防晒系数仪器测定与人体试验测定结果的比较

[目的 ]　论证在测定防晒化妆品的防晒系数时 ,SPF - 2 90型防晒系数分析仪在我国用于评价SPF值的可行性 ,从而明确该仪器法与人体法的相关关系 ,为体外法测定SPF值提供科学依据。　 [方法 ]　选择在日本用人体方式测试过的 9个样品 ,进行两种方法的比较。　 [结果 ]　采用TransporeR1 52 7- 3型膜带 ,用 2 μL/cm2 的量涂布样品 ,在温度为 2 0℃、相对湿度 60 %的实验室环境内放置 2 0min后用SPF - 2 90防晒系数分析仪测试的SPF值与人体试验结果的相关系数为r=0 .9768;同时可根据防晒化妆品在 2 90～ 40 0nm之间的吸收曲线 ,估计产品防护UVA和UVB的能力。　 [结论 ]　SPF - 2 90型防晒系数分析仪在我国可以用于防晒化妆品防晒系数的测定。     

防晒化妆品抗水性能的仪器测定法

[目的]研究采用SPF-290分析仪及一种新型载体聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯板对防晒产品的抗水性能进行评价的可行性。[方法]对15个经人体试验证实具有抗水性能的防晒化妆品用SPF-290分析仪及振荡水槽进行测定。[结果]抗水性的测试结果与相应的人体试验结果相当吻合,符合率为14/15。[结论]用本法取代人体法来测定防晒化妆品的抗水能力是可行的。     

影响SPF-290分析仪测定结果的因素研究

[目的 ]　研究SPF - 2 90防晒系数分析仪测定SPF值过程中的影响因素。 [方法 ]　选择防晒化妆品乳液和膏霜共 1 0个作为测定样本 ,研究SPF - 2 90防晒系数分析仪测定过程中的影响因素。　 [结果 ]　涂样用膜的孔径与测得的SPF值成反向关系 ;SPF值随放置时间的延长而增大 ,至 2 0min左右 ,变化幅度减小 ;温度与测得的SPF值成正向关系 ;湿度与SPF值成反向关系 ;所有样品的SPF值都随涂布量的增加而增加 ,涂布量的微小变化可能会引起SPF值的较大变化。　 [结论 ]　要使测定结果具有可比性 ,应在用膜孔径、放置时间、测定时环境温度、湿度、加样量等测试条件上加以规范     

防晒化妆品抗水功效评价参数研究

[目的]分析体外法参数在抗水性防晒化妆品抗水能力评估中的应用。[方法]选取4个宣称具有抗水或防水功能的防晒化妆品和2个未宣称抗水或防水功能的防晒化妆品。分别测定入水前后的SPF值、λC值及R值(UVA/UVB),并记录入水前后的MPF吸收曲线。[结果]6种防晒化妆品样品入水前后的SPF值、λC值、R值及MPF曲线均有不同程度的变化。[结论]SPF值和R值相结合,可以简单推断样品入水前后防晒剂的变化情况,但要获得全面的信息,还需参考MPF曲线的变化情况。λC值在防晒化妆品抗水性评价中的应用有待进一步实验和分析。     

防晒化妆品防晒效果评价

防晒化妆品效果评价是评估其功能的主要手段。防晒化妆品的防晒效果评价主要有三种：人体试验法、SPF值测定仪测定及紫外分光光度法测定。人体试验法又叫生物学评价方法，用来评价UVB段（晒红区）的防晒效果。防晒效果用SPF（Sun Protection Factor）值来表示。紫外吸光度法是基于测定防晒化妆品吸收和散射掉紫外线的量来评价防晒化妆品的防晒效果。紫外吸光度法有三种方法：溶液法（solution method）、薄膜法（thin film method）和石英板法（plate method）。SPF值测定仪是经过改进的紫外分光光度计，其结果与人体法测定SPF值有较大的相关性。     

Lab色度系统对不同类型防晒化妆品效果评价的现场实验研究

[目的 ]　研究采用Lab色度系统 (△E)评价不同类型防晒化妆品的防晒效果的可行性。　 [方法 ]　选择 35名年轻女性 ,随机分为 4组 ,在颊部使用含不同防晒剂的化妆品 ,以仪器法测得 4种化妆品的防晒系数SPF值和APF值。用光谱光度计记录其在 9月份连续 1 7d进行 6h室外活动暴露前及暴露后第 1、3、4、7、9、1 4、1 7d其颊部的Lab色度系统△E变化情况。同时 ,采用SPSS多变量方差分析方法分析防晒剂MCX、Parsol1 789对人体皮肤的防护作用。　 [结果 ]　 4种防晒化妆品的SPF和APF值分别为 1 .0、2 .4、6 .3、9.2 (SPF)和 1 .0、3 .9、2 .0、4 .6(APF)。暴露期间 ,4组自愿者的颊部脸色 (△E)均比暴露前明显增加。使用防晒剂MCX能有效地阻止在阳光辐射下的肤色变深 ;SPF值或APF值不能完全代表UVA、UVB对肤色综合效应的防护作用。　 [结论 ]　Lab色度系统可以作为防晒化妆品防晒效果的评价指标 ,颊部是防晒化妆品人体试验合适的观察部位。     

