Patterns of systemic antibiotic use in a tertiary hospital in Israel in the years 1998-2000

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pattern of antibiotic use in the hospital over a 3-year period according to individual drugs and hospital departments. SETTING: 335 adult beds of a tertiary hospital in Northern Israel during the years 1998-2000. An antibiotic control policy restricts the use of the most expensive antibiotics and those with broad spectrum of activity and a major impact on bacterial resistance. METHODS: The ATC/DDD and DU 90% methodologies were used. The use of antibiotics was expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDD) per 100 bed-days. RESULTS: The total antibiotic use varied during the study period from 93.7-101.0 DDD/100 bed-days (p < 0.1). Thirteen drugs accounted for 90% of the total volume. The use of broad spectrum penicillins was the highest of all drugs followed by cephalosporins and oral quinolones. The highest rates of antibiotic use were found in the departments of ENT, urology, gynecology and orthopedics and in the intensive care unit (ICU). The total restricted antibiotics use was 7.2 DDD/100 bed-days and was the highest in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: The ATC/DDD methodology provided delineation and interpretation of antibiotic usage patterns in the hospital. Although the overall use is higher then that found in several reports from European hospitals, stratification by individual drugs and by hospital department yielded similar trends.     

Implementation and impact of an audit and feedback antimicrobial stewardship intervention in the orthopaedics department of a tertiary-care hospital: a controlled interrupted time series study

A prospective audit and feedback antimicrobial stewardship intervention conducted in the Orthopaedics Department of a university hospital in Portugal was evaluated by comparing an interrupted time series in the intervention group with a non-intervention (control) group. Monthly antibiotic use (except cefazolin) was measured as the World Health Organization's Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical defined daily doses (ATC-DDD) from January 2012 to September 2016, excluding the 6-month phase of intervention implementation starting on 1 January 2015. Compared with the control group, the intervention group had a monthly decrease in the use of fluoroquinolones by 2.3 DDD/1000 patient-days [95% confidence interval (CI) ?3.97 to ?0.63]. An increase in the use of penicillins by 103.3 DDD/1000 patient-days (95% CI 47.42 to 159.10) was associated with intervention implementation, followed by a decrease during the intervention period (slope?=??5.2, 95% CI ?8.56 to ?1.82). In the challenging scenario of treatment of osteoarticular and prosthetic joint infections, an audit and feedback intervention reduced antibiotic exposure and spectrum.     

Impact of a multidisciplinary approach on antibiotic consumption, cost and microbial resistance in a Czech hospital

Objective The study objective was to evaluate the impact of a restrictive antibiotic policy, efficacy of inpatient therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic regimens and susceptibility patterns of infecting bacteria in 2000–2004. Setting A 500-bed general hospital in the Czech Republic. Method A retrospective computerized survey of antibiotic prescribing practices over a five-year period 2000–2004, using medical records and laboratory data from the hospital information system (HIS). Main outcome measure Consumption of antibiotics expressed in defined daily doses (DDDs) and Euros per 1,000 bed days. Resistance to antibiotics, average length of hospital stay, rate of inpatients treated with antibiotics, number of nosocomial infections per 1,000 bed days, median length of hospital stay and total mortality. Results Due to a restrictive antibiotic policy implemented in 2002, the use of several antibiotics in 2003 was significantly reduced but the consumption of several other antibiotics rose in 2003. In comparison with 2001 the cost of antibiotic agents (in € per 1,000 inpatient days) fell significantly by 31% in 2003 (€ 969.07 vs. € 671.34). The hospital saved about € 29,288 after the first year of implementation of the new antibiotic policy. The use of restricted antibiotics increased by 8%; however, the expenditure decreased by 26%. For non-restricted antibiotics, the use and expenditure decreased by 71% and 41%, respectively. Consequently, a net reduction of 55% (€ 804.36 vs. € 359.36) was achieved. Conclusion The intervention was effective in reducing the use and cost of antibiotics. The HIS is a helpful tool for observing and evaluating the impacts of the measures taken and can be used for assessment of pharmacotherapy outcomes. Rene Mach is deceased     

Evaluation of the introduction of an antimicrobial drugs formulary in a general hospital in Slovenia

