the findings in these 400 patients. In general the criteria of normality previously described were affirmed, and the following points established: a. In the absence of a filling defect the diameter of the duct is the most important indication of the presence of a stone. b. There is a statistically significant increase in the diameter of the common duct with age, and though not great this could, if neglected, give rise to error in the interpretation of the cholangiogram in younger patients. c. Even within the overall normal range of duct diameter (less than 12 mm) the wider the duct, the greater is the chance of it harbouring a stone. d. Impaired flow of contrast material into the duodenum is significantly related to duct diameter. e. Impaired flow of contrast material into the duodenum and failure to delineate the terminal segment of the duct tend to occur together; they may occur in a duct free of stones and if they are the only abnormality the examination should be repeated after the inhalation of amyl nitrite. This study confirms that operative cholangiography is the most accurate method at present available of determining whether or not the common duct contains a stone (or stones), and hence requires exploration.     

Management of common bile duct obstruction associated with spontaneous perforation of the biliary tree.

Spontaneous perforation of the extrahepatic biliary tree during infancy is an uncommon event. The cause of bile duct perforation is unclear, but one-quarter of reported cases have been associated with a stone or bile sludge obstructing the distal common bile duct. A 4-week-old girl had jaundice, and a DISIDA (99m technetium diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid) scan revealed perforation of the biliary tree. Exploratory surgery showed distal common bile duct obstruction with proximal perforation. No attempt was made to remove the obstructing lesion because of duct inflammation. Common bile duct obstruction persisted until week 5 after surgery when cholangiography revealed free flow of contrast into the duodenum through a common bile duct of normal caliber without a filling defect. In the presence of acute inflammation associated with perforation of the biliary tree, exploration of the common bile duct to relieve a distal obstruction could prove hazardous. Our case and a review of the literature suggest that the obstructing stone or sludge may pass spontaneously if managed expectantly.     

Common bile duct stone characteristics: correlation with treatment choice during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Determining the most appropriate management approach for patients with unsuspected choledocholithiasis may be difficult because of the subjective nature of this decision in the absence of clinical data. Treatment of incidental choledocholithiasis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy was reviewed during a 25-month period. Operative cholangiograms were analyzed retrospectively to determine if associations exist between common bile duct stone characteristics and the intraoperative treatment selected by the operating surgeon. Cholangiographic data included quantification of common bile duct stones, stone dimension, position, and presence of radiopaque contrast flow into the duodenum. Two hundred thirty-six laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients underwent operative cholangiography; 25 (11%) demonstrated choledocholithiasis. Seven patients were converted to open common bile duct exploration (group I), 16 patients were referred for postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (group II), and two patients were observed (group III). Evaluation of the operative cholangiograms revealed multiple common bile duct stones (> 1) in 86% (6 of 7) in group I, 25% (4 of 16) in group II, and none in group III. All patients in group I had at least one stone larger than 5 ml in greatest diameter, whereas only 33 % (6 of 18) in groups II and III combined had stones larger than 5 ml. Group I had significantly (P = 0.027) more representation of delayed or no contrast flow during operative cholangiography compared to groups II and III. The intraoperative decision to proceed with laparoscopic cholecystectomy and rely on postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for stone retrieval rather than open common bile duct exploration was associated with (1) a single common bile duct stone, less than or equal to 5 ml in size on operative cholangiogram and (2) normal contrast flow into the duodenum. Open common bile duct exploration was more frequently associated with the demonstration of multiple or large (>5 ml) stones. A periampullary stone did not discriminate among treatment choices. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Southern California Chapter of the American College of Surgeons, Santa Barbara, Calif., January 19–21, 1996.     

Cholangiography and small duct injury

Eighteen instances of bile duct injury over the past 25 years have been reported. Manipulation of a minute cystic duct where the common bile duct was 3 mm in diameter or less was responsible for the division of the duct in eight cases. Most of the commercial catheters are sharp, about 2 mm in diameter, and can easily divide the bile duct if pushed too far. Since manipulation of the duct with a mosquito or tonsil clamp to insert other smaller catheters can also divide a small bile duct, we have decided to discontinue obtaining cholangiograms under these circumstances. Longitudinal splitting of two additional 3 mm ducts with a 3 mm dilator was another major source of injury. Overclipping of the cystic artery to involve the hepatic duct and overmobilization of the bile duct were other sources of injury. We have ceased attempting to obtain cholangiograms in patients with small cystic ducts because of the availability of endoscopic sphincterotomy, the low yield of the films under these circumstances, and fear of damaging the ducts. We use hepaticojejunostomy with Silastic tube stenting for repair of bile duct injuries.     

