脊柱包虫病的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨脊柱包虫病的诊断及治疗方法。方法:1990年10月～2010年10月手术治疗脊柱包虫病患者9例,病程为3个月～12年。临床表现为午后低热、腰背疼痛和腰背部包块,术前脊髓神经功能Frankel分级A级1例,B级2例,C级2例,D级4例。包虫病8项免疫试验均为阳性。术前均行影像学检查,病变单纯累及胸椎2例(T8、T9 1例,T11、T12 1例),腰椎2例(L3 1例,L1、L2、L3 1例),胸腰段4例(T12、L1 2例,T12、L1、L2 2例),骶椎1例。X线片、CT检查误诊为椎体结核5例、转移瘤2例、脊索瘤1例、腰大肌脓肿1例。MRI检查7例诊断为脊柱包虫病;2例病变单纯累及腰椎者缺乏囊中囊典型信号改变,误诊为脊柱转移瘤。均行椎管减压病灶清除植骨内固定术,其中病变单纯累及胸椎的2例与骶骨1例行后路全椎板切除减压,2例腰椎病变者行椎板间开窗椎管减压,4例胸腰段病变者行脊柱侧前方入路经横突椎管减压。7例术前诊断脊柱包虫病者术前口服抗包虫药阿苯达唑2～3周,所有患者术后继续服用阿苯达唑3个月。结果:手术时间210～330min,平均260min;术中失血量170～470ml,平均300ml。7例术前MRI检查诊断为脊柱包虫病者术后病理诊断为脊柱细粒棘球蚴病,2例术前MRI误诊为脊柱转移瘤者术后病理诊断为腰椎泡状棘球蚴病。随访1～10年,平均4.6年。1例腰椎泡状棘球蚴病患者术后8个月植骨未愈合,经理疗、促骨生长药物治疗,1年后复查X线片显示骨性愈合;其余8例患者植骨区骨性融合,愈合时间为5～8.5个月,平均7个月。末次随访患者脊髓神经功能Frankel分级改善6例,无变化3例。随访期间无复发。结论:MRI检查对脊柱细粒棘球蚴病有诊断价值,对腰椎泡状棘球蚴病易误诊,后者的确诊有赖于病理检查;脊柱包虫病在药物治疗的基础上采用手术治疗可取得较好疗效。     

骶骨包虫病的临床诊断及治疗分析

目的探讨骶骨包虫病的临床特点,为临床诊断和治疗提供依据。方法回顾分析1999年7月-2010年8月收治的14例骶骨包虫病患者临床资料。男6例,女8例;年龄16～58岁,平均28.7岁。病程6个月～11年,中位病程5.7年。其中12例来自畜牧区或有明显犬、羊密切接触史;12例有肺包虫或肝包虫病病史。主要临床症状为腰骶部及双下肢疼痛,一侧或双侧下肢及会阴部感觉减退,逐渐出现双下肢活动及大小便功能障碍、排尿无力等神经损害表现。影像学检查示多囊性骨质破坏。10例行包虫囊液皮内Casoni试验,其中8例呈阳性,2例呈阴性;4例行包虫病8项免疫血清学检查均为阳性。所有患者彻底清除病灶后,采用自体骨、同种异体骨、人工骨或骨水泥修复缺损。术后常规使用阿苯达唑,持续3个月预防复发。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无相关并发症发生。术后14例均获随访,随访时间6个月～11年,中位时间5.7年,患者术前临床症状均缓解。8例于术后6个月～3年复发,其中5例行3次清创手术,1例行5次清创手术,2例行病灶边缘切除联合高速磨钻清理;术后未见复发,症状均不同程度缓解。患者术后均未出现包虫病局部种植或远处播散。结论骶骨包虫病临床症状不典型,易误诊、漏诊,结合MRI检查有助于骶骨包虫病的诊断,血清学检查是诊断骶骨包虫病的主要方法,手术是最主要的治疗方法。     

