乳腺癌术中哨兵淋巴结活检临床意义的探讨

目的 探讨乳腺癌哨兵淋巴结活检的可行性和临床意义。方法 用1％美蓝染色的方法，选择56例乳腺癌患者进行哨兵淋巴结活检，同时行腋淋巴结清扫，分析哨兵淋巴结的分布、肿瘤的部位和腋窝淋巴结有无转移。结果 本组哨兵淋巴结检出率89．2％，其中15例哨兵淋巴结是唯一转移的淋巴结，占转移的30％，假阴性6例占12％，肿瘤位于乳房外侧象限的哨兵淋巴结的检出率100％。结论 肿瘤位于乳房外侧象限的哨兵淋巴结均位于腋下群的第一站淋巴结，用美蓝染色的方法简单实用，适合基础医院，假阴性率易误导临床治疗，尚需进一步探讨。     

680例乳腺癌保留乳房治疗的远期疗效分析

目的探讨对临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者选择性行乳腺癌保留乳房治疗（BCT）的远期生存、同侧乳房复发（IBR）、美容效果及其相关因素。方法1985年10月至2007年12月共对680例临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌开展BCT临床研究。乳腺癌保乳手术先后采用乳腺象限／区段切除术及肿瘤扩大切除术，联合全腋淋巴结清扫术或前哨淋巴结活检术。术后放疗先后采用Co^60及加速器全乳放疗及瘤床缩野照射。结果中位随访10年，680例BCT患者10年总生存率IBR83．7％、同侧乳房复发为8．5％、远处转移率为23．7％。患者年龄、肿瘤大小、病理组织学类型、腋淋巴结转移状况等临床病理因素对BCT后IBR差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）；切缘阳性、术后未行全乳照射的患者IBR显著升高（均P=0．000）。在确保切缘阴性的前提下，不同切除范围的手术方式对IBR差异无统计学意义（P=0．799），但切除范围较大的区段／象限切除术对BCT后乳房美容效果差异有统计学意义（优秀组P=0．043，优秀＋良好组P=0．005）。结论临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌选择性行BCT有较好的远期疗效、较好的美容效果和较低的IBR，可以安全地替代乳房切除性手术；确保切缘阴性及接受术后全乳放疗仍是现阶段乳腺癌BCT的金标准；在确保切缘阴性的前提下，切除范围较小的肿瘤扩大切除术有较好的美容效果和相同的治疗效果。     

乳腺癌手术保留肋间臂神经的方法及临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌手术腋窝淋巴结切除时保留肋间臂神经（ICBN）的方法及临床意义。方法162例Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲa期乳腺癌患者,随机分为2组,实验组（72例）拟行乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结切除术时保留ICBN,对照组（90例）拟行常规手术切除ICBN,2组术后均按乳腺癌临床指引治疗,并对2组进行观察随访。结果实验组及对照组术后发生上肢感觉障碍分别为22．2％及73,3％（X^2=41．80,P〈0．01）,疼痛的发生率分别为12．5％及31．1％（X^2=7．86,P〈0．01）,差异有统计学意义;经4～36个月随访均未发生局部复发。结论Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲa期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结切除术时保留肋问臂神经可以明显减少术后患侧上肢感觉障碍及疼痛,提高生活质量。     

哨兵淋巴结活检在乳腺癌中的临床应用

目的 探讨哨兵淋巴结活检预测乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结状态的正确性和可行性。方法 对46例腋窝淋巴结阴性患者进行哨兵淋巴结活检和腋窝淋巴结清扫,然后进行分析。结果 本组在41例乳腺癌患者中检出哨兵淋巴结,占89％。其中9例哨兵淋巴结是惟一转移的淋巴结,占转移淋巴结的41％,假阴性1例,占7．6％。哨兵淋巴结预测窝淋巴结的准确度为97．6％。其敏感性和特异性分别是92．4％和100％。结论 哨兵淋巴结活检是一种简单易行、创伤小的方法,可准确预测乳腺癌患者窝淋巴结状态。     

乳腺导管内乳头状瘤癌变的诊治:附10例报告

回顾性分析近 2 0年中收治的 10例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤 (IP)癌变的临床资料。术前均未能确诊 ,8例术中冷冻切片考虑IP癌变。均行手术治疗 ,其中行根治术 7例 ,乳房单纯切除 2例 ,区段切除 1例。 7例行根治术者行腋淋巴结清扫 ,淋巴结均无转移 ;1例区段切除术后 2年复发。提示 :IP癌变术前诊断困难 ,彩超及乳管镜有助于定位活检 ,术中冷冻切片有助于确诊。治疗以选择乳房单纯切除术为宜。     