Effect of the diameter of the common bile duct on the incidence of bile duct stones in patients with recurrent attacks of right epigastric pain after cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the diameter of the common bile duct and the incidence of bile duct stones in non-jaundiced patients with recurrent attacks of right epigastric pain after cholecystectomy. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital, Finland. SUBJECTS: 57 consecutive, non-jaundiced patients admitted for elective endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) because of attacks of right epigastric pain after cholecystectomy. INTERVENTIONS: Measurement of maximum diameter of the common bile duct and presence or absence of bile duct stones. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diameter of bile duct (10 mm or less was regarded as normal) and presence or absence of stones. RESULTS: 33 patients had normal-sized bile ducts and in 24 they were widened. Only 2/33 patients with normal-sized ducts (6%) had stones, compared with 11/24 (46%) with wide ducts (p = 0.0008). However, the degree of ductal dilatation did not seem to have any influence on the presence or absence of stones. CONCLUSION: Bile duct stones are unlikely after cholecystectomy in patients who are not jaundiced and have a normal-sized common bile duct. However, nearly half of the patients with a wide common bile duct had stones, but the degree of dilatation was not important.     

同期腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜多入路治疗胆囊结石合并细径胆总管结石71例

目的总结运用同期三镜（腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜）多入路手术治疗胆囊结石合并细径胆总管结石的临床经验。方法回顾性分析我院2001年2月至2013年12月期间施行腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）＋术中胆管镜下取石术及液电碎石术＋术中十二指肠镜下乳头切开术治疗71例胆囊结石合并细径胆总管结石患者的临床资料。首先完成LC后,经胆囊管残端切口插入输尿管导管或斑马导丝并经胆总管下端进入十二指肠腔。在输尿管导管指引下,经胆囊管残端扩张、经汇合处切口、经胆囊管与胆总管联合切口或经胆总管直接切口,插入胆管镜进入胆总管腔内用取石网取石或液电碎石。然后,经口插入十二指肠镜至十二指肠乳头,针刀在输尿管导管指引下对乳头施行切开术,继续用十二指肠镜取石网取石。结果同期三镜治疗胆囊结石合并细径胆总管结石71例,胆总管内径为4～8 mm。经胆囊管途径延长切口放置导管59例,经胆总管切口途径放置导管22例（其中10例因经胆囊管途径插入输尿管导管能够成功进入胆总管末端或十二指肠腔,但不能引导进入十二指肠上段胆总管腔内而失败,从而改为从十二指肠上段胆总管前壁另做一条纵行切口进入胆总管腔内）。经胆管镜下取净胆总管结石64例,联合十二指肠镜下取净胆总管结石7例。71例均取净胆总管结石。无中转开腹。术后发生胆汁漏5例,轻症胰腺炎1例。无胆管残留结石,无肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、大出血、重症胰腺炎等并发症,无死亡。结论只要病例选择合适,同期三镜多入路手术治疗胆囊结石合并细径胆总管结石可行、有效和安全。     

Double Common Bile Duct: A Case Report

The aim of our study is to present a case of double common bile duct. Specifically, we found a common bile duct that was divided into two distinct ducts, one the main and the other the accessory duct, during its course downwards. The two bile ducts had a parallel course emerging from the common bile duct after its formation and reuniting just above the head of the pancreas. Finally, they drained into the second portion of the duodenum at the site of major duodenal papilla. This anomaly is of great importance because the duplication of the common bile duct can lead to severe intraoperative injury to one of the two common bile ducts, which can be mistaken for the cystic duct and be ligated. Moreover, we present the relative international literature and the clinical significance of our finding.     