病灶清除植骨融合术治疗脊柱包虫病的疗效

[目的]观察病灶清除植骨融合术在脊柱包虫病临床治疗中的效果。[方法]回顾性分析2006年1月~2014年12月本院收治的6例脊柱包虫病患者,其中胸椎3例(T8、T10~12、T11~12),胸腰段2例(T10~L1、T12~L1),腰椎1例(L1~L2)。术前行包虫酶联免疫吸附试验,3例阳性。术前ASIA脊髓损伤评分B级1例,C级3例,D级1例,E级1例。术前影像学检查误诊为脊柱结核2例,椎体转移瘤1例。所有病例均行手术治疗,均采用椎体侧后方病灶清除并一期植骨融合椎弓根螺钉内固定术,其中2例复发后采用前路再次病灶清除植骨融合。6例均行病理检查确诊包虫病,其中细粒棘球幼3例,泡性棘球蚴3例,术后均给予阿苯达唑治疗6个月。[结果]所有病例均获随访,随访时间1~7年,平均3.7年,平均手术时间(213.13±47.88)min,平均失血量(913.75±214.67)ml,术后引流量(353.75±90.07)ml,术后完全负重时间(8.50±2.33)周。术后2例出现复发,接受二次手术,其中1例随访5年后病故,1例术后出现切口感染,经二次手术后痊愈。其余植骨病例最终均达到植入骨骨性融合,植骨融合时间(4.50±3.30)个月。末次随访时ASIA脊髓评分与术前相比神经功能改善1~2级。[结论]手术是目前治疗脊柱包虫病的主要方法,病灶清除植骨融合对脊柱包虫病治疗有效,但多节段、混合型脊柱包虫病复发率较高,术中防止囊壁破裂及完整切除病灶对防止复发尤为重要。     

骨包虫病的误诊与复发：（附14例分析）

骨包虫病的误诊与复发（附１４例分析）张毓庆，马惠林我院自１９６４年１月～１９９０年７月共收治骨包虫病１４例。其中肋骨３例，胸椎３例，腰骶椎１例，骶骨２例，桡骨、肪骨外科颈、股骨、左、右侧半骨盆各１例。术前１３例误诊，术后１１例复发，其中８例死亡，３例...     

评估X、CT及MRI在脊柱包虫病诊断中的价值

目的 回顾性分析25例脊柱包虫病的临床表现和影像特点,探讨其诊断及误诊原因.方法 1957年10月至2006年6月收治5721例包虫病中,脊柱包虫病患者25例,男14例,女11例,年龄15-56 岁,平均28.3岁,病史0.5-12 年,平均3.2年.发病部位:颈椎3例,胸椎11例,腰椎5例,骶骨6例.从临床、流行病学、影象学及免疫学等方面综合分析,总结其影像学特点及误诊原因.结果 25例脊柱包虫中有23例来自农牧区或有犬羊密切接触史(92%).25例均行X线检查,13例行CT检查,5例(38.46%)诊断包虫.19例行MR检查,17例(89.47%)诊断为包虫病,多房性是本病的特征之一,T1WI母囊信号高于子囊是其另一特征.15例行皮内casoni试验,阳性12例(80%),4例行包虫病八项免疫试验均为阳性.结论 脊柱包虫病X线和CT表现易误诊为结核、转移瘤、骨巨细胞瘤或骨囊肿等,MRI有助于脊柱包虫的诊断与鉴别诊断,血清学检查对确诊诊断有很大帮助.     

肾包虫病的诊断及治疗(附17例报告)

目的 探讨肾包虫病的诊断和治疗方法.方法 对1993年2月-2008年12月新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院泌尿外科收治的17例肾包虫病患者资料进行分析.结果 17例患者均有牧区生活史或较长时间与牲畜接触史,包虫3项免疫试验和B型超声检查,CT检查诊断符合率分别约为83.2%、85.0%、94.0%.17例患者中15例术前诊断明确,17例均手术治疗术后口服阿苯达唑,其中2例行肾切除术,4例行手术摘除肾包虫内囊,剩余11例行保留病侧肾脏肾包虫外囊完整切除术.11例肾包虫外囊完整切除术及2例肾切除患者随访均无复发.4例行手术摘除肾包虫内囊患者术后2例复发.结论 流行病学检查、免疫学检查、B超和CT检查是诊断肾包虫病的主要方法.肾切除或肾包虫外囊完整切除术以及术后口服阿苯达唑可有效降低术后复发.     