乳腺癌患者非哨兵淋巴结转移预测因素的研究

因为乳腺癌哨兵淋巴结活检（SLND）阳性而行腋窝淋巴结清扫（ALND）的患者中有一部分术后病理证实只有哨兵淋巴结（SN）的转移，而非哨兵淋巴结（NSN）并没有转移，因此这些患者是否应一律行ALND值得探讨。资料与方法 1．一般资料：1999年1月至2002年4月共有252例患者入选，穿刺或切除活检确诊为原发性乳腺癌，肿瘤为T1—2NOM0期。     

关于举办2002年国家级继续医学教育项目[乳房外科新进展]学习班报名通知

近100年来,乳腺癌外科治疗经历了两大主要的转变,即从乳房根治性切除到保留乳房的根治性手术(保乳手术,BCT)和从腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)到哨兵淋巴结活检(SLND)的转变。我院乳腺肿瘤外科专家苏逢锡副主任医师主持开展的“哨兵淋巴结活检在预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的价值”研究在国内处于领先并达于国际水平;该专科也是在国内较早开展BCT的单位之一;而且,在晚期乳腺癌综合治疗方面积累了     

乳腺癌保留乳房手术切缘阳性的临床病理学因素分析

目的:分析保留乳房手术切缘阳性与相关临床病理学的关系,探讨保留乳房手术后复发的危险因素。方法:305例乳腺癌患者行保留乳房手术,对术中快速病理以及术后病理切缘阳性的病例进行分析,总结切缘状况与组织类型、广泛导管内成分(extensive intraductal component,EIC)、区域淋巴结转移、肿瘤大小及年龄的关系。结果:保留乳房手术切缘阳性与患者年龄(≤35岁)、EIC和浸润性小叶癌有关(P<0.05);与肿瘤大小和淋巴结转移状况无关。结论:乳腺癌行保留乳房手术时,术中应详细检查切缘状况,对年轻者、EIC、浸润性小叶癌需要慎重的选择保留乳房手术及设定切除范围。     

哨兵淋巴结活检对预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的价值

目的 评估哨兵淋巴结（ＳＮ）活检对预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结（ＬＮ）转移的价值。方法 本组５２例原发乳腺癌患者,临床及Ｂ超检测腋窝ＬＮ阴性。术中在原发肿瘤周围注射亚甲蓝进行腋窝淋巴结定位和哨兵淋巴结切除（ＳＬＮＤ）,随后行腋窝淋巴结清扫（ＡＬＮＤ）。术中对部分ＳＮ、术后对全部ＬＮ（ＳＮ和非ＳＮ）行常规病理检查。结果 ５２例患者中４６例检测到ＳＮ,成功率为８８．５％;其中４４例（９５．７％）和ＳＮ可以准确     

全腔镜乳腺癌皮下腺体切除一期假体植入乳房重建

目的探讨全腔镜乳腺癌皮下腺体切除一期假体植入乳房重建的手术方法、安全性及美容效果。方法对2004年8月~2007年9月31例女性乳腺癌患者予新辅助化疗后行全腔镜乳腺癌皮下腺体切除联合一期假体植入乳房重建手术,术前进行充分溶脂和吸脂,采用充气法建立操作空间,全腔镜下皮下腺体切除,通过腋窝小切口行前哨淋巴结活检、腋窝淋巴结清扫及假体植入乳房重建手术。术后行常规辅助治疗。结果31例全腔镜下皮下腺体切除一期乳房重建均成功,前哨淋巴结活检15例(其中8例加行腋窝淋巴结清扫),直接腋窝淋巴结清扫16例,术中肿瘤表面组织及乳头后方组织冰冻切片检查均未发现癌组织。术后乳头部分坏死1例(3.2%),无其他并发症发生。术后3个月美容效果非常满意22例(71.0%),基本满意7例(22.6%),不满意2例(6.4%)。随访3个月~3年,其中>1年者15例,均未出现肿瘤复发或转移。结论全腔镜乳腺癌皮下腺体切除一期假体植入乳房重建手术创伤小,并发症少,安全性高,美容效果好,可作为治疗较早期乳腺癌的较好选择。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.