磁灶镇大气氟污染的调研

目的 探讨磁灶镇大气氟污染状况。方法 对该镇进行大气氟监测和调查。结果 大气氟含量日平均范围在0.002～0.033 mg/m~3,日平均污染指数在0.81～3.59,超标率在14.29％～100％。结论 该镇大气受氟化物污染。建议加强环保执法力度和监测频率。     

大气氟污染对人群健康的影响评价

为探讨大气氟污染对人群健康的影响，本文对由低氟区进驻高氟区（地方性氟中毒）的某部队驻区入群进行流行病学调查，发现：部队搬迁６个月儿童氟斑牙患病率为１６．５４％，尿氟水平均值为２．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ，迁入两年后并经饮水降氟一年后调查儿童氟斑牙患率仍上升为４５．１０％，尿氟水平均值为１．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ，而成人氟斑牙患病率仅为８．３０％，环境氟含量调查结果：大气和土壤氟含量为国标４．４５７倍和５．１３倍，生活燃     

示波极谱法测定大气中碘的研究

目的：研究示波极谱法进行大气碘的分析。方法：本文使用多孔玻板吸收管采集大气样品，用示波极谱法测定。经对不同吸收液，不同浓度溶液的试验。得出最适采样条件为：吸收液NaOH0.07%，采样速度0.5L/min，采样时间12－15h，结果：室外大气碘浓度为8.8-27.1ng/m^3，示波极谱法最低检出浓度1ng/m^3，对同一样品7次平行测定RSD≤6．0％，样品分别加入低、中、高三个标准，测得回收率范围90．0％－111．9％，平均回收率99．2％。结论：该方法灵敏、准确、易于操作，便于推广应用。     

教室空气总悬浮颗粒物污染对教师健康的影响

目的 探讨教室空气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)污染的健康影响。方法 在某大学每个上课的教室讲台旁以100L/min流量进行连续6h空气采样(n=270)，并以办公楼为对照点(n=10)。对全校教师进行呼吸系统疾病调查。结果 该大学教室空气。TSP浓度为0．10～0．88mg／m^3，均值约0．38mg／m^3而该校办公室仅为0．09mg／m^3，该市大气TSP均值仅0．194mg／m^3，约29％教室空气TSP浓度高于大气质量三级标准，教师呼吸系统疾病患病率随教龄增长而上升，该校教师急、慢性咽炎、急性气管-支气管炎和慢性支气管炎患病率分别为23．3％、73．9％、4．0％和17．4％，而行政管理人员仅分别为4％、2．8％、3．2％和7．1％。结论 教室空气TSP污染对教师呼吸系统有危害。     

上海市城区大气二氧化硫污染对健康影响的定量评价

目的：综合定量评价上海市城区大气SO2污染的健康危害，方法：以国际上近年来通用的危险度评价方法为基础，结合大气污染物每增高一单位所产生的健康损失。结果：1990，1998年上海城区大气SO2污染造成可避免死亡数分别为450－2400人，30－170人，慢性支气管炎可避免患病数54600，4000人，内科门诊人次515800，32200，儿科门诊人次157500，7000，急诊人次101900－334600，6600－23200，咳嗽症状增加23．3％，气急症状增加53．3％，3．6％，结论：上海市城区大气SO2污染对居民造成了一定的健康损失，但呈逐步下降趋势。     

重庆市城区空气微生物污染及评价

目的：了解重庆市城区空气微生物污染状况，方法：1999年11月13日－12月13日在重庆市城区某采样点距地面1．5m高度采空气样，每天3次，连续30d，采用中国科学院生态中心推荐使用的空气微生物评价标准评价空气微生物污染状况，结果：空气细菌和霉菌计数分别为76－21758cfu/m^3和1538－4179cfu/m^3，分别占空气微生物总数的63．8％和36．2％，霉菌包括马丁霉菌（20．4％）和耐高渗透压霉菌（15．8％），细菌、马丁霉菌和耐高压霉菌的优势菌株分别为芽孢杆菌（52．4％），曲霉菌（19．0％），和青霉菌（32．6％），细菌中97．1％和G＋，空气样本中细菌、马丁霉菌和耐高渗透压霉菌含量达污染级别及以上的分别为45．6％，72．1％和63．3％，结论：重庆市城区空气微生物污染较重，尤其是空气霉菌的污染应引起重视。     

