经颅彩色多普勒超声及经颅超声造影在颅内动静脉畸形中的应用

目的 探讨超声造影在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)切除术中的应用价值。方法 对15例(幕上14例,幕下1例)经术前MR及DSA检查诊断为AVM 的患者分别使用彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)模式、频谱多普勒模式及超声造影技术进行术中扫查,确定病变深度、大小及其与周围组织的关系,记录不同方法所显示的供血动脉及引流静脉数目,术后评价手术切除率。结果 ①15例患者术中超声准确定位畸形血管团。CDFI表现为典型的彩色镶嵌血管团,畸形血管团的大小为1.1~6.3cm,距离硬膜0~2.3cm。术前供血动脉阻力指数(RI)值0.30~0.56,术后RI值0.54~0.65。②15例患者接受术中超声造影检查,畸形血管团的大小为1.2~6.5cm。术中经股静脉团注造影剂8~14s后开始显影。正常脑动脉和供血动脉先显影,然后是病灶和脑组织显影,最后是静脉系统显影。③15例患者CDFI显示供血动脉共19支,引流静脉共9支;术中超声造影显示供血动脉共22支,引流静脉共13支。④15例患者术后CDFI和超声造影检查均未发现畸形血管团残留,结果与术后DSA检查结果一致。结论 术中超声造影有助于完整了解AVM 的血供模式,明确供血动脉与引流静脉的位置和数目,术后判断病变切除情况,提高诊断的准确性和全切率。     

经颅彩色多普勒超声及经颅超声造影在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)及经颅超声造影(CE-TCCS)在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法对30例颅内动脉瘤患者分别行经颅彩色多普勒超声及经颅超声造影检查,并对造影前后不同大小及不同部位颅内动脉瘤的检出结果进行比较。结果 (1)经颅彩色多普勒超声及经颅超声造影均未检出小型动脉瘤(0/3),经颅超声造影对一般型、大型及巨大型颅内动脉瘤的显示例数(24/30)多于经颅彩色多普勒超声(20/30)。(2)经颅超声造影可显示全部直径≥1.0cm的颅内动脉瘤(18/18),而直径1.0cm的动脉瘤经颅超声造影显示例数较少(6/12)。(3)经颅彩色多普勒超声及经颅超声造影可显示全部大脑中动脉动脉瘤(7/7)。结论经颅超声造影可提高对颅内动脉瘤尤其是直径≥1.0cm颅内动脉瘤的显示率。     

经颅超声造影在颅内动脉狭窄闭塞性疾病的应用

目的探讨经颅超声造影在颅内动脉狭窄闭塞性疾病的应用价值。方法 59例患者超声造影前、后分别经颅超声探查颅内动脉及颈内动脉颅内段,比较造影前、后颅内动脉的显示率,总结经颅超声造影在颅内动脉狭窄闭塞性疾病的血流特点,并与MRA或DSA结果对比。结果造影增强经颅彩色多普勒(CE-TCCS)对于大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)显示率较常规经颅彩色多普勒(TCCS)明显提高,其中对于MCA(M2段)、ACA(A1、A2段)、PCA(P1、P2段)的显示率与TCCS比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。21例椎-基底动脉造影前显示率为71.3%(15/21),造影后显示率为100%;CE-TCCS检出3例MCA闭塞,15例MCA狭窄,3例ACA狭窄,2例PCA狭窄;4例颈内动脉颅内段闭塞,7例颈内动脉颅内段狭窄。颈内动脉颅外段闭塞3例和狭窄8例,患者同侧颅内动脉血流灌注减少,血流速度减低。2例MCA狭窄支架置入术后,CE-TCCS显示血流通畅,速度在正常范围,所有结果均经MRA、DSA证实。结论经颅超声造影可以提高颅内动脉的显示率;有助于判断颅内动脉狭窄,也可用于颅内动脉狭窄支架置入术后疗效评价。     

