症状性颈内动脉完全闭塞患者的临床干预和随访研究

目的 评价症状性颈内动脉完全闭塞患者介入治疗和药物治疗的效果,观察临床干预后血管事件的随访结果.方法 将自2004年2月至2009年1月在聊城市人民医院和南京军区南京总医院神经内科住院的62例症状性颈内动脉完全闭塞患者意向性分为介入组和药物组,介入组21例给予颈内动脉闭塞血管再通术,药物组41例给予阿司匹林、氯吡格雷及他汀类药物治疗.随访主要终点事件为发病2年时患者功能预后,以改良的Rankins评分(mRS评分)为依据,秩和检验比较组间平均秩次的差异;次要终点事件为血管事件的再发,Kaplan-Meier法及多因素Cox回归分析其中位数时间及独立危险因素.结果 在随访3月、6月、1年及2年时,介入组患者mRS评分平均秩次均明显低于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).介入组和药物组患者再发血管事件的中位数时间分别为(17.42± 1.20)个月和(19.43±1.51)个月,比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).多因素Cox回归分析表明患者再发血管事件的独立危险因素主要包括吸烟(RR=3.189,95％ CI:1.020～9.968,P=0.046)、糖尿病(RR=2.717,95％CI:1.113～6.631,P=0.028)及基线时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分(RR=2.984,95％CI:1.049～8.485,p=0.040),而治疗方案(介入治疗和药物治疗)不是血管事件再发的独立影响因素(RR=1.191,95％CI:0.430～3.296,P=0.737).结论 对于症状性颈内动脉完全闭塞患者,介入治疗较药物治疗能获得更好的功能预后,但随访2年时未能减少血管事件的发生.吸烟、糖尿病及基线NIHSS评分是其血管事件再发的独立危险因素.     

急性期高敏感C反应蛋白对脑梗死预后的评估

目的探讨脑梗死急性期高敏感C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）对脑梗死远期预后的评估价值。方法选取首次急性脑梗死患者99例，在72h内检测血清hs—CRP，随访1年，将死亡及再发缺血性血管病变记录为终点事件。将所有患者分为CRP正常组（hs—CRP≤3mg／L）和CRP增高组（hs—CRP〉3mg／L），分别对两组患者进行生存分析比较。采用多变量Logistic回归分析hs—CRP增高、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、高血脂、年龄、吸烟、饮酒等危险因素对终点事件的影响。结果hs—CRP〉3mg／L的患者较hs-CRP≤3mg／L的患者终点事件发生率显著增加（18．18％，5．45％；P=0．044；生存分析，log—rank检验）。多变量回归分析显示，hs—CRP增高（OR3．609；95％CI 0．869～14．992；P=0．047）和吸烟（OR4．094；95％CI1．092—15．340；P=0．037）与终点事件独立相关。结论脑梗死急性期hs—CRP增高可能是脑梗死发病1年内死亡和再发缺血性血管病变的独立危险因素。     

分水岭脑梗死患者血管内治疗的长期疗效观察

目的探讨血管内介入治疗及药物治疗对伴责任动脉严重狭窄分水岭脑梗死患者的近期及远期疗效。方法回顾性分析195例急性分水岭脑梗死(cerebral watershed infarction,CWI),根据干预措施不同,患者被分为介入治疗组(87例)及药物治疗组(108例)。介入治疗组于发病2 w内行颈内动脉或大脑中动脉M1段介入治疗,同时给予抗血小板、他汀等药物治疗;药物治疗组单纯给予抗血小板、他汀等治疗。通过电话随访,比较出院后3 m、6 m及1 y两组的NIHSS评分及3 m、6 m、1 y、2 y及5 y的mRS评分及随访期间的脑出血、脑梗死、TIA及死亡的发生情况。结果 (1)两组患者在出院后3 m的NIHSS评分下降明显不同(P=0. 008);(2)介入治疗组患者治疗后3 m、6 m、5 y及随访终止时间mRS≤2患者的比例明显高于药物治疗组(P分别为0. 037、0. 035、0. 035及0. 022);(3)血管内介入治疗组出院至1 y、2 y、5 y及随访终止时责任血管同侧缺血性卒中的复发率明显低于药物治疗组(P分别为0. 049、0. 049、0. 03及0. 017);(4)两组患者随访期间总死亡率及死于脑梗死的比例均无差异(P分别为0. 723、0. 505)。结论对CWI患者,与单纯药物治疗比较,早期血管内介入治疗能明显促进神经功能恢复,减少残疾,改善患者预后;且能预防远期脑梗死及短暂性脑缺血发作的复发率。     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状对照研究的Meta分析

