益生菌VSL#3对Oxazolone小鼠结肠炎结肠黏膜中β防御素-2表达的影响

目的观察益生菌VSL#3对Oxazolone小鼠结肠炎结肠黏膜中β防御素-2表达的影响。方法建立Oxazolone小鼠结肠炎模型并分为VSL#3治疗组、SASP治疗组、治疗对照组。免疫组化方法、RT-PCR及Western blot检测各组结肠粘膜组织中β防御素-2的蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果免疫组化方法、RT-PCR检测及Western blot检测发现VSL#3治疗组小鼠结肠粘膜中β防御素-2的蛋白及mRNA的表达低于治疗对照组,与SASP治疗组比较差异没有显著性。结论VSL#3对Oxazolone诱导的小鼠结肠炎有治疗作用,其作用机制可能与下调β防御素-2的表达有关。     

大麻素受体-2对小鼠结肠炎作用机制研究

目的：观察大麻素受体-2( CB2)对急性实验性小鼠结肠炎的作用,探讨CB2对肠黏膜内质网应激( ERS)影响。方法32只SPF小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、CB2激动剂组、CB2拮抗剂组,每组8只。记录小鼠疾病活动度及结肠组织病理学评分,ELISA法检测结肠组织中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-10(IL-10)水平,免疫组化法检测结肠组织CB2及ERS相关蛋白GRP78、CHOP表达,RT-PCR法检测结肠组织中GRP78、CHOP mRNA水平。结果与正常组比较,模型组TNF-α水平显著上调、IL-10水平下降( P<0．05),GRP78、CHOP蛋白及mRNA显著增高(P<0．05)。与模型组比较, CB2激动剂组 CB2表达明显增多( P <0．05),TNF-α水平下降(P <0．05),IL-10水平增多(P <0．05),GRP78、CHOP 蛋白及 mRNA 显著下降(P <0．05)。CB2拮抗剂组TNF-α、IL-10、ERS标记物水平与模型组差异无统计学意义。结论实验性结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜存在剧烈的ERS,CB2激动剂激活CB2表达后缓解结肠炎小鼠肠道炎症,可能与CB2抑制肠黏膜ERS有关。     

金黄色葡萄球菌核酸酶对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸诱导的小鼠结肠炎的保护作用

探究金黄色葡萄球菌核酸酶(SNase)对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导小鼠结肠炎的改善作用及机制。用2.5%TNBS溶液灌肠雌性BALB/c小鼠建立结肠炎模型,并连续6 d灌胃给予以重组乳酸菌为递呈载体的SNase。探究SNase介导的中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)的降解对小鼠结肠炎的影响。实验分为正常组、TNBS模型组、NZ9000乳酸菌组、表达SNase的重组乳酸菌组。每日观测小鼠体质量、粪便性状和粪便隐血情况,观察期结束取结肠组织进行HE病理分析,检测结肠组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)酶活和促炎细胞因子的mRNA表达水平,检测血清炎性细胞因子含量,同时免疫组化检测结肠组织中性粒细胞及其NETs标志物的表达水平。结果表明,乳酸菌递呈的SNase能缓解TNBS诱导的结肠炎小鼠体质量下降,降低疾病活动指数(DAI)评分,缓解结肠缩短并减轻病理损伤,降低结肠组织MPO酶活及炎性细胞因子表达,同时改善了血清炎性水平,免疫组化结果表明结肠组织Ly6G和citH3水平下降。初步机制表明,SNase能够下调炎性细胞因子的表达,降低NETs水平从而缓解小鼠结肠炎。     

小檗碱调控内质网应激水平影响UC结肠炎症反应的实验研究

目的从内质网应激（ERS）角度探讨小檗碱（BBR）缓解溃疡性结肠炎（UC）结肠炎症反应的作用机制。方法60只BALB/c小鼠按随机数字表法分为空白对照组、模型对照组和BBR低、中、高剂量组,每组12只。制备右旋葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的UC小鼠模型,BBR低、中、高剂量组造模同时给予BBR混悬液灌胃7d。观察5组小鼠一般情况并评估疾病活动指数（DAI）;末次给药后取小鼠结肠病变部位标本,进行组织病理学评价;TUNEL法检测结肠组织肠上皮细胞（IECs）的凋亡情况;免疫组化法检测结肠组织中GRP78、Caspase-12和Caspase-3蛋白的表达水平;荧光定量PCR法检测结肠组织GRP78mRNA的表达水平。结果与模型对照组比较,BBR低、中、高剂量组小鼠结肠炎的临床症状和组织病理学损伤均有明显减轻。与空白对照组比较,模型对照组结肠组织IECs凋亡数明显增多,GRP78、Caspase-12和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显升高,GRP78mRNA的表达亦上调。而与模型对照组比较,BBR低、中、高剂量组小鼠结肠组织IECs凋亡数明显下降,BBR高剂量组小鼠结肠组织GRP78、Caspase-12、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平与GRP78mRNA的表达水平均下调。结论BBR能有效减轻UC小鼠的结肠炎症,其机制可能与下调ERS水平,抑制ERS介导的Caspase-12/Caspase-3凋亡信号通路活化有关。     