术中超声造影在脑动静脉畸形切除术中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)切除术中的应用价值。方法对20例(幕上18例、幕下2例)经术前CT、MRI及数字减影血管造影法(DSA)检查诊断为AVM的患者分别行术中彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)模式、频谱多普勒模式及超声造影扫查,确定病变位置、深度、大小及其与周围组织的关系,记录不同方法显示供血动脉及引流静脉的数目,术后评价手术切除率。结果 (1)20例患者术中超声准确定位畸形血管团的位置。CDFI图像表现为典型的彩色镶嵌血管团,畸形血管团大小为1.1～6.5cm,距离硬膜0～2.7cm。供血动脉术前RI值0.29～0.56,术后RI值0.54～0.65。(2)20例患者行术中超声造影检查,畸形血管团大小为1.2～6.8cm。术中经股静脉团注造影剂7～14s后开始显影。正常脑动脉和供血动脉最先显影,而后病灶和脑组织显影,静脉系统最后显影。(3)20例患者CDFI模式显示供血动脉(FA)24支,引流静脉(DV)13支;术中超声造影显示供血动脉27支,引流静脉20支。(4)20例患者术后CDFI模式检查未发现病灶残留,结果与术后DSA检查结果一致,其中4例行术后超声造影检查。结论术中超声造影有助于完整了解AVM的血供模式,明确供血动脉与引流静脉的位置和数目,术后判断病变切除情况,提高对AVM诊断的准确性和全切率。     

经颅彩色多普勒超声在诊断颅内动脉狭窄中的应用

目的探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声（TCCD）在颅内动脉狭窄诊断中的价值。方法对30例疑有颅内动脉狭窄的患者应用TCCD观察颅内各动脉的形态、走行，应用频谱多普勒测量各条血管的血流参数，包括收缩期峰值流速、舒张末流速、平均流速、阻力指数，并与数字减影血管造影（DSA）结果进行对比分析。结果16例TCCD诊断为颅内动脉狭窄，14例经DSA证实。TCCD诊断颅内动脉狭窄的特征是狭窄处彩色血流束变细，典型者呈“束腰征”；频谱多普勒显示狭窄处血流速度异常增高，频谱形态呈湍流，同时音频信号响亮。狭窄严重者彩色血流束连续性欠佳或者中断，血流速度不增快或者明显减低。血管闭塞者血流不显示。结论TCCD对于颅内动脉狭窄具有一定的诊断价值，可作为早期筛检性诊断方法。     

经颅多普勒超声对脑动静脉畸形的诊断及评价

经颅多普勒超声对脑动静脉畸形的诊断及评价华杨，凌晨，段安安综述丁育基审校脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）是脑血管畸形中最为常见的一种。由于脑血管先天性发育障碍，颅内某一区域形成异常血管团。该血管团主要病理表现是由一条或多条供血动脉与引流静脉形成直接短路，造成血...     

颅内动静脉畸形的术中超声应用研究

目的探讨超声在颅内动静脉畸形手术中的应用价值。方法对22例颅内动静脉畸形患者术中采用超声确定畸形血管团的数目、位置、深度、大小、范围及其与周边组织结构的关系,探查其供血动脉及引流静脉的数目及走行;手术前后采用频谱多普勒检测供血动脉及引流静脉的血流动力学参数,并观察频谱形态。结果22例患者术中超声准确定位畸形血管团位置和边界,16例超声可探及明显供血动脉及引流静脉,6例术中未探及明显供血动脉及引流静脉,术后病理证实为动静脉畸形部分呈海绵状血管瘤结构。2例患者术后行彩色多普勒超声扫查显示仍有畸形血管团残留,指导切除残留畸形血管。颅内动静脉畸形供血动脉多普勒频谱呈高速低阻型,RI较正常血管明显降低,为0.23～0.42,平均0.34±0.06,术后显著升高为0.47～0.59,平均0.51±0.04,手术前后相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论术中超声可实时定位颅内动静脉畸形位置,根据脉冲多普勒频谱特征确认供血动脉和引流静脉,减少脑组织损伤,缩短手术时间,判断手术切除完整性。     

经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影诊断颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄闭塞的价值