正常直径胆总管行腹腔镜下胆总管探查一期缝合的安全性及可行性

目的探讨正常直径胆总管行腹腔镜下胆总管探查一期缝合的安全性与可行性。方法回顾性分析盛京医院2014年1月1日至2019年11月30日收治的行腹腔镜下胆总管探查一期缝合的120例患者资料,其中男性44例,女性76例,平均年龄57.2(22.0~88.0)岁。根据胆总管直径大小将患者分为扩张组(>8 mm)和正常组(≤8 mm)。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后腹腔引流管拔除时间与术后并发症的发生情况。结果扩张组纳入76例患者,其中男性25例,女性51例,中位年龄62.5岁;正常组纳入44例,其中男性19例,女性25例,中位年龄57.5岁。两组患者性别、年龄、白蛋白水平、总胆红素等基线资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者手术时间[正常组106.0(87.3,146.3)min比扩张组112.0(90.5,134.5)min]、术中出血量[正常组20(10,30)ml比扩张组20(10,20)ml]、术后住院时间[正常组7.0(5.3,9.0)d比扩张组7.0(5.0,7.0)d]、术后腹腔引流管拔除时间[正常组6(4,7)d比扩张组5(4,6)d]差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者术后胆漏、胆道狭窄、结石复发等并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在正常直径(≤8 mm)胆总管的患者中行腹腔镜下胆总管探查联合一期缝合术安全有效。     

多镜联合治疗肝内外胆管结石

目的 探讨腹腔镜、十二指肠镜和胆道镜多镜联合在肝内外胆管结石治疗中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2007年4月至2010年8月吉林大学白求恩第一医院收治的316例肝内外胆管结石患者的临床资料.其中胆囊结石合并胆总管结石269例,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石伴肝内胆管结石10例,胆总管结石37例.对于胆总管直径≥10 mm或伴肝内胆管结石的患者行LC+腹腔镜胆总管探查(LCBDE)+胆道镜取石术;对于胆总管直径>5 mm且<10 mm、胆囊管直径<5 mm的患者行EST+LC或LC+EST;对于胆总管直径≤5 mm、胆囊管直径≥5 mm的患者行LC+经胆囊管途径胆总管探查+胆道镜取石术.结果 本组306例患者成功取石,取石成功率为96.8%(306/316).163例行LC+LCBDE+T管引流+胆道镜取石术,平均手术时间为93.6 min,平均住院时间为9.8 d,平均住院费用为2.8万元,5例患者术后出现并发症.54例患者行EST+LC,平均手术时间为45.0 min,平均住院时间为6.6 d,平均住院费用为2.3万元,1例患者术后出现并发症.67例患者行LC+EST,平均手术时间为40.0 min,平均住院时间为6.1 d,平均住院费用为2.4万元,2例患者术后出现并发症.32例患者行胆总管一期缝合及LC+经胆囊管途径胆总管探查+胆道镜取石术.平均手术时间为97.3 min,平均住院时间为7.3 d,平均住院费用2.5万元,1例患者术后出现并发症.272例患者术后平均随访12个月,6例患者术后胆总管结石复发,其余患者未发现残留结石及胆管狭窄.结论 腹腔镜、十二指肠镜和胆道镜三镜联合治疗肝内外胆管结石具有创伤小、恢复快及并发症少的优点.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the application of laparoscope,duodenoscope and choledochoscope in the treatment of intra-and extrahepatic bile duct stone.Methods The clinical data of 3 16 patients with intraand extrahepatic bile duct stone who were admitted to the Bethune First Hospital from April 2007 to August 2010were retrospectively analyzed.There were 269 patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis,10 patients with cholesystolithiasis,choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiagis,and 37 patients with choledocholithiasis.Laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)+laparoscopic common bile duct exploration(LCBDE)+choledochoscopy was applied to patients with hepatolithiasis or with the diameter of common bile duct≥10 mm;endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST)+LC or LC+EST was applied to patients with the diameter of common bile duct between 10 mm and 5 mm and the diameter of cystic duct<5 mm;LC+laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration(TC-CBDE)+choledochoscopy wag applied to patients with the diameter of common bile duct≤5 mm and the diameter of cystic duct≥5 mm.Results The success rate of operation was 96.8%(306/316).A total of 163 patients received LC +LCBDE+T-tube drainage+choledochoscopy,and the mean operation time,expense,duration of hospital stay were 93.6 minutes,2.8×104 yuan and 9.8 days,respectively,and 5 patients had complications postoperatively.Fifty-four patients received EST+LC,and the mean operation time,expense,duration of hospital stay were 45.0minutes,6.6 days,2.3×104yuan,respectively,and 1 patient had complication postoperatively.Sixty-seven patients received LC+EST,and the mean operation time,expense and duration of hospital stay were 40.0minutes,6.1 days,2.4×104 yuan,respectively,and 2 patients had complication postoperatively.Thirty-two patients received one-stage repair of common bile duct and LC+TC-CBDE+choledochoscopy,and the mean operation time,expense and duration of hospital stay were 97.3 minutes,7.3 days and 2.5×104yuan,respectively,and 1 patient had complication postoperatively.A total of 272 patients were followed up for 12 months,except for 6 patients with recurrence of common bile duct stone,no residual stone or biliary stricture was etected.Conclusion Combined application of laparoscope,duodenoscope and choledochoscope has advantages of less trauma,quick ecovery and fewer complications in the treatment of intra-and extrahepatic bile duct stone.     