Objective: To analyse the consumption of antimicrobials in a general hospital prior and after implementation of a drug formulary and the economic evaluation of the implementation.Method: Data were obtained from medical documentation collected over a one-month period for all in-patients in four major hospital departments prior to and after the implementation of a drug formulary. The ATC/DDD methodology was used to analyse consumption of antimicrobials. Patients were grouped in therapeutic groups according to their disease and the clinical and economic outcome of the implemented intervention was estimated. Retrospectively, pharmacoeconomical cost–effectiveness analysis was undertaken from the hospitals point of view.Results: The overall use of antimicrobials after implementation in DDD/100 bed-days increased by 16.8%. However, the drug formulary was successfully implemented in 1999, saving 33.7% DDD/100 bed-days of antimicrobials restricted by the formulary. At the same time, treatment time was shortened by 26.5%, with an overall saving of 35.1% per patient.Conclusions: The importance of a drug formulary for antimicrobials was demonstrated in terms of its clinical and economic outcome. A practical case of co-operation between physicians and clinical pharmacists in such a project was also revealed.     

我院住院患者抗菌药使用情况分析

目的:总结我院住院患者抗菌药的临床应用情况,进一步规范抗菌药的使用.方法:利用医院计算机管理系统,对我院2011年1～6月抗菌药使用情况进行回顾性分析.结果:我院抗菌药使用率为58.5％,使用强度为43.1DDD,外科系统抗菌药使用率、使用强度均高于内科系统;接受抗菌药治疗的住院患者微生物样本送检率为21.0％,外科系统低于内科系统;I切口手术患者预防用抗菌药比例高达100％,术前0.5～2 h给药占76.1％,用药不超过24 h占30.1％;住院患者以β-内酰胺类抗菌药使用人数最多(占55.2％),其次是硝基咪唑类(占17.3％).结论:我院抗菌药应用尚存在不规范现象,需加强监管力度,促进抗菌药合理使用.     

Diversity of antimicrobial use and resistance in 42 hospitals in the United States

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To measure diversity (or heterogeneity) of antibiotic use in a sample of hospitals in the United States and to assess an association with bacterial resistance. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. SETTING: Forty-two general medical-surgical hospitals, mostly in the Eastern United States. DATA SOURCE: Administrative claims data and hospital antibiograms during 2003. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Antibiotic use was measured by defined daily dose (DDD), and diversity was assessed by using Simpson's Index and the Shannon-Weiner Index. Aggregated antibiograms (from 17 hospitals) were used to assess resistance. There were a total of 3,655,579 patient-days during 2003, with a mean +/- SD of 87,037 +/- 62,679 patient-days/hospital. Mean +/- SD antibiotic use was 704 +/- 244 DDD/1000 patient-days/hospital, and fluoroquinolones represented the largest single class. Mean +/- SD diversity by Simpson's Index was 0.861 +/- 0.022/hospital, and a strong correlation was noted between the two diversity measures. Multivariate analysis found no significant relationship between diversity and the proportion of resistant pathogens. CONCLUSION: Diversity of aggregate antibiotic use can be measured, but additional investigations are needed to determine if it is a useful strategy to contain resistance.     

医保费用定额支出干预对临床合理用药的影响

目的:分析医保费用定额支出干预对临床合理用药的影响。方法:选取实施医保费用定额支出制度前后各1个月的临床用药资料,采用医疗机构合理用药评价指标中与住院费用密切相关的部分进行前后对比,分析实施医保费用定额支出干预对合理用药指标的影响。评价指标主要包括住院药占比、人均日住院药费、平均住院日、基本药物使用率以及抗菌药物使用各相关指标等。结果:实施医保费用定额支出制度后,全部用药指标均有一定程度的改善,其中改善较明显的主要有住院药占比由42.87%下降为37.86%;人均日住院药费由437.94元下降为293.16元,下降幅度达33.06%;基本药物使用率由40.32%上升为47.64%;人均抗菌药物费用由142.35元下降为106.28元,下降幅度达25.34%;抗菌药物使用强度(AUD)由58.04 DDDs/100人/天下降为49.15 DDDs/100人/天。结论:实施医保费用定额支出制度对控制医保统筹支出与药物费用不合理增长以及促进临床合理用药均有一定的现实意义。     