防晒化妆品和它的功能评价

太阳辐射出的紫外线 (ＵＶＲ)按波长长短可分为ＵＶＡ(32 0～ 40 0ｎｍ) ,ＵＶＢ(2 90～ 32 0ｎｍ) ,ＵＶＣ(10 0～ 2 90ｎｍ) ,通常波长小于 2 90ｎｍ的辐射波由于臭氧层的吸收不能照射到地面。但ＵＶＢ和ＵＶＡ对人体的危害及皮肤肿瘤的发病率在全球呈现升高趋势等问题已日益受到人们重视 ,特别是防晒物质的研究已引起世界各国的关注自从 192 8年美国最早使用防晒化妆品以来 ,世界各国尤其英国、澳大利亚、美国等国纷纷加大对防晒化妆品的作用及其功能评价研究工作。我国人群对紫外线的危害虽有一定了解 ,但自我防晒意识较差[1] 。近年来 …     

380种防晒化妆品卫生毒理学检验结果分析

[目的]为了解广东省防晒产品的卫生安全性。[方法]各项检验方法及评价方法按《化妆品卫生规范》(1999年版／2002年版)进行。[结果]检测防晒产品380份，不合格率为9．2％。其中皮肤变态反应试验的不合格率为6．3％；多次皮肤刺激性试验为2．9％。皮肤光毒性试验均未见皮肤光毒性。[结论]部分防晒化妆品有潜在不安全性。     

长波紫外线对大鼠皮肤脂质过氧化和胶原的影响及防晒剂的防护

[目的 ]　探讨长波紫外线 (UVA )对大鼠皮肤脂质过氧化和胶原合成的影响及防晒化妆品的防护效果。　[方法 ]　UVA照射组和涂抹防晒化妆品组大鼠经UVA照射 8周后 (总计量为 30 6 1.8J/cm2 ) ,测定皮肤丙二醛 (MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、总胶原和可溶性胶原的含量。　 [结果 ]　UVA照射组大鼠皮肤MDA(11.36± 1.92nmol/mL)高于对照组 (7.0 3± 1.11nmol/mL) (P <0 .0 1) ,高于防晒化妆品组 (8.0 5± 1.2 8nmol/mL) (P <0 .0 1)。UVA照射组总胶原(2 5 .98± 3.0 6mg/g)低于对照组 (31.36± 3.99mg/ g) (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与防晒化妆品组 (2 8.71± 3.72mg/ g)差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。UVA照射组可溶性胶原 (4.2 5± 0 .83mg/ g)低于对照组 (6 .33± 1.19mg/g) (P <0 .0 1) ,低于防晒化妆品组(5 .70± 1.14mg/g) (P <0 .0 5 )。对照组、UVA照射组和防晒化妆品组的SOD分别为 18.6 9± 2 .82 U/mL、16 .40± 2 .14U /mL、17.86± 2 .95U/mL ,三者差异没有显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　 [结论 ]　UVA能使皮肤脂质发生过氧化和降低皮肤可溶性胶原的含量 ,防晒化妆品有一定的防护效果。     

防晒化妆品中8种常用紫外线吸收剂使用量分析

[目的]研究我国防晒化妆品中紫外线吸收剂的使用量。[方法]统计分析1996-2002年用反相高效液相色谱法测定的2 263份国产和进口防晒化妆品样品中常用的8种紫外线吸收剂的使用量。[结果]4-甲氧基肉桂酸-2- 乙基己酯、4一二甲氨基苯甲酸-2-乙基己酯、水杨酸-2-乙基己酯、3-(4’-甲基亚苄基)-d-I-樟脑、羟苯甲酮、2-苯基苯并咪唑-5-磺酸、1-(4-特丁基苯基)-3-(4-甲氧基苯基)丙烷-1,3-二酮、2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮-5-磺酸在防晒化妆品中使用量总体均值分别为(41.5±24.6)mg/g、(41.2±25.2)mg/g、(33.5±16.7)mg/g、(20.4±12.2)mg/g、(20.1±13.8)mg/g、(19.6±10.1)mg/g、(13.8±8.8)mg/g、(11.1±16.1)mg/g,使用量均值年度变化(RSD)分别为6.65%、20.16%、16.56%、17.17%、10.17%、30.53%、14.65%、63.72%。[结论]使用量最大和年度使用量均值变化最小的紫外线吸收剂皆为4-甲氧基肉桂酸-2-乙基己酯,且都在我国规定的限量以内。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.