The role of laparoscopy in the management of common bile duct obstruction in children

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is commonplace in adults; however, this procedure is not often performed in children. The goal of this study was to evaluate the results of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in children. METHODS: Of 50 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, six patients (12%) had obstructing lesions of the common bile duct (CBD). Five children underwent laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, and one child had a preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone removal. RESULTS: The mean age at laparoscopic CBD exploration was 11.6 years (range, 5-16). The obstructing lesion was visualized by intraoperative cholangiography in all five patients. The mean operative time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy along with CBD exploration was 215 min (range, 160-282). The transcystic laparoscopic CBD exploration was performed using a 7-Fr, multichannel rigid, or 10-Fr flexible fiberoptic cystoscope. The stones were either pushed into the duodenum with the scope or extracted through the cystic duct using a 3-Fr Segura basket. In one patient, a candidial ball disintegrated during an attempt to remove it with the basket. A repeat cholangiogram at the end of each procedure showed an anatomically normal CBD with free flow of contrast into the duodenum. All patients enjoyed a quick recovery. They were started on a regular diet on the same day of surgery and discharged on the 1st or 2nd postoperative day. One patient with sickle cell disease developed a pulmonary infarction and required 5 additional days of hospitalization. One patient developed recurrent choledocholithiasis 6 months after laparoscopic exploration and was treated successfully with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic CBD exploration can be performed safely at the time of the cholecystectomy in children. Endoscopic sphincterotomy before cholecystectomy is not necessary. We recommend laparoscopic CBD exploration for obstructing lesions of the CBD. Endoscopic sphincterotomy should be reserved for recurrent lesions of the CBD after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

胆石性胰腺炎经胆囊管胆道镜胆管探查的临床应用

探讨胆石性胰腺炎经胆囊管胆道镜胆总管探查的临床应用价值。方法自1997年1月～2001年12月,l0l例胆囊结石并急性胰腺炎行胆总管探查患者中,16例行胆总管切开探查和T管引流术,85例行胆镜经胆囊管胆总管探查。结果胆总管探查的阳性率为25.7％(26／101),胆囊管扩张在5mm以上被认为是继发性胆总管结石导致胆源性胰腺炎的高危因素,其敏感性为88％,特异性为76％。结论胆囊管扩张在5mm以上是继发性胆总管结石导致胆源性胰腺炎的重要预测因素。胆道镜经胆囊管胆总管探查适用于胆囊结石并急性胰腺炎需行胆总管探查的患者。     

Routine operative cholangiography: A critical appraisal

If abnormal liver function tests are added to the classic criteria for expectancy of common bile duct stone, the rate of unexpected common bile duct stone findings should be 1 per cent or less. This low rate does not justify the cost of routine operative cholangiography. However, a preexploratory operative cholangiogram should be performed prior to common bile duct exploration in order to avoid negative, and therefore unnecessary, common bile duct explorations.     

胆总管探查选择性放置双肩猪尾巴内支架管引流术治疗胆总管结石26例

目的：探讨胆总管切开探查术中选择性放置双肩猪尾巴内支架管（以下简称支架管）及胆总管切口原位缝合的方法及效果。方法：对26例胆总管结石患者采用开腹手术,胆总管切开探查取石后,把支架管通过导丝将远端置入十二指肠,胆总管切口原位缝合。结果：术后支架管随粪便自行排出,平均排出时间为14（10～18）d,3例术后出现血清淀粉酶短暂性轻微升高。无胆瘘、堵管、提前脱管或支架管滞留胆管等并发症。结论：胆总管探查术中经导丝向胆总管和十二指肠内放置自行脱落的支架管既方便又安全,是有效的胆管引流的方法。放置支架管,胆总管切口原位缝合可减少放置＂T＂型管引流的相关并发症。     