目的探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和不良反应的差异。方法应用Meta分析对13项奥氮平与其他抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症阴性症状对照研究的文章进行再分析，评价其合并效应量大小和综合显著性检验。结果1．奥氮平治疗前后的自身对照，合并效应量d=-2．77，95％CI（-4．83，-0．70），Х^2=89．03，P〈0．01；2．奥氮平与对照药物在第2周末和治疗后组间的比较，分别为d=-0．14，95%ACI（-0．31，0．04），Х^2=4．56，P〉0．05；Y合并=-0．10，95％CI（-0．22，0．03），Х^2=3．20，P〉0．05；提示两组疗效没有显著差异；3．奥氮平的不良反应显著少于对照组药物。结论奥氮平与对照组的疗效相仿，但副作用少。     

二十碳五烯酸预防动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的meta分析

目的系统评价二十碳五烯酸（EPA）预防动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后脑血管痉挛（cvs）的临床疗效。方法计算机检索PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普数据库等收集EPA治疗aSAH后CVS的临床对照试验，评价纳入研究的质量、提取数据，采用RevMan5．0分析数据。结果共纳入3个研究，307例病人。Meta分析结果显示：EPA降低总症状性脑血管痉挛（SCVS）发生率[相对危险度（RR）=0．46，95％可信区间（CI）为0．29—0．72，P=0．0006]、持续性SCVS发生率（RR=0．13，95％CI为0．04—0．46，P=0．002）、血管痉挛性脑梗死发生率（RR=0．27，95％CI为0．14～0．51，P〈0．0001），但并不改善30d改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分（RR=1．15，95％CI为0．98～1．33，P=0．08）、180dmRS评分（RR=1．03，95％CI为0．91～1．16，P=0．65）。结论EPA可预防aSAH后CVS，但其远期疗效仍需进一步研究。     

大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤不同类型的治疗策略

目的探讨大脑中动脉（MCA）分叉部动脉瘤不同类型的治疗方案。 方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年7月临沂市人民医院神经外科收治的118例MCA分叉部动脉瘤患者的临床资料。根据动脉瘤的解剖分型分别采取开颅夹闭术治疗（手术组,66例）和血管内治疗（介入组,52例）;根据影像学资料分为经典型（46例）、偏侧型（49例）和累及双干或多干型（23例）。对各型接受血管内或开颅夹闭治疗后的效果进行改良Rankin量表评分（mRS）和对比分析。 结果46例经典型MCA分叉部动脉瘤患者中,手术组27例,mRS评分为0～2分20例,3～5分7例;介入组19例,mRS评分为0～2分14例,3～5分5例,两种术式的临床预后比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。49例偏侧型MCA分叉部动脉瘤患者中,手术组21例,mRS评分为0～2分11例,3～5分10例;介入组28例,mRS评分为0～2分23例,3～5分5例,介入组患者的临床预后要优于手术组患者（P〈0.05）。23例累及双干或多干型MCA分叉部动脉瘤患者中,手术组18例,mRS评分为0～2分14例,3～5分4例;介入组5例,mRS评分为0～2分1例,3～5分4例,手术组患者的临床预后要优于介入组的患者（P〈0.05）。 结论对于经典型MCA分叉部动脉瘤的患者,两种治疗方式的疗效并无明显差异;对于偏侧型MCA分叉部动脉瘤的患者,血管内治疗的预后要优于开颅夹闭治疗,应优先选择血管内治疗;对于累及双干或多干型MCA分叉部动脉瘤,应采用开颅夹闭手术治疗。     