空气中二甲基甲酰胺的气相色谱测定法

目的：建立空气中二甲基甲酰胺的气相色谱法测定方法。方法：以GDXD－103色谱柱分离，FID为检测器，使用硅胶管采样，水解析。结果：方法的最低检出浓度为0．5mg/m^3，当标准溶液在0．01－0．1mg/ml浓度范围内，相以标准偏差为4．5％－3．8％，线性相关系数r=0.9981；对不同采样方法和解析溶剂进行了比较，水的解析效率为90．5％－95．2％，样品在硅胶管中可稳定7d以上，通过现场试验两种采样方法差异无显著性，完全可用硅胶管代替吸收管采样，结论：硅胶管采集，水解析气相色谱法适用空气中二甲基甲酰胺的定点监测和个体监测。     

空气中痕量氟化物的气相色谱测定方法

空气中痕量氟化物用多孔玻板吸收管采样,定量衍生成为有机氟,气相色谱氢火焰离子经检测器分析。该法采样效率高,同限０．００１０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,ＣＶ为１．３－３．３％,平均回收率９４．６－１０１％。可用于大气氟化物的监测     

杭州市大气PM2.5污染水平及水溶性离子组成

目的：探讨杭州市区大气中细颗粒物（PM2．5）的污染水平和水溶性离子的组成。方法：用中流量大气采样器在市区的3个采样点采集样品，用称重法和离子色谱法分别测得PM2．5的浓度值和水溶性离子的组成。结果：杭州市区2004年4月-2005年3月PM2．5的浓度为17．1～267．0μg／m^3，年平均值为108．2μg／m^3。市中心、市区东部和东北部的年平均值为104．0～112．5μg/m^3。全市区春季PM2．5的平均浓度为116μg／m^3（65．8—193．9μg／m^3），夏季为73．1μg／m^3（17．1～153．5μg／m^3），秋季为114．2μg/m^3（48．7～267．0μg/m^3），冬季为136．0μg/m^3（70．3—233．6μg／m^3）。以美国EPA PM2．5日平均标准衡量，PM2．5浓度的超标率≥83％。从PM2．5中检出的水溶性离子有Fˉ、Clˉ、NO2ˉ、NO3ˉ、SO4^2ˉ、NH4^＋、K^＋、Na^＋、Li^＋等。在3个采样点的PM2．5总质量中，Fˉ的年平均质量浓度均为0．1％，Clˉ为1．4％～1．6％，NO3ˉ为6．0％～7．8％，SO4^2ˉ为14．1％-14．7％，Na^＋为1．5％-2．7％，K^＋为2．1％～3．0％，NH4^＋为6．4％～7．7％，总离子合计为32．3％～36．7％。结论：杭州市区PM2．5污染程度在夏季最轻，春秋季次之，冬季最严重。与国内其他省会城市相比，杭州属于污染严重城市。从年度来讲，PM2．5污染水平为东部〉东北部〉市中心。水溶性离子是PM2．5的重要组成部分，SO4ˉ2ˉ、NO3ˉ、NH4^＋是含量最高的水溶性离子。     

空气SO2和NOx污染及灰色动态预测

目的：分析并预测上海火车站（上海站）地区空气SO2和NOx污染状况，方法：运用灰色系统方法并根据上海站大气监测点1988－1999年空气SO2和NOx的监测数据建立灰色动态预测模型并进行预测，结果：1988－1999年上海站地区空气SO2和NOx污染水平逐年下降，2000－2002年预测SO2平均浓度一，四季度为0．0216mg/m^3,二，三季度为 0．0142mg/m^3,预测NOx平均浓度一，四季度为0．0706mg/m^3，二，三季度为0．0492mg/m^3，结论：灰色模型适合上海站地区空气SO2和NOx的污染预测。     