肾包虫病的诊断及治疗(附17例报告)

目的 探讨肾包虫病的诊断和治疗方法.方法 对1993年2月-2008年12月新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院泌尿外科收治的17例肾包虫病患者资料进行分析.结果 17例患者均有牧区生活史或较长时间与牲畜接触史,包虫3项免疫试验和B型超声检查,CT检查诊断符合率分别约为83.2%、85.0%、94.0%.17例患者中15例术前诊断明确,17例均手术治疗术后口服阿苯达唑,其中2例行肾切除术,4例行手术摘除肾包虫内囊,剩余11例行保留病侧肾脏肾包虫外囊完整切除术.11例肾包虫外囊完整切除术及2例肾切除患者随访均无复发.4例行手术摘除肾包虫内囊患者术后2例复发.结论 流行病学检查、免疫学检查、B超和CT检查是诊断肾包虫病的主要方法.肾切除或肾包虫外囊完整切除术以及术后口服阿苯达唑可有效降低术后复发.     

肾包虫病的诊断及治疗(附17例报告)

目的 探讨肾包虫病的诊断和治疗方法.方法 对1993年2月-2008年12月新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院泌尿外科收治的17例肾包虫病患者资料进行分析.结果 17例患者均有牧区生活史或较长时间与牲畜接触史,包虫3项免疫试验和B型超声检查,CT检查诊断符合率分别约为83.2%、85.0%、94.0%.17例患者中15例术前诊断明确,17例均手术治疗术后口服阿苯达唑,其中2例行肾切除术,4例行手术摘除肾包虫内囊,剩余11例行保留病侧肾脏肾包虫外囊完整切除术.11例肾包虫外囊完整切除术及2例肾切除患者随访均无复发.4例行手术摘除肾包虫内囊患者术后2例复发.结论 流行病学检查、免疫学检查、B超和CT检查是诊断肾包虫病的主要方法.肾切除或肾包虫外囊完整切除术以及术后口服阿苯达唑可有效降低术后复发.     

骨移植替代物医用硫酸钙初步临床应用

目的 观察医用硫酸钙（Osteoset颗粒）作为骨移植材料的临床应用效果。方法 2004年12月～2005年5月，采用Osteoset颗粒作为骨移植材料治疗9例四肢良性肿瘤性骨缺损（四肢组），其中肱骨黄色纤维瘤1例，髋臼黄色纤维瘤2例，肱骨骨囊肿1例，桡骨骨囊肿1例，股骨非骨化性纤维瘤1例，股骨骨化性纤维瘤1例，股骨骨纤维结构不良2例。同期将材料作为自体骨增量物用于5例腰椎后外侧融合术患者（脊柱组），其中腰椎管狭窄症2例，腰椎滑脱症2例，腰椎峡部裂1例。通过影像学方法评估Osteoset颗粒的成骨作用。结果 14例患者平均获随访6．2个月（3～9个月），Osteoset颗粒植入后1～3个月开始吸收，4～6个月完全吸收并被骨组织替代。四肢组患者术后骨肿瘤无局部复发，肢体功能恢复良好；脊柱组患者术后6个月均获骨性融合。结论 医用硫酸钙是一种成骨性能优良的骨移植材料。     

儿童及青少年脊柱肿瘤

目的 探讨儿童及青少年脊柱肿瘤的临床特点、治疗方法及预后。方法 对1987年1月～2002年6月间收治的43例儿童及青少年脊柱肿瘤患者进行回顾性分析，男31例，女12例；年龄3～16岁，平均11．8岁。瘤样病变11例(占25．6％)，良性肿瘤13例(占30．2％)，恶性肿瘤19例(占44．2％)。根据发病部位可分为颈椎15例，胸椎16例，腰椎6例，骶椎6例。除1例胸椎恶性淋巴瘤患者采取化疗外，其他患者均行手术治疗，根据病情的不同予以植骨融合或植骨融合内固定，所有恶性肿瘤患者术后均接受放疗或化疗。结果 随访时间为1～10年，平均4.3年。良性肿瘤及瘤样病变患者术后疗效较满意，所有患者的局部疼痛和神经症状均有所好转，未出现病变复发、恶变；恶性肿瘤患者中有6例(原始神经外胚层瘤2例、Ewing瘤1例、神经母细胞瘤1例、浆细胞瘤1例、软骨肉瘤1例)因肿瘤转移、全身衰竭死亡，占总数的14．0％、恶性肿瘤的31．6％。1例骨巨细胞瘤、1例恶性神经鞘瘤分别于术后2．5年及10个月局部复发。1例Frankel A级和1例B级患者术后无明显改变，其余均有不同程度改善；3例由C级恢复至D级；8例由D级恢复至E级。结论 儿童及青少年脊柱肿瘤中，良性肿瘤如果切除彻底。预后良好；恶性肿瘤治疗效果相对欠佳，有较高的复发及死亡率，其预后与肿瘤的性质、手术治疗的方式及术后的后续治疗直接相关。     