院内急性缺血性卒中血管内介入治疗延误的影响因素分析

目的 分析院内急性缺血性卒中（acute ischemic stroke，AIS）患者血管内介入治疗延误的影响因素。
方法 回顾性纳入2014年10月-2019年7月于南京医科大学第一附属医院住院期间发生AIS并接受血
管内介入治疗的患者，根据发病至股动脉穿刺时间（onset-to-puncture time，OTP）是否超过120 min，将
患者分为延误组和非延误组。收集两组患者相关临床资料，观察两组预后情况，良好预后定义为
90 d mRS评分≤2分，采用多因素Logistic回归分析研究院内延误的影响因素。
结果 共纳入53例院内卒中患者，平均年龄64.43±12.46岁，男性29例（54.72%）。中位OTP为150
（115～200）min，其中延误组31例，非延误组22例。非延误组良好预后比例高于延误组（63.64%
vs 35.48%，P =0.043）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，发病后立即启动绿色通道（OR 0.061，95%CI
0.007～0.532，P =0.011）及高危科室发病（OR 0.108，95%CI 0.014～0.821；P =0.031）与院内卒中血管
内介入治疗延误呈独立负相关；而家属决策时间延长（OR 1.527，95%CI 1.114～2.094，P =0.008）与院
内卒中血管内介入治疗延误呈独立正相关。
结论 家属决策时间长是院内卒中血管内介入治疗延误的独立危险因素，发病后立即启动绿色通
道及高危科室发病是院内卒中血管内介入治疗延误的独立保护因素。     

贫血对急性缺血性卒中预后的影响

目的 探讨贫血对急性缺血性卒中2年预后的影响。 方法 收集在北京市老年病医院住院的急性缺血性卒中患者131例，记录患者的一般资料和临床特 征，神经功能缺损评价采用NIHSS评分。根据患者入院时有无贫血分为贫血组和非贫血组，随访患者 2年预后、复合血管事件和死亡率，其中预后采用mRS量表进行评价（mRS评分≤2分为预后良好，mRS 评分＞2分为预后不良）。复合血管事件包括再发卒中、脑出血和急性冠状动脉综合征。采用Logistic回 归分析贫血对急性缺血性卒中2年预后和死亡的影响。 结果 与非贫血组相比，贫血组患者年龄较大，神经功能缺损较重，心房颤动、慢性肾功能不全、 外周血管病患病率较高，差异有统计学意义。入院时贫血是急性缺血性卒中患者2年预后不良（OR 5.063，95%CI 1.887～13.590）、死亡（OR 13.266，95%CI 1.364～128.993）的独立危险因素。 结论 入院时合并贫血的急性缺血性卒中患者年龄较大，共存疾病较多，神经功能缺损较重。贫血 是卒中后2年预后不良、病死率高的独立危险因素。     

后循环脑梗死患者的预后分析

目的评估后循环脑梗死患者的预后并分析影响预后的相关因素。方法对274例经头颅MRI确诊且资料完整的后循环脑梗死（PCCI）患者进行随访,评估残障量表（mRS）、Barthel指数（BI）以了解患者的预后情况,并分析预后相关因素。结果274例后循环梗死患者中,无残障或轻度残障（mRS0～3分）占87．6％,严重残障（mRS4—5分）占9．9％,死亡占2．6％。mRS评估的多因素回归分析显示发病至就诊时间、入院时美国国立卫生院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、既往卒中史、高同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）（P〈0．05）与预后相关。结论后循环梗死患者的总体预后良好,病死率低。发病至就诊时间长、入院时NIHSS评分高、既往有卒中史者、伴高同型半胱氨酸血症者预后不良。     

合并房颤的急性缺血性卒中患者CHADS2评分与预后的关系

目的 探讨CHADS2评分与合并非瓣膜性房颤的急性缺血性卒中患者近期预后的关系.方法 前瞻性纳入发病7d内合并非瓣膜性房颤的卒中患者,行发病前CHADS2评分,分3组(0～1、2、3～6分),随访住院期间并发症和3个月时预后情况[改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)≤2为预后良好,mRS≥5为预后极差],单因素分析筛选影响3个月预后的危险因素后,再采用Logistic逐步回归分析CHADS2评分与3个月预后的关系.结果 共纳入203例患者,其中CHADS2 0～1、2、3～6组各72、53、78例,CHADS2评分高者入院时NIHSS评分较高,均数分别为9.8、12.6、13.0(F =3.404,P =0.035);肺部感染发生率较高,分别为12.5％、34.0％、39.7％( X2=14.643,P=0.001);预后良好率较低;预后极差率较高;多因素Logistic回归分析显示CHADS2评分是预后良好和预后极差的独立预测因子,以CHADS23～6组为参考,CHADS20～1预测良好预后的OR值为5.018(95％ CI为2.055 ～ 12.560);以CHADS2 0～1组为参考,CHADS23～6预测极差预后的OR值为6.197(95％ CI为1.670～22.996).结论 发病前CHADS2评分与合并非瓣膜性房颤的缺血性卒中患者预后相关,评分低者(0～1)预后良好可能性大,评分高者(3～6)预后极差可能性大.     

氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗对轻型卒中与短暂性脑缺血发作患者功能预后的影响：CHANCE与POINT试验联合分析

目的 评价氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林双抗治疗对轻型缺血性卒中与TIA患者功能预后的影响。 方法 提取CHANCE和POINT试验所有的个体数据。这两项试验中,所有纳入患者在症状发作12 h （POINT）或24 h（CHANCE）以内随机接受氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林或单用阿司匹林治疗。结局指标为3个 月时功能预后不良（mRS≥2）,三等级定义卒中复发[致残性或致死性卒中复发（mRS≥2）、非致残性 卒中复发（mRS 0或1）、无卒中复发]。 结果 共10 013例患者纳入分析,其中来自CHANCE试验5132例（51.3%）,来自POINT试验4881例 （48.7%）;氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组4995例（49.9%）,单用阿司匹林组5018例（50.1%）。氯吡格雷联 用阿司匹林组3个月时功能预后不良的患者比例低于单用阿司匹林组（11.6% vs 12.6%,校正OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.72～0.94,P =0.005）。氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组致残性或致死性卒中复发（4.6% vs 6.1%, 校正OR 0.73,95%CI 0.61～0.87,P <0.001）、非致残性卒中复发（1.9% vs 3.0%,校正OR 0.62,95%CI 0.47～0.80,P <0.001）和卒中复发的整体致残性（校正cOR 0.70,95%CI 0.60～0.81,P <0.001）低于单 用阿司匹林组。 结论 与单用阿司匹林治疗相比,氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林治疗可进一步改善轻型缺血性卒中和TIA 患者3个月时功能预后,减少致残性卒中复发。     

Preoperative antithrombotic treatment in acutely symptomatic carotid artery stenosis

ObjectivesEarly recurrence of cerebral ischemia in acutely symptomatic carotid artery stenosis can precede revascularization. The optimal antithrombotic regimen for this high-risk population is not well established. Although antiplatelet agents are commonly used, there is limited evidence for the use of anticoagulants. We sought to understand the safety and efficacy of short-term preoperative anticoagulants in secondary prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events from acutely symptomatic carotid stenosis in patients awaiting carotid endarterectomy (CEA).Materials and MethodsA retrospective query of a prospective single institution registry of carotid revascularization was performed. Patients who presented with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) attributable to an ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis (ICA) were included. Antiplatelet (AP) only and anticoagulation (AC) treatment arms were compared. The primary outcome was a composite of preoperative recurrent ischemic stroke or TIA. The primary safety outcome was symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.ResultsOut of 443 CEA patients, 342 were in the AC group and 101 in the AP group. Baseline characteristics between groups (AC vs AP) were similar apart from age (71±10.5 vs 73±9.5, p=0.04), premorbid modified Rankin scale (mRS) score (1.0±1.2 vs 1.4±1.3, p=0.03) and stroke as presenting symptom (65.8 vs 53.5%, p=0.02). Patients in the AC group had a lower incidence of recurrent stroke/TIA (3.8 vs 10.9%, p=0.006). One patient had symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in the AC group, and none in the AP group. In multivariate analysis controlling for age, premorbid mRS, stroke severity, degree of stenosis, presence of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) and time to surgery, AC was protective (OR 0.30, p=0.007). This effect persisted in the cohort exclusively without ILT (OR 0.23, p=0.002).ConclusionsShort term preoperative anticoagulation in patients with acutely symptomatic carotid stenosis appears safe and effective compared to antiplatelet agents alone in the prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events while awaiting CEA.     