常熟市氟化工业园氟污染现状分析

目的了解氟化工企业对常熟市大气、食物氟污染状况。方法选择该市氟化工业园所在镇及1个无化工企业的镇作为对照,用滤膜法进行空气采样,用离子选择电极法对空气和食物中氟含量进行检测。结果氟化工业园区空气氟含量为0．46μg／m3,蔬菜及水产品中氟含量分别为1．54,2．24mg／kg,超过标准。河水和蔬菜中氟浓度[（1．64±1．64）mg／L和（1．54±1．27）mg／kg]均高于对照区[（0．65±0．30）mg／L和（0．62±0．25）mg／kg]结论空气中氟浓度两地均未超过标准,且差异无统计学意义,但蔬菜及河水中的氟浓度两地差异有统计学意义,有必要进一步调查研究。     

Total fluoride intake and urinary excretion in 4-year-old Iranian children residing in low-fluoride areas

Knowledge of levels of fluoride ingestion and excretion is important in planning optimum fluoride therapy for young children. In previous literature, it has been assumed that only about one-third of ingested fluoride is excreted in young children. The aims of the present study were (a) to measure total fluoride intake, urinary fluoride excretion and fluoride balance, and (b) to investigate the effect of air temperature on fluoride intake and urinary fluoride excretion, in young children. Children (4 years old) living in a city, a small town and rural areas of Fars province, Iran, where drinking water contained 0.30-0.39 mg F/l, were invited to participate. Selection of subjects was by random sampling of kindergartens or health centres. The children were surveyed twice, once in summer and once in winter. Diet was obtained by 3 d diaries with interview. Samples of most foods and drinks were analysed for fluoride content. Ingestion of fluoride from toothpaste was estimated for each child. Each child's urine was collected over 24 h and analysed for fluoride content. Seventy-eight of the 116 volunteers completed all aspects of the study, which was conducted in 1995-6. For all children, the mean fluoride ingestion from diet was 0.390 (SD 0.122) mg/d or 0.028 (SD 0.008) mg/kg body weight per d. Fluoride ingestion from diet was higher in summer and higher in rural areas. The mean ingestion of fluoride from all sources was 0.426 (SD 0.126) mg/d and the mean fluoride urinary excretion was 0.339 (SD 0.100) mg/d. The difference between ingestion and urinary excretion was +0.087 (SD 0.143) mg, equivalent to 80% excretion. Faecal excretion was not estimated. The results indicate fluoride retention at 4 years to be much lower than previously assumed.     

某县改水降氟防治地方性氟中毒实施情况监测与分析

[目的]了解某县改水降氟工程运行情况及地方性氟中毒防治效果。[方法]于2009年4～6月,从某县随机抽取8个镇,调查共计32处改水降氟工程质量及出厂前后水中氟含量,检查8个镇共计1059名8～12周岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,并从每个镇随机抽取50名8—12周岁儿童检测尿氟含量。[结果]32处改水降氟工程中,正常使用16处,正常使用率50％,间歇使用5处,可用共计21处,受益人口18835人。水源水中氟含量与改水后管网。末梢水中氟含量有差异（T=1．000,P=O．001）。有5镇儿童尿氟含量中位数〉1．40mg／L。儿童氟斑牙的平均检出率为48．91％,缺损率为14．92％,氟斑牙指数为1．06。[结论]该县改水降氟工程运行情况不佳,多数地区改水后水中氟浓度依然超标,改水降氟工作任重而道远。     

Environmental pollution in rural areas of Orissa state due to industrial emissions--with special reference to fluoride

Angul - Talcher belt in Central Orissa, having a number of industries contributing to a great extent to deteriorate the air quality of the surrounding villages. Previous reports showed higher SPM, SO2, NO, levels in air and prevalence of respiratory illness, skin and teeth disorders among village population. Higher ground water fluoride, urine and serum fluoride among the cattle were also reported in some villages. Present study reports SPM, SO2, NOx and Fluorides (gaseous and Particulate) in ambient air around aluminium smelter during February and August 1996. High volume sampling technique for SPM and the standard colorimetric methods (BIS) for analyses of SO2 and NOx were adopted. Fluoride in air and water were estimated by standard fluoride ion selective electrode method. Higher SPM, SO2 and NOx values than prescribed CPCB standard were obtained in February. Gaseous fluoride in village air were varied between, 1.66 - 7.64 mg/m3 in February and 1.11 - 22.75 mg/m3 in August, whereas particulate fluoride ranged between, 0.054 - 19.61 mg/m3. Water sources of the villages near the smelter showed fluoride values above permissible limit. The study indicated higher fluoride pollution in air and water of the surrounding villages.     