Antibiotic restriction in hospitals associated with medical schools

Restriction of antibiotic use in 112 hospitals that are primary teaching facilities for medical schools was studied by mail questionnaire to pharmacy directors and infectious disease physicians. Questions involved whether use of certain antipseudomonal penicillins, aminoglycosides, and second- and third-generation cephalosporins was restricted, reasons for restrictions, existence of a formal education program on new antibiotics, whether the physician respondents agreed with the practice of antibiotic restriction, what percent of requests for use of restricted agents was denied, formulary status of the drugs, the procedure for authorizing dispensing of restricted agents, and the percent of drug expenditures represented by restricted agents. Direct control (specialist authorization or restricted indications for use) was used in 62 (57%) of 108 institutions responding. Nonformulary status indirectly controlled use in 35 institutions. No significant differences in the prevalence of restrictions were found for hospital size, ownership, physician's view of the restrictions, or presence of an education program. Most (85%) of the physicians agreed with restriction practices. Cost was the reason given most frequently for restriction of the penicillins and cephalosporins, while aminoglycosides were most frequently restricted because of bacterial resistance. The specialist's oral authorization was the most common method of approval for use of restricted agents. Expenditures for restricted drugs varied widely, suggesting that different levels of control were considered "restriction" by the responding institutions. Control of antibiotic use is common in these teaching hospitals associated with medical schools. No best method for antibiotic restriction was evident.     

专项整治活动前后沧州市中心医院住院患者抗菌药物应用分析

目的：了解2010—2012年专项整治活动前后我院住院患者抗菌药物费用、抗菌药物使用强度（AUD）、用药频度（DDDs）、人均药品费用、平均住院时间,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：以限定日剂量（DDD）法回顾性调查分析2010年1月—2012年12月住院患者的抗菌药物使用情况。结果：住院患者抗菌药物使用率由整治前的68.55%降至整治后的56.19%;AUD由整治前的58.81 DDD降至整治后的41.98 DDD,接近卫生部40 DDD的要求。心脏内科介入手术预防性应用抗菌药物比例由整治前的65.87%降至整治后的12.63%。结论：通过实施抗菌药物专项整治和药学干预,我院各项抗菌药物应用指标达到整治方案要求,但Ⅰ类切口手术预防性应用抗菌药物的比例距卫生部的要求还有很大差距,应该进一步加强抗菌药物临床应用的监督管理。     

抗菌药物规范评价管理成效分析

目的探讨抗菌药物管理的有效办法,促进抗菌药物合理应用。方法将抗菌药物合理应用管理纳入医院十大规范操作管理评价体系中,依据卫生部《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》制定抗菌药物评价标准,由合理用药督导小组逐月进行病历合理用药质量评价管理,比较规范评价管理前(2008年)与管理后(2010年)抗菌药物使用情况。结果通过对抗菌药物实施规范管理评价,抗菌药物使用率由96.52%下降到77.8%(χ2=187.15,P<0.01),提高了病原学送检率,手术预防使用率、Ⅰ类手术用抗菌药率明显下降、手术后预防用药天数明显缩短,超广谱酶耐药菌ESBLs检出率明显下降。结论抗菌药物规范管理评价机制是促进抗菌药物合理使用行之有效的管理办法,应持之以恒。     

我院抗菌药物使用强度的计算方法及指标制定

目的:探讨我院抗菌药物使用强度(AUD)的计算方法及指标制定。方法:将我院2011年使用抗菌药物的出院患者按年龄分成新生儿组、儿童组和成人组,统计使用抗菌药物的出院患者例数、各组患者比例、新生儿组和儿童组患者的平均体质量、平均体质量与70kg的转换率,以限定日剂量(DDD)乘以转换率计算新生儿的DDD和儿童的DDD。采用两种方法计算AUD,一种方法是所有出院患者的AUD均以DDD计算,以AUD1表示;另一种方法是新生儿组、儿童组和成人组患者的AUD分别以各自的DDD计算,以AUD2表示。2012年的AUD指标制定为各月应力争控制在2011年的AUD1以下。结果:我院2011年共有18007例出院患者使用抗菌药物,其中新生儿组、儿童组和成人组患者比例分别为15.67%、25.92%和58.41%。新生儿组和儿童组患者的平均体质量分别为(3±1)kg和(10±6)kg。2011年AUD1为26DDDs/100人/天,AUD2为95DDDs/100人/天。2012年的AUD指标为各月AUD应力争控制在26DDDs/100人/天以下。结论:在我院出院患者中,成人、新生儿和儿童均是抗菌药物的主要使用者;我院的AUD指标应该在综合医院和儿童医院的AUD之间。新生儿和儿童的AUD分别以新生儿的DDD和儿童的DDD计算,可以更准确地测算出其暴露于抗菌药物的广度和强度。     