CyclinE mRNA及蛋白的异常表达与结肠癌生物学行为的关系

目的:探讨CyclinE在结肠癌组织中的表达情况及其与结肠癌发生、发展的关系。方法：采用原位杂交方法和免疫组化S P法对40例结肠癌、10例结肠腺瘤和10例结肠正常粘膜组织进行CyclinE mRNA和CyclinE蛋白的检测，同时结合临床病理资料进行分析。结果：正常结肠组织无CyclinE mRNA及蛋白的表达，结肠癌组织中CyclinE mRNA和CyclinE蛋白的阳性表达率分别为62.5%和57.5%，显著高于结肠腺瘤和结肠正常组织（P＜0.05）。CyclinE mRNA与肿瘤的浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移密切相关（P＜0.05），但与肿瘤的分化程度、有无肝转移不相关（P＞0.05）。CyclinE蛋白在结肠癌的表达与CyclinE mRNA的表达基本一致，但CyclinE蛋白的阳性表达率在肝转移组高于无肝转移组（P＜0.05）。结论：CyclinE mRNA及蛋白在结肠癌组织中表达显著上调，并与结肠癌生物学行为关系密切，提示CyclinE过表达与结肠癌的发生、发展有关，CyclinE可作为结肠癌早期诊断和判断预后的辅助指标。     

NADPH氧化酶NOX1、NOX2和DUOX2在溃疡性结肠炎中的表达分析

目的探讨NADPH氧化酶家族(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases,NOXs)的主要成员NOX1、NOX2和双氧化物酶(dual oxidase,DUOX)2(人:NOX1、NOX2和DUOX2;小鼠:Nox1、Nox2和Duox2)在人炎症性肠病和小鼠肠炎模型结肠中的表达。方法人结肠标本选自于通过结肠镜活检或手术切除的炎症性肠病组织及距离病变组织边缘5 cm以上正常组织;同时选用8~10周龄的C57BL/6雌性小鼠建立结肠炎模型,采用掷硬币法将其随机分为对照组和慢性肠炎组,慢性肠炎组先自由饮用1.0%(质量分数)葡聚糖硫酸钠7 d,然后自由饮水14 d,循环3次;通过体质量变化和HE染色方法评估肠道炎性反应程度。采用实时定量PCR技术和免疫组织化学方法分别检测结肠组织中NOX1、NOX2及DUOX2 mRNA和蛋白表达情况,并分析在人炎症性肠病中三者表达情况与临床特征之间的关系。结果 NOX1、NOX2和DUOX2 mRNA在人炎症性肠病结肠组织中的表达量均显著高于自身正常对照组织,分别增高2.8、2.0和3.3倍(P均<0.01);与人不同,Nox1和Duox2 mRNA在小鼠慢性肠炎结肠组织中的表达量差异无统计学意义,Nox2 mRNA增加2.4倍(P<0.01)。Nox1蛋白在正常结肠上皮细胞刷状缘和胞质中表达;Nox2蛋白主要表达于浸润的吞噬细胞和中性粒细胞;Duox2蛋白在正常结肠黏膜组织中低表达;三者在人炎症性肠病结肠组织中表达均上调(均P<0.01);在小鼠慢性肠炎模型中,Nox2和Duox2蛋白上调(均P<0.01),而Nox1无变化。除了NOX2 mRNA在男性病人表达高于女性病人外,未发现这些氧化酶与病人临床特征之间有关联。结论NOX1、NOX2和DUOX2不但在维持机体正常生理功能过程中发挥重要作用,而且在炎症性肠病初期阶段的发病中也起一定的作用。     