术中胆囊造影在保胆手术中的应用体会

目的:探讨经胆囊行胆道造影在腹腔镜保胆手术中的应用效果及临床价值。方法:回顾分析2010年1月至2013年5月于98例保胆手术中经胆囊行胆道造影的临床资料。结果:98例患者中34例胆囊、肝内胆管、胆总管及十二指肠均显影,20例仅胆囊显影,44例胆囊、肝内胆管、胆总管上段显影。34例胆道均显影的患者一次性手术成功;14例行胆囊切除术;3例先行胆囊造瘘后二次手术行胆囊切除术;3例行胆囊造瘘术,二期经瘘道胆道镜探查成功保胆,行保胆取石术;44例行胆总管切开探查术。其中81例成功保胆。术后无并发症发生。结论:保胆手术中经胆囊行胆道造影既可了解胆道系统情况,又可为术中是否行胆总管探查提供依据,是较好的检查方法。     

Transduodenal sphincteroplasty.

We report on the results of elective sphincteroplasty for benign stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi in a prospective study of 32 consecutive cases. All patients underwent combined supraduodenal exploration of the common bile duct and transduodenal sphincteroplasty. All patients were followed up clinically and biochemically for from one to four years. Seventeen patients underwent a barium meal examination a year after surgery and of these patients, ten showed retrograde filling of the common bile duct and four had air in it. The intrabiliary pressures in six patients were abnormal, ranging from 210 to 230 mm H2O (normal, 80 to 130) intraoperatively before the exploration of the common bile duct, but were found to be normal after the sphincteroplasty. The mortality was 0% and no serious complications were observed.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊及胆总管结石中转开腹列线图模型的建立

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的术前危险因素,建立预测中转开腹的列线图模型。方法回顾性分析沧州市人民医院2015年1月1日—2019年12月31日309例行LC联合LCBDE患者的临床资料,根据是否中转开腹分为未开腹组290例,开腹组19例。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析得到中转开腹的独立预测因素,应用RStudio建立列线图模型并对其进行验证。结果单因素分析结果表明腹部手术史、BMI、白细胞、中性粒细胞比率、碱性磷酸酶、血清总胆红素、胆囊壁厚度、胆总管直径及胆总管下段结石嵌顿是LC联合LCBDE发生中转开腹的相对危险因素(OR=0.195,0.369,0.287,0.241,0.237,0.082,0.166,0.198,0.190;95%CI:0.073~0.517,0.114~1.195,0.096~0.859,0.085~0.682,0.092~0.613,0.023~0.287,0.058~0.475,0.073~0.537,0.056~0.649);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,白细胞>10×10^9/L、碱性磷酸酶>150 U/L、血清总胆红素>17.1 umol/L、胆囊壁厚度>4 mm、胆总管直径>12 mm、胆总管下段结石嵌顿是LC联合LCBDE中转开腹的独立预测因素(OR=6.498,3.656,22.160,5.762,4.849,7.916;95%CI:1.434~29.442,1.095~12.203,4.485~109.496,1.491~22.262,1.384~16.988,1.366~45.884)。基于独立预测因素建立列线图模型,随后采用Bootstrap重复抽样对预测模型进行内部验证,校正曲线发现预测模型一致性良好,C-index为0.924(95%CI:0.857~0.990),受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积为0.924(95%CI:0.855~0.992),说明预测模型准确性高。结论基于胆总管下段结石嵌顿、胆囊壁厚度、胆总管直径、白细胞、碱性磷酸酶及血清总胆红素因素建立的列线图模型预测LC联合LCBDE中转开腹能力较好,临床应用价值高。     

放置鼻胆管一期缝合胆总管与T管引流在腹腔镜及开腹胆囊切除、胆总管探查术中的对比研究

目的:探讨术中放置鼻胆管一期缝合胆总管与T管引流在腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除、胆总管探查术中的应用方法及临床价值。方法:将52例胆总管结石并胆囊结石患者按住院时间分为开腹组(32例)及腹腔镜组(20例),根据胆总管直径选择普通胆道镜(6.0 mm)行胆总管探查或超细胆道镜(2.7 mm)行经胆囊管胆总管探查,术中采取顺逆结合法放置鼻胆管,一期缝合胆总管。观察经胆囊管胆总管探查成功率、胆漏及带管出院发生率、肠功能恢复时间、胆汁引流量、拔管时间、住院时间等指标。并与2010年1月至2010年12月46例开腹(开腹对照组)或腹腔镜(腹腔镜对照组)普通胆道镜胆总管探查+T管引流患者的临床资料进行回顾性对比分析。结果:4组手术均获成功,腹腔镜组术后发生一过性胆漏2例,开腹组发生1例,均予以保守治疗痊愈。一期缝合的患者经胆囊管探查率、术后胆汁引流量、拔管时间、带管出院率明显优于T管引流的患者(P<0.05);腹腔镜组术后肠功能恢复时间、住院时间明显优于开腹组(P<0.05)。4组患者胆漏发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。均无胰腺炎、胆管炎等严重并发症发生。术后随访6¹2个月,无胆总管狭窄及结石复发。结论:胆总管探查术中顺、逆法放置鼻胆管适合开腹及腹腔镜手术,一期缝合胆总管技术设备要求低,可显著提高经胆囊管入路胆总管探查一期缝合成功率,减少胆汁丢失,缩短带管时间与住院时间,尤其适于胆总管无明显扩张的胆总管结石患者,具有一定的临床应用价值,适合在基础医院开展。     