2011~2013年某院抗菌药物专项整治效果评价

目的：分析某院2011~2013年抗菌药物专项整治情况,为巩固专项整治活动成果提出可持续管理措施。方法：采用回顾性调查方法,对2011~2013年该院门急诊及住院患者抗菌药物使用率和使用强度进行统计、分析;并对住院患者各抗菌药物使用量、Ⅰ类切口围术期预防用药情况进行对比分析。结果：2013年门诊患者抗菌药物处方比例、急诊患者抗菌药物处方比例、住院患者抗菌药物使用率、住院患者抗菌药物使用强度、Ⅰ类切口手术抗菌药物预防使用率分别由2011年的16.65%、56.51%、65.54%、66.89DDD、80.56%降至14.02%、42.60%、46.87%、42.61DDD、50.64%。住院患者大部分抗菌药物使用频度及使用强度均有所下降。结论：抗菌药物专项整治活动有效地促进了抗菌药物的合理使用;医院需进一步巩固专项整治成果。     

抗菌药物合理应用干预模式探讨

目的：探讨抗菌药物临床合理使用管理模式。方法：建立医院抗菌药物使用管理小组,采用综合干预措施,随机抽取2010年（干预前）和2012年（干预后）出院患者病历各630份、门急诊处方各810张,进行对照研究。结果：干预前后比较,住院患者抗菌药物使用率由87．93％下降至52．06％,抗菌药物使用强度由87．5DDD下降至39DDD,微生物送检率由27．06％上升至86．03％,I类切口手术预防用药比例由89．55％下降至28．03％,门诊处方抗菌药物比例由53％下降至15％,差异均具有统计学意义。结论：宣传培训、量化指标、行政干预、监控管理等综合干预,可提高临床合理使用抗菌药物的水平,对预防医院感染起到积极的促进作用,达到预期目标。     

综合性医院门诊处方抗生素分析

目的了解该院门诊各科室抗生素使用情况。方法随机抽取该院2004年7月~2005年月6月各科室门诊处方27950张,其中内科10544张,外科4253张,妇产科4247张,儿科4580张,五官科4326张,并对这些处方进行分析。结果在调查的处方中,抗菌处方10563张,占37.67%;抗菌处方抗生素平均金额为72.22元/张,占处方金额的48.83%;联合用药处方2166张,占抗菌处方的20.51%。结论该院门诊抗生素使用不尽合理,药物滥用现象比较严重。     

Discrepancies between prescribed daily doses and WHO defined daily doses of antibacterials at a university hospital

AIMS: The defined daily doses (DDD) defined by the WHO are widely used as an indicator to measure antibiotic use in the hospital setting. However, discrepancies exist between countries in terms of antibiotic dosage. The aim of the present study was to compare, for each antibacterial agent available at our university hospital, the prescribed daily doses (PDD) with the DDD. METHODS: Data were extracted from the pharmacy computer system. Antibiotic use was expressed in DDD per 1000 patient days. We also calculated the ratio of number of DDD:number of treatment-days and estimated the average PDD for each antibiotic and route of administration. RESULTS: The average PDD did not correspond to the DDD for many classes of antibiotics. If fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were prescribed at a dosage close to the DDD, other antimicrobial classes such as penicillins, aminoglycosides or macrolides were not. Overall, the number of DDD overestimated the number of treatment days by 40%. For the most consumed antibiotic at our hospital, i.e. oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, the PDD was three times the DDD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that, except for the fluoroquinolones and the cephalosporins, the number of DDD did not correctly reflect the number of antibiotic treatment days at our hospital. This does not invalidate the systematic approach of the WHO and hospitals should use the DDDs to make national and international comparisons of their antibiotic use. However, each hospital should define and validate its own indicators to describe the local exposures to antibiotics and to study the relationship with resistance.     

泉州市第一医院管理流程实施前后抗菌药物使用情况分析

目的：了解我院管理流程实施前后抗菌药物的使用情况。方法：从我院的医院信息管理系统中提取2012-2013年抗菌药物的使用数据,根据医院抗菌药物分级管理目录,对各年度抗菌药物使用情况进行汇总分析。结果：我院管理流程实施后,抗菌药物年度销售金额及DDDs均有明显的下降,销售金额从2012年的6336.61万元下降至2013年的6480.73万元;DDDs从2012年的97.60×104下降至2013年的98.45×104。同时,限制使用级抗菌药物的销售金额及DDDs的构成比明显下降,分别由2012年的69.85％、42.35％下降至2013年的75.02％、47.88％;特殊使用级抗菌药物的DDDs构成比明显下降,从2012年的1.40％下降至2013年的1.78％。结论：管理流程实施后,我院抗菌药物总体使用情况较实施前有明显的改善,但是仍要继续加强抗菌药物分级管理使用,以最大限度地促进临床合理用药。     