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Noncardioembolic Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: Pros and Cons

Dual antiplatelet therapy simultaneously blocks different platelet activation pathways and might thus be more potent at inhibiting platelet activation and more effective at reducing major ischemic vascular events compared to antiplatelet monotherapy. Aspirin plus clopidogrel dual therapy is now the standard therapy for patients with acute coronary syndrome and for those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, dual antiplatelet therapy carries an increased risk of bleeding. Patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) are generally older and likely to have a fragile cerebrovascular bed, which further increases the risk of systemic major bleeding events and intracranial hemorrhage. Clinical trials and meta-analyses suggest that in comparison to antiplatelet monotherapy, dual antiplatelet therapy initiated early after noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA further reduces the rate of recurrent stroke and major vascular events without significantly increasing the rate of major bleeding events. In contrast, studies of long-term therapy in patients with noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA have yielded inconsistent data regarding the benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy over monotherapy. However, the harm associated with major bleeding events, including intracranial hemorrhage, which is generally more disabling and more fatal than ischemic stroke, is likely to increase with dual antiplatelet therapy. Physicians should carefully assess the benefits and risks of dual antiplatelet therapy versus antiplatelet monotherapy when managing patients with ischemic stroke or TIA.     

Asymptomatic embolization predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Improved methods of identifying patients at high risk of thromboembolism would allow improved targeting of therapy. One such situation is carotid artery stenosis. This is associated with an increased risk of stroke, which can be reduced by carotid endarterectomy. However, the risk-benefit ratio is low in patients with tight asymptomatic stenosis and moderate symptomatic stenosis. Most stroke in patients with carotid stenosis is believed to be embolic. Therefore, the detection of asymptomatic cerebral emboli using Doppler ultrasound may allow identification of a high-risk group. METHODS: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to record for 1 hour the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery in 111 patients with >60% carotid artery stenosis (69 symptomatic, 42 asymptomatic). The Doppler audio signal was recorded onto digital audio tape for later analysis for embolic signals (ES) by an individual blinded to clinical details. In 67 subjects the relationship between ES and angiographically determined plaque ulceration was investigated. All subjects were followed up prospectively, and the relationship between ES and risk of future ipsilateral carotid artery territory ischemic events (TIA and stroke) was determined. RESULTS: ES were detected in 41(36.9%) subjects. In symptomatic patients there was a significant inverse relationship between the number of ES per hour and time elapsed since last symptoms (Spearman's rho=-0.2558, P=0.034). ES were more common in subjects with plaque ulceration, with a relative risk of 4. 94 (95% CI, 1.23 to 19.84; P=0.025) after controlling for both symptomatic status and degree of stenosis. The presence of ES at entry was predictive of TIA and stroke risk during follow up in both symptomatic (P=0.02) and asymptomatic patients (P=0.007). Considering all 111 patients, the presence of asymptomatic embolization was predictive of a further ischemic event, with an adjusted OR of 8.10 (95% CI, 1.58 to 41.57; P=0.01) after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors, degree of stenosis, symptomatic status, and aspirin or warfarin use. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic embolization in patients with carotid artery stenosis correlates with known markers of increased stroke risk and is an independent predictor of future stroke risk in patients with both symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. It may allow identification of a high-risk group of patients who will particularly benefit from carotid endarterectomy. A large multicenter study is now required to confirm these findings.     