Gallstone pancreatitis. Local predisposing factors.

Local predisposing anatomic and stone factors were studied in 150 patients with gallstones in order to analyze why some patients with cholelithiasis acquire gallstone pancreatitis and others do not. Number and size of gallstones in the gallbladder and common bile duct, presence of pancreatic duct reflux, diameter of the cystic duct, and size of the duodenal orifice and ampulla of Vater were all studied in 75 patients with gallstone pancreatitis (Group I), 75 patients with cholelithiasis (Group II), and by dissections in 50 autopsy specimens. Stones 5 mm or less in diameter were present in 51 (70%) of Group I gallbladders as compared to 30 (41%) of Group II patients (p less than 0.001). Impacted common bile duct stones were found in 21 (29%) of the Group I patients and only four (5%) of the patients in Group II (p less than 0.001). The mean size of the stones that impacted at the ampulla of Vater in the Group I patients were 3.10 mm, whereas in the Group II patients the mean size of the stones was 7.50 mm (p less than 0.001). The Group I cystic ducts were larger (3.80 mm) than the ducts in the Group II patients (2.36 mm) (p less than 0.001). On operative cholangiography, 50 (67%) showed reflux of contrast material into the pancreatic duct compared to only 14 (18%) in the control Group II (p less than 0.001). These data indicate that small gallbladder stones, enlarged cystic ducts, properly sized impacted stones, and a functioning common channel are predisposing local etiologic factors in the development of gallstone pancreatitis.     

胆总管探查切口一期缝合内支架引流术

目的探讨胆总管探查术中放置改良内支架及胆总管切口一期缝合的方法及效果。方法对39例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的患者分别采用开腹及腹腔镜下胆囊切除及胆总管探查术,清除结石后,置入8FJ型支架管,将其远端通过导丝放入十二指肠。支架管近端用快吸收线固定于胆管壁。胆总管切口一期缝合关闭。结果全部支架管在术后随粪便排出,平均排出时间为13(10~18)d。3例术后血清淀粉酶短暂升高。无胆漏、堵管、提前脱管、导管滞留、导管退入胆道等并发症发生。结论胆总管探查术中经胆道镜和导丝向胆管和十二指肠内放置自行脱落J型支架管方便、易掌握,是安全、有效的胆道引流方法。置放内支架管可放宽胆总管切口一期缝合的指征,并可减少T型管引流的相关并发症。     

Intraoperative use of a 2-mm choledochoscope for the exploration of small bile ducts and the pancreatic duct

Intraoperative visualization of the biliary and pancreatic ducts can be difficult in a nondilated system. Very small extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts occasionally require visualization but do not admit the traditional 6.5-mm intraoperative flexible choledochoscope. We have prospectively examined the use of a 2-mm choledochoscope for the intraoperative evaluation of the biliary and pancreatic ducts in 36 patients. In 27 patients, the choledochoscope was advanced through the cystic duct stump for examination of the common bile duct following cholangiography. The scope was successfully passed into the cystic duct stump and into the common bile duct in 76 per cent of patients. Inability to pass the scope through the cystic duct was usually due to acute angulation of the cystic duct/common duct junction. In an additional five patients, intraoperative cholangiography revealed a filling defect in a very small duct. A choledochotomy was made and the 2-mm choledochoscope was used to exclude the presence of stones in a small bile duct. In four patients the choledochoscope was used during a Puestow procedure to visualize and help extract stones in the tail and head of the gland. No complications occurred in these patients due to the use of the choledochoscope. We conclude that the 2-mm choledochoscope aids in internal visualization of small intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and the pancreatic duct. It may be useful as an adjunct to cholangiography in determining the nature of filling defects.