目的探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声（TCCS）联合经颅超声造影诊断颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄闭塞的特征及准确性。方法对35例疑有椎-基底动脉狭窄闭塞的患者应用TCCS联合经颅超声造影经枕窗检查椎-基底动脉,同时与数字减影血管造影（DSA）比较。结果35例患者DSA检出椎-基底动脉狭窄29支,TCCS联合经颅超声造影检出椎-基底动脉狭窄24支。与DSA检查对照,TCCS联合经颅超声造影诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,其诊断敏感性为79131％,特异性为98．68％,阳性预测值为95．83％,阴性预测值为92．59％。结论TCSS联合经颅超声造影能有效评估颅内椎-基底动脉的血流变化,可以作为大部分颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄闭塞病变的首选筛查手段。     

经颅多普勒超声诊断脑动静脉畸形

目的：探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的诊断价值。方法：对25例经血管数字减影(DSA)证实为脑AVM的患进行了TCD检测。结果：检测出脑AVM供血动脉的TCD血流参数明显异常，其中血流速度峰值高于正常1～2倍，以舒张期血流速度增高为主，搏动指数降低24例；频谱及音频异常24例；出现颅内“盗血”9例。检测出供血动脉TCD与DSA结果符合率为96％。结论：TCD是一种无创、方便、快捷的检测方法，可作为脑AVM的早期诊断和治疗前后效果评价的首选方法。     

彩色多普勒超声对颌面部血管畸形的诊断分类

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对颌面部血管畸形病变的诊断、分类.方法 对110例颌面部血管畸形进行二维及彩色多普勒超声检查,根据声像图特征和血流动力学特点将血管畸形分为高流速病变和低流速病变.结果 110例血管畸形中,67例二维显示形态不规则的网格状或蜂窝状混合性回声,部分伴强回声静脉石,彩色多普勒显示血流信号稀少或较丰富,供瘤动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)为(28.53±8.1)cm/s,超声诊断为低流速血管畸形.43例显示72条供血动脉增粗,瘤内血流信号极丰富,PSV为(144.53±38.9)cm/s,呈低阻动脉型频谱,超声诊断为高流速血管畸形.经DSA检查或术后病理证实高流速和低流速两类病变的超声诊断正确率分别为100%和97%.结论 彩色多普勒超声对血管畸形病变能作出较正确的诊断分类和鉴别诊断,对临床选择合理的治疗方案具有重要的指导意义.     

Comparison of transcranial power Doppler and contrast-enhanced color-coded sonography in the identification of intracranial arteries.

Power-based transcranial color-coded sonography and contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography are ultrasonographic techniques that allow improved visualization of vascular structures. The present study was designed to investigate and compare the diagnostic capacity and applicability of both methods in the assessment of intracranial vessels of the circle of Willis (33 patients) and the vertebrobasilar system (21 patients). Compared to conventional transcranial color-coded sonography, both power-based and contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography improved the diagnostic sensitivity in identifying peripheral segments and small vessels of the circle of Willis. Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography was significantly superior to power-based transcranial color-coded ultrasonography in the depiction of the second segment of the middle cerebral artery (66 of 66 versus 60 of 66, P < 0.005), both segments of the anterior cerebral artery (66 of 66 versus 56 of 66 for the A1 segment, P < 0.005; 61 of 66 versus 44 of 66 for the A2 segment, P < 0.005), the first segment of the posterior cerebral artery (66 of 66 versus 55 of 66, P < 0.005), and the basilar artery using the transtemporal approach (21 of 21 versus 15 of 21, P < 0.05). Using the transforaminal approach contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded real-time sonography did not increase fine resolution of the vertebrobasilar system compared to power Doppler sonography. In conclusion, contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded real-time sonography further improves the diagnostic potential of power Doppler sonography in the identification of vascular structures of the circle of Willis. Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography and power Doppler sonography are equally effective in visualizing the vertebrobasilar system with branches.     