External control of fluoride levels in the public water supply in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

The purpose of this study is a monthly assessment of fluoride levels in the public water supply in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. This town was divided into ten regions, where water samples were collected from October 2004 to September 2005. Two samples were drawn from each region and sent to the Fluoride Health Surveillance Laboratory at Vale do Itajaí University for analysis through an electrometric method (Orion 920A/Orion Electrode 9609). After twelve months, 120 samples had been collected, demonstrating gaps in the fluoride levels and some points with excessive fluoride levels (35,8%). Several points with ideal fluoride concentrations (54.2%) also appeared. These findings lead to the conclusion that external controls are required for monitoring fluoride levels in the public water supply in Lages.     

扩散法被动式氟化氢个体监测器的研制

本工作研制了基于分子扩散法的被动式ＨＦ个体采样器，采样速度１１０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，相对标准差９％。考察了环境条件对采样速率的影响，结果表明：在室温（１０～３５℃）、风速１０～１５０ｃｍ／ｓ、相对湿度１０％～８０％条件下使用，采样速率基本不变。与ＩＳＯ标准方法现场对比测定，总不确定度±１９％，可适用于室内空气污染和个体接触量监测。     

黔西南一小型锑冶炼厂环境污染调查分析

目的 了解小型锑冶炼厂对周围环境的影响。方法 对黔西南一小型锑 冶炼厂矿石、燃用煤以及周围土壤和植物样品进行了分析。结果 锑冶炼厂周围土壤中元素含量与全国土壤中元素平均含量比较,As、Hg、F、Sb、Se的含量明显偏高,As为1.73-4.96倍,Hg为4.75-237.5倍,F为2.26-3.42倍,Sb为35.6-36.2倍,Se为54.29-57.14倍;也高于贵州土 的平均含量,As为1.25-3.58倍,Hg为1.86-93.14倍,F为1.38-2.08倍,Se为33.04-34.78倍。玉米叶片中As、Hg、F、Sb、Se含量高于大陆植物中相应元素平均含量,As为67倍,Hg为26.7倍,F为1046.4倍,Sb为2220倍,Se为38.8倍。结论 锑冶炼厂排放的S、As、Hg、F、Sb和Se对环境造成了严惩的污染,高硫燃料煤的利用也加剧了环境的污染。     

Personal fluoride and solvent exposures, and their determinants, in semiconductor manufacturing

Personal air sampling for fluorides and solvents was done at 35 semiconductor fabrication facilities in the United States. Fluoride compounds were used in etching and cleaning operations, and solvents were used in photoresist and developing operations. All personal solvent and fluoride levels were less than 2 percent of current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards. Statistical models of the exposure determinants for the target agents found production level, as indicated by number of semiconductor wafer cassettes loaded/unloaded from the target machines or baths, was predictive of fluoride, xylene and 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate exposures. The percent of fresh air ventilation and the percent of xylene in the photoresist were also significant determinants in the statistical model predicting personal xylene exposure levels.     

珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区儿童的膳食结构与氟斑牙

目的 了解珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区内儿童膳食结构与摄氟量、氟斑牙的关系。方法：对保护区内定日县的４０３名,聂拉木县的１１６名藏族儿童采用询问－计算法进行了膳食结构及日总摄氟量的调查。氟化物及尿氟测定采用氟离子选择法。氟斑牙采用ＴＳＩＦ分级标准。结果 在定日县儿童日总摄氟量达到８．０３９ｍｇ,氟斑牙患病率达７５．９３％,为重度氟中毒流行区。在聂拉木县,儿童日总摄制量２．７９７ｍｇ,氟斑牙发病率２５．８６