Ipsilateral Nonstenotic Carotid Disease in Minor Ischemic Stroke: an Exploratory Analysis of The POINT Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and aimIpsilateral nonstenotic carotid disease is increasingly recognized as an etiology of ischemic stroke, however tailored treatment strategies are lacking. We aimed to examine clinical characteristics and treatment effects in patients with minor ischemic stroke associated with ipsilateral nonstenotic carotid disease in the Platelet Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke (POINT) trial.MethodsWe performed an exploratory analysis of the interaction of the treatment effects of aspirin plus clopidogrel versus aspirin monotherapy, stratified by presence of ipsilateral nonstenotic carotid disease in patients with minor ischemic stroke in the POINT trial.ResultsFor this exploratory analysis, 167 patients presenting with ischemic stroke and ipsilateral nonstenotic carotid disease, defined as 1%-49% carotid stenosis ipsilateral to the corresponding territory of ischemic stroke, and 833 patients no carotid disease were included. Compared to patients with no carotid disease, patients with ipsilateral nonstenotic carotid disease were older (68.5 ± 11.3 years versus 61.3 ± 12.8 years; P < 0.001), and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (76.6% versus 59.2%, P < 0.001), ischemic heart disease (13.8% versus 5.4%, P < 0.001), and tobacco use (past: 34.1% versus 25.2%, P = 0.005; present: 27.5% versus 22.8%, P = 0.005). 5.4% of patients with ipsilateral nonstenotic carotid disease had recurrent ischemic stroke within 14 days. Patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy had a numerical reduction in recurrent ischemic stroke compared to patients receiving aspirin monotherapy, however the exploratory analysis was underpowered to detect a statistically significant difference in treatment effect (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.18-1.40, P = 0.19).ConclusionPatients with minor ischemic stroke and ipsilateral nonstenotic carotid disease had a high risk of early stroke recurrence in the POINT trial. Dual antiplatelet therapy provided a non-statistically significant reduction in recurrent ischemic stroke with no difference in safety outcomes compared to aspirin monotherapy. Further study is needed to determine if early and short duration dual antiplatelet therapy is beneficial for all patients with ipsilateral nonstenotic carotid disease.     

Family History is Related to High Risk of Recurrent Events after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack

ObjectivePrior data suggest paternal or sibling stroke was associated with increased risk of offspring stroke. Whether family history of cardiovascular disease (FHc) predicts risk of stroke recurrence remains unclear, we aim to determine this issue on patients with ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA).Materials and MethodsThis is a post hoc analysis based on the Third China National Stroke Registry III. IS/TIA patients with data of FHc status were included. FHc was defined as family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke among first-degree relatives (include parents, children, and siblings (same parents)). Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to assess the association between FHc and recurrent events at 1 year follow-up.ResultsTotally 14,208 patients with verified FHc status were included, 4,454 (31.3%) were female and the median (IQR) age was 62.0 (54.0, 70.0) years. Of these, 294 (2.1%), 726 (5.1%) and 1936 (13.6%) had family history of both CHD and stroke, family history of CHD, and family history of stroke only, respectively. Using multivariable Cox models adjusted for age, sex, and vascular risk factors, we found that patients with FHc experienced higher risk of stroke recurrence (HR=1.151, 95%CI=1.000-1.324) and combined vascular events (HR=1.186, 95%CI=1.036-1.358) at 1 year compared with those without FHc. In sensitivity analysis on patients who received primary secondary prevention treatment of antiplatelet and statins, the association persisted.ConclusionsFHc is associated with increased risk of stroke recurrence even under primary secondary prevention treatment.     

Prevention of stroke with ticlopidine: who benefits most? TASS Baseline and Angiographic Data Subgroup.

We examined the baseline characteristics of patients in the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study (TASS) to determine if the effects of the two treatments in preventing stroke differed in various subgroups. Patients with the following characteristics did less well on aspirin: elevated creatinine, hypertension or diabetes requiring treatment, or treatment with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs prior to their qualifying TIA or stroke. Women and patients with vertebrobasilar symptoms did particularly well on ticlopidine. We performed arteriography in 1,188 patients with carotid qualifying events. The frequency of stroke in patients with abnormal arteriograms ipsilateral to their symptoms was slightly higher than in those with normal carotid arteries. Ticlopidine was more effective in patients without carotid stenosis. Ticlopidine is more effective than aspirin in preventing strokes in patients having warning TIAs. The patients who benefit most from ticlopidine may be women, those who have vertebrobasilar symptoms, those with cerebral ischemic symptoms while on aspirin or anticoagulant therapy, and patients with diffuse atherosclerotic disease rather than high-grade carotid stenosis.     