经颅超声造影在大脑中动脉狭窄定位及定量诊断中的初步应用

目的探讨经颅超声造影(CE-TCCS)在大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄闭塞病变诊断中的应用价值。方法对86例临床疑似大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞的患者分别行经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)及经颅超声造影检查,比较造影前后大脑中动脉狭窄显示率、定位狭窄部位、评价狭窄程度,并与核磁共振血管成像和(或)数字减影血管造影检查结果进行对照。结果经核磁共振血管成像和(或)数字减影血管造影显示,86例中98支大脑中动脉狭窄,经颅彩色多普勒超声诊断狭窄79支(79/98,80.6%),经颅超声造影诊断狭窄98支(98/98,100%),其中M1段狭窄68支,M2段狭窄30支;经颅超声造影对大脑中动脉狭窄定位诊断准确率为94.9%(93/98),不同程度的大脑中动脉狭窄表现不同。结论经颅超声造影能够准确诊断大脑中动脉狭窄,狭窄部位定位准确,对狭窄程度的评价有一定作用,有望成为大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞病变首选的筛查方法。     

Evaluation of Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) With Transcranial Color‐Coded Duplex Sonography

OBJECTIVE: The clinical value of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) in the evaluation of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, 54 intracranial AVMs confirmed by angiography were prospectively examined over 6 years. The purpose of the study was to describe their typical sonographic features and to define sensitivity for diagnosis with regard to the location of an AVM. METHODS: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonographic findings for 54 patients with intracranial AVMs are presented. The vessels of the circle of Willis were identified by location, course, and direction of flow on color flow images. RESULTS: In accordance with digital subtraction angiography, the intracranial AVMs could be visualized in 42 cases (sensitivity, 77.8%). The pathologic vessels were coded in different shades of blue and red, corresponding to varying blood flow directions in the AVM. The major feeding vessels could be easily identified. Hemodynamic parameters showing increased systolic and diastolic flow velocities and a decreased pulsatility index were better attainable with TCCS than with conventional transcranial Doppler sonography. Arteriovenus malformations located near the cortex, that is, in the parietal, frontal, occipital, and cerebellar regions of the brain, could not be visualized. In contrast, AVMs located in the basal regions were very easy to image (sensitivity, 88.9%). Additionally, TCCS proved useful for follow-up examinations postoperatively or after embolization. CONCLUSIONS: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography is a valuable noninvasive method for the diagnosis and long-term follow-up of intracranial AVMs. Arteriovenous malformations located in the axial imaging plane can be more easily detected. Nevertheless, TCCS should not be used as a screening method.     

Observation on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier after microbubble destruction by diagnostic transcranial color-coded sonography.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate alteration of the blood-brain barrier from ultrasonic contrast agent destruction by diagnostic transcranial color-coded sonography using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: Healthy male volunteers received 10 mL (400 mg/dL) of Levovist (SH U 508A; Schering AG, Berlin, Germany; n = 6) or 3 mL of Optison (FS069; Mallinckrodt Inc, St Louis, MO; n = 4) followed by 0.3 mmol/kg magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent (Magnevist; Schering) intravenously. Then transcranial color-coded sonography was performed with a conventional color duplex sonographic system, which insonated the brain in a slightly angulated axial plane with temporal average intensity of less than 700 mW/cm2 or acoustic pressure amplitude of less than 2.69 MPa, attenuated by the temporal bone. Before, immediately after, and 2 hours after insonation, T1-weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging was performed. All magnetic resonance images were individually assessed, and T1 signal intensities were measured in 2 regions of interest in both hemispheres at the 3 time points. RESULTS: No focal contrast enhancement or damage to the brain and no significant difference between T1 signal intensities in the right and left brain regions could be detected during early or late phases when either ultrasonic contrast agent was used. CONCLUSIONS: This bioeffects study gives further evidence of the safety of ultrasonic destruction of Levovist and Optison microbubbles by diagnostic transcranial color-coded sonography. However, more subtle local effects may have been missed by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Studies on diagnostic contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography as well as microbubble-based drug delivery strategies should consider ultrasonic contrast agent microbubble characteristics and concentration as well as ultrasound transmission power levels.     