基层医院抗菌药物应用控制指标设定及干预对照研究

目的了解抗菌药物应用控制指标设定前后,本院抗菌药物临床使用情况。方法采取回顾性对比调查方法 ,分析2012年指标控制前与2013年指标控制后,本院抗菌药物使用率,抗菌药物费用的变化;同时随机抽查2012年与2013年常见疾病1416例与1776例,分析其抗菌药物使用合理性。结果抗菌药物应用控制指标设定后,门诊抗菌药物处方比例由20.28%下降至18.31%;急诊抗菌药物处方比例由43.28%下降至38.77%;住院抗菌药物使用率分别为50.81%和55.30%;Ⅰ类切口手术抗菌药物使用率进一步降低,分别为24.10%与21.50%;抗菌药物使用强度（DDDs）由38.20下降至37.10;抗菌药物占全院药品费用由20.73%下降至17.72%。结论抗菌药物应用控制指标设定有助于推进抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动,抗菌药物的规范性、合理性使用得到进一步提升。     

Results of an antimicrobial control program at a university hospital.

PURPOSE: The results of the first five years of an ongoing antimicrobial control program are reported. METHODS: In 1998, a multidisciplinary antimicrobial subcommittee of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee of a university hospital was formed and charged with making formulary interventions in an effort to reduce rising antimicrobial resistance rates and drug expenditures. In 1999, a number of measures were implemented for controlling antimicrobial use. Selected antimicrobials with the potential for inappropriate use or whose inappropriate use had been documented were placed in the control of physicians in the infectious diseases (ID) division. Prior approval by an ID physician was required before the pharmacy could dispense these agents. Other key interventions included removal of ceftazidime and cefotaxime from the formulary, restriction of vancomycin and carbapenem use, and replacement of ciprofloxacin with levofloxacin as the sole fluoroquinolone on the formulary. Data regarding antimicrobial use and expenditures between 1998 and 2002 were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: Antimicrobial use was reduced by 80% for third-generation cephalosporins and 15% for vancomycin following the implementation of the new antimicrobial policies. Antimicrobial-resistance patterns for many important gram-negative pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrated a reversal of previous increases. In addition, the rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decreased by an average of 3% each year from 1999 to 2002. Pharmacy expenditures for all antimicrobials, including antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial agents, decreased 24.7%, with a cumulative cost saving of 1,401,126 US dollars, without inflation assumptions. CONCLUSION: The implementation of an antimicrobial control program decreased the use of selected antimicrobial agents and resulted in substantial reduction of expenditures for antimicrobials.     

Drug utilisation 90% (DU90%) profiles of antibiotics in five Chinese children's hospitals (2002-2006)

This study surveyed the pattern of inpatient antibiotic use in five Chinese children's hospitals between 2002 and 2006, focusing on the antibiotics accounting for 90% of the volume utilised as well as the level of adherence to guidelines. The Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical Classification/Defined Daily Doses (ATC/DDD) and the drug utilisation 90% (DU90%) methodologies were used. In October 2004, national antibiotic guidelines were issued that divided antibiotics into non-restricted, restricted and special use grades. In five children's hospitals, a total of 56 different systemic antibiotics were used during the study period. Antibiotics that could be injected accounted for 59.0-99.8%. beta-Lactam antibacterials (ATC codes J01C and J01D) were the most used subgroups. The numbers of antimicrobial agents and non-restricted antibiotics within the DU90% segment were 11-20 and 5-9, respectively. The proportion of non-restricted antibiotic consumption was ca. 40% in 2006 in four hospitals, which varied among hospitals during the period 2002-2005. There was considerable variation both in the pattern and amount of antibiotics used in the five hospitals, with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefuroxime and cefazolin being the most commonly used substances. We also observed a decrease in the ranks of some restricted and special use antibiotics after the guidelines were issued in one hospital. The DU90% profiles were proven to be useful in studying the pattern of antibiotic use in hospitals. Finally, the study observed the effectiveness of guidelines for antibiotic use in some hospitals, although injectable antibiotics were widely used in children's hospitals in China.