ERK-1和ERK-2蛋白表达与结肠癌组织中血管形成的关系

目的分析ERK-1、ERK-2与VEGF蛋白表达及结肠肿瘤微血管密度的关系,探讨ERK蛋白在结肠肿瘤血管形成中的临床意义。方法用SP免疫组化法检测31例结肠癌中ERK-1、ERK-2、VEGF及CD34相关抗原的蛋白表达情况,并用SPSS10.0forWindows软件统计分析ERK蛋白与结肠肿瘤微血管密度的关系。以20例溃疡性结肠炎、21例结肠腺瘤和10例正常结肠粘膜作为对照组。结果结肠癌中ERK-1、ERK-2、VEGF蛋白表达阳性率和微血管密度计数(MVD)明显高于正常结肠粘膜组织(P<0.05),从溃疡性结肠炎、结肠腺瘤到结肠癌中ERK-1、ERK-2、VEGF蛋白表达阳性率和MVD不同且具有递增趋势。ERK-1、ERK-2、VEGF蛋白表达和MVD与结肠癌的Duke’s分期及有无淋巴结转移显著相关(P<0.05)。结肠癌中ERK-1、ERK-2表达阳性者与ERK-1、ERK-2表达阴性者相比,VEGF蛋白表达阳性率和MVD显著不同(P<0.05)。结论ERK-1和ERK-2蛋白过度表达在结肠肿瘤的血管形成中具有重要意义。     

SSTR2、Livin 和 Survivin 在结肠癌组织中的表达及其意义

探讨生长抑素受体 2（SSTR2）,凋亡抑制因子 Livin 和存活素（Survivin）在结肠正常黏膜、结肠腺瘤、癌旁组织及结肠癌组织中的表达水平的变化规律及临床意义。方法 采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测收集到的 30 例结肠正常黏膜、30 例结肠腺瘤、30 例结肠癌旁组织、30 例结肠癌组织中SSTR2、Livin 和 Survivin mRNA 的表达情况,对其表达水平进行测定,分析不同组织表达阳性率及表达强度的差别。结果 结肠癌标本中 Livin 和 Survivin mRNA 阳性表达率与结肠腺瘤比较明显升高,差异有统计学意义（ <0.05）。而 SSTR2mRNA 的阳性表达率与结肠腺瘤比较明显降低,,差异有统计学意义（ <0.05）。Livin和 Survivin mRNA 表达水平在结肠正常黏膜、结肠腺瘤、结肠瘤旁组织、结肠癌组织为逐渐增高趋势,而SSTR2mRNA 为逐渐下降趋势。结论 SSTR2、Livin 和 Survivin 在结肠黏膜从腺瘤到癌的转变过程中起着重要作用。     

CD45RBhigh CD4+幼稚T细胞诱导严重联合免疫缺陷型小鼠慢性结肠炎模型的建立

目的:建立CD45RBhighCD4 幼稚T细胞诱导严重联合免疫缺陷型(SCID)小鼠慢性结肠炎模型,并探讨该结肠炎模型的免疫病理特征。方法:采用流式细胞仪分离BALB/c小鼠(H-2d基因表型)脾脏CD45RBhighCD4 幼稚T细胞,经尾静脉或腹腔注射植入21只同基因型SCID小鼠体内,观察慢性结肠炎的发生。8周后处死SCID小鼠,分离结肠黏膜固有层内CD4 T淋巴细胞,体外刺激,分别采用ELISA法和RT-PCR法检测炎症结肠黏膜组织内炎症细胞因子(IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、TNF-α)及其mRNA的表达水平。以16只正常BALB/c小鼠作对照。结果:CD45RBhighCD4 幼稚T细胞植入SCID小鼠(4.1±0.3)周后,小鼠体重开始下降,大便变软;(7.4±0.6)周后出现腹泻、体重明显下降、脱肛等慢性结肠炎症状;组织病理检查发现结肠黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层及浆膜层有大量的淋巴细胞浸润,以黏膜层和黏膜下层明显,并出现肠上皮细胞炎性增生、黏膜溃疡形成。与正常BALB/c小鼠比较,CD45RBhighCD4 幼稚T细胞诱导后,SCID小鼠结肠黏膜固有层CD4 T细胞IFN-γ、IL-2、TNF-α分泌水平增高(P<0.005),结肠黏膜组织内IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-αmRNA水平亦升高(P<0.005)。结论:CD45RBhighCD4 幼稚T细胞可诱导SCID小鼠发生慢性结肠炎。     

大鼠溃疡性结肠炎组织中c-fos与iNOS mRNA的表达

目的研究大鼠溃疡性结肠炎组织中iNOS与c-fos mRNA的表达与溃疡性结肠炎(UC)发生的关系.方法建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,提取结肠组织总RNA,经半定量RT-PCR检测iNOS与c-fos mRNA的表达.结果大鼠溃疡性结肠炎组织中iNOS mRNA表达较正常结肠组织明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);c-fos mRNA与正常组相比,无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型中iNOS mRNA表达水平升高,证实iNOS与溃疡性结肠炎的发生有关;c-fos 在mRNA水平与溃疡性结肠炎的发生无直接关系,推测c-fos蛋白可能与UC相关.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.