Intracranial collateral pathways assessed by contrast-enhanced three-dimensional transcranial color-coded sonography

Individual parameter settings of the duplex machine and limited insonation angles may influence the visualization of small intracranial vessels in 2-D transcranial color-coded sonography. The aim of our study was the morphologic assessment of intracranial collateral pathways (first auditory area celiac artery, A(1)CA; anterior communicating artery, AComA; first parental generation celiac artery P(1)CA; posterior communicating artery, PComA) using 3-D transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (3-D TCCS) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). A total of 41 patients with large vessel disease and 30 patients who had suffered subarachnoidal hemorrhage (mean age 52 +/- 15 years) were involved. In all patients, angiography was performed within 10 days following 3-D sonography. The patients were investigated with a color-coded duplex system using the power mode. Contrast enhancement was achieved by continuous infusion of a galactose-based echo-enhancer using a perfusor pump. The 3-D system consists of an electromagnet that induces a low-intensity magnetic field near the head of the patient. A magnetic position sensor is attached to the ultrasound (US) probe and transmits the spatial orientation to a personal computer, which also receives the corresponding 2-D images from the video port of the duplex machine. Angiography revealed a "complete" circle of Willis in one third of the patients and, in the remaining patients at least one vessel was hypoplastic or absent. Sufficient temporal bone windows allowed the sonographic investigation of 466 (94%) of 497 expected arterial segments. The comparison of both techniques resulted in a weighted kappa value of 0.56 for the A(1)CA and 0.63 for the AComA. In the posterior circulation kappa values of 0.56 for the P(1)CA and 0.43 for the PComA were calculated. In 50 vessels (10%), 3-D sonography misdiagnosed the diameter of a collateral vessel as normal and angiography revealed hypoplasia or aplasia of this vessel. The main advantage of 3-D TCCS is that it enables the investigator to reconstruct virtually any arbitrary view angle. Compared with angiography or magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, 3-D sonography can be performed easily in critically ill patients on stroke units or intensive care units. The noninvasive assessment of the circle of Willis may be useful in patients who undergo carotid surgery without angiography. Combined with hemodynamic information, contrast-enhanced 3-D TCCS might increase the diagnostic impact of transcranial US.     

Carotid duplex and transcranial color-coded sonography in evaluation of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas.

We performed carotid duplex and transcranial color-coded sonography in three patients with traumatic and one patient with spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas. High flow and low resistance were detected by carotid Doppler imaging in the extracranial internal carotid artery in three cases and in the external carotid artery in one case. The fistula could be demonstrated directly as heterogenous color flashes with turbulent flow by transcranial color-coded sonography through the orbital or temporal window. The transorbital approach showed that the ophthalmic venous flow was normal or to-and-fro bidirectional in patients without proptosis and was retrograde, away from the cavernous sinus with arteriolization in patients with proptosis. Combination of carotid duplex and transcranial color-coded sonography provides a noninvasive method for more accurate hemodynamic study of cerebral circulation and direct imaging of CCF.     

Transcranial color Doppler imaging of brain arteriovenous malformations in adults

This study was performed to investigate the utility of transcranial color Doppler sonography in evaluating adult cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Twelve patients with such malformations underwent sonography. Spectral Doppler sonographic assessment included peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, and resistive index within the intracranial and extracranial vessels. Color Doppler sonography was used to visualize the site of shunting. Paired and unpaired Student's t-tests were used to determine significance of spectral findings. The nidus was seen in eight of 10 pial malformations. The nidi in two patients were located in the parietal region and not visualized. When compared with the corresponding contralateral artery, feeding arteries (identified in all 10 of the pial lesions) demonstrated diminished resistive indices (P = 0.09). Similarly, the end diastolic velocity was increased in all feeding arteries (P = 0.03). When compared with published normal values, the peak systolic and end diastolic velocities were significantly elevated and the resistive indices were low (P < 0.0003). Transcranial color Doppler sonography depicted the nidi of pial arteriovenous malformations in 80% of cases. Feeding arteries demonstrated abnormal peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, and resistive index in all cases when compared with published values. Transcranial color Doppler sonography is not a good screening tool due to limited acoustical window, but it may be useful for noninvasive study of the physiology of arteriovenous malformations as they are treated.