Long-term follow-up after extracranial internal carotid artery dissection

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term outcome after extracranial internal carotid artery dissection (eICAD) in consideration of the applied antithrombotic therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Among 33 consecutive eICAD patients initially treated either with anticoagulation (n = 25) or with antiplatelets (n = 8), a standardized interview was performed after 28 +/- 22.1 months to analyze risks and benefits of both agents. Ischemic and hemorrhagic complications, occurrence of seizure and rates of arterial recanalization were compared and long-term clinical outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI). RESULTS: Among anticoagulated patients, 1 died due to brain herniation. In 3 patients stroke (n = 2) or TIA (n = 1) recurred. In the antiplatelet group, none died and no subsequent ischemic events happened. Hemorrhagic complications were noted in neither treatment group. Functional outcome among anticoagulated patients was BI 92 +/- 21.6 and mRS 1.48 +/- 1.50, which did not differ from patients initially treated with antiplatelets (BI 89 +/- 18.9, mRS 1.50 +/- 1.41, p > 0.05). Four anticoagulated patients developed seizures, compared to 2 patients with antiplatelets (p > 0.05). Arterial recanalization occurred in 16 of 22 antico- agulated patients with ultrasound follow-up, compared to 6 of 6 patients with antiplatelets (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the absence of iatrogenic side effects, both anticoagulation and antiplatelets seem to be safe for eICAD. The rates for death and stroke were low and outcome ratings did not differ between both agents. These findings may indicate that a controlled randomized trial comparing anticoagulation and antiplatelets is ethically justified.     

双联抗血小板治疗伴易损斑块的轻度症状性颈动脉狭窄的疗效和安全性

目的：探讨阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗伴易损斑块的症状性颈动脉狭窄患者的疗效和安全性。方法利用颈动脉超声检查筛选205例存在颈动脉易损斑块,且颈动脉狭窄＜50％的缺血性卒中患者,随机分为阿司匹林治疗组（单抗组）102例和阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗组（双抗组）103例,比较两组治疗90 d内外周血基质金属蛋白酶－9（MMP －9）的变化,以及卒中和血管性意外事件的发生率。结果治疗21 d后,双抗组血液中M M P －9浓度下降值高于单抗组[（77．26±13．71）ng／ml比（96．86±16．52）ng／ml ,P＜0．01]。双抗组90 d内脑梗死总复发率和同侧复发率均低于单抗组（3．88％比11．76％,P ＝0．035;1．94％比8．82％,P ＝0．029）,两组对侧脑梗死复发率差异无统计学意义（1.94％比2．94％,P＝0．643）。双抗组同单抗组相比,出血事件（0．97％比0,P＞0．05）和急性冠脉综合征的发生率（1．94％比5．88％, P ＝0．145）差异均无统计学意义。结论对于伴易损斑块的症状性颈动脉狭窄患者,阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷双联抗血小板治疗相对阿司匹林单抗治疗更具优势。     

大脑中动脉分布区缺血性卒中患者的临床和影像学特征及复发危险因素

目的 分析大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）分布区非心源性缺血性卒中患者的临床和影像 学特征及复发的危险因素。 方法 连续入选发病7 d以内的MCA分布区非心源性缺血性卒中患者。收集患者的人口学信息、血管 病的危险因素和发病时的主要症状及体征,评价患者的头颅磁共振影像包括急性梗死灶的部位、 数量、分布特征、责任动脉有无狭窄、缺血性卒中的病因分型。随访患者1年内有无缺血性卒中或短暂 性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）复发,通过多元Logistic回归分析患者复发的危险因素。 结果 研究共入组926例患者,责任MCA狭窄≥70%的患者（447例）常见多发梗死灶（338例,75.6%） 和分水岭梗死（317例,70.9%）,而责任MCA无狭窄或狭窄程度<70%患者（479例）常见MCA穿支分 布区单发梗死灶（247例,55.3%）。冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病[比值比（odds ratio,OR）7.55,95%可 信区间（confidence interval,CI）2.85～20.0,P <0.001]、缺血性卒中病史（OR 3.49,95%CI 1.52～8.01, P =0.003）、缺血性卒中发病前3个月内反复TI A史（OR 22.7,95%CI 8.35～61.6,P <0.001）、新发梗死 灶为多发（OR 5.26,95%CI 1.33～20.8,P =0.018）是患者1年内缺血性卒中或TIA复发的危险因素。 结论 对于非心源性缺血性卒中患者,MCA分布区梗死灶的分布特征与MCA狭窄程度有关。新发梗 死灶为多发、既往有缺血性心脑血管病病史的患者1年缺血性卒中或TIA复发风险高。