A case of sacral hydatid cyst

INTRODUCTION

Hydatid cyst of bone constitutes only 0.5-2% of all hydatidoses. The thoracic spine is the most common site of spinal hydatidoses. Primary hydatid cyst of the sacral spinal canal is rare.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 19-year-old man had cauda equina syndrome with pelvic pain 15 days ago, the pelvic radiography shows a lytic image depend on the left sacral wing. MRI showed an intra-pelvic cystic image invading the sacrum T1 hypointense and T2W hyperintense. The Hydatid serology was positive.Surgical treatment consisted of a wide drainage of hydatid cavity dug in the left sacral wing, and by which it communicated intra pelvic, with removal of the entire cyst by gentle aspiration, abundant rinsing with hypertonic saline, release and sacred roots encompassed in a puddle of fibrosis hydatid.The evolution was good with recovery of perineal sensation and anal tone. The sacroiliac joint was considered stable and did not require synthesis or reconstruction.

DISCUSSION

Hydatid cysts predominantly occur in liver and lungs. Involvement of other organs is uncommon. Neither surgery nor medical therapy is generally effective for bone, especially spinal hydatidosis. The initial treatment of choice is surgical excision for neural decompression and establishing diagnosis. Albendazole is the drug of choice against this disease, when suspected, presurgical use of Albendazole in Echinococcus infestations reduces risk of recurrence and/or facilitates surgery by reducing intracystic pressure.

CONCLUSION

A missed diagnosis of hydatid cyst could be devastating. Hence, hydatid cyst should be kept as a differential diagnosis, when encountered with a cystic lesion of sacrum. In addition, longterm follow-up is mandatory as recurrence is high despite use scolicidal agents.     

Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis secondary to hydatid disease of bone using gentamycin beads

Hydatid disease of bone is rare. It remains asymptomatic over a long period. It is usually detected after a pathological fracture or secondary infection or following the onset of compressive myelopathy in cases of vertebral lesions. Secondary infection of hydatid disease of bone could be difficult to treat. The authors present a case of chronic osteomyelitis of the proximal aspect of the left femur in a 37-year-old male patient secondary to hydatid disease of bone. It was treated by aggressive debridement, gentamycin beads, and bone graft to fill the defect. No recurrence of the hydatid lesion or infection was detected after 2 years. This case showed that in addition to aggressive debridement, gentamycin beads may be valuable in eradicating the infection in such a case.     

Diagnostic pitfalls of spinal echinococcosis

OBJECTIVE: To critically examine and elucidate the diagnostic pitfalls of spinal echinococcosis. SUMMARY OF PATIENTS: From October 1957 to June 2006, 25 consecutive cases drawn from 5721 cases of echinococcosis were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. The selected cases comprised 11 males and 14 females; all were treated with debridement operations. The average age was 28.3 years (15 to 56 y). The average duration of infestation with spinal hydatid disease was 3.2 years (0.5 to 12 y). Nineteen of the 25 cases underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, which identified 17 out of 19 cases as having hydatid disease. The lesion was located in the cervical vertebrae in 3, the thoracic vertebrae in 11, the lumbar vertebrae in 5, and the sacrum in 6 cases. RESULTS: Eighteen cases were available for follow up; the period ranging from 0.5 to 15 years with an average of 3.6 years. The Casoni test was performed in 15 cases and was positive in 12 patients (80%). In addition, 4 cases were positive in all of the so-called 8 tests of immunodiagnostic methods. MRI examination was performed in 19 of the 25 cases and 17 of these were diagnosed as having spinal hydatid disease (89.47%). The typical MRI appearance is that of a multilocular cyst and the signal of the parent cyst is similar to that of muscle and higher than that of secondary cyst in the T1Weighted image (WI). The signal of the secondary cyst is similar to water, either located in or overflowing or adjacent to the parent cyst. Both the parent and the secondary cysts showed high signals in the TW1 with either rose or wheel shapes. In the 18 cases, which were reviewed, 11 cases had relapsed (61.11%). CONCLUSIONS: Although x-ray or computed tomography images of spinal echinococcosis are similar to tuberculosis, metastases, giant cell tumors, or cysts of the bone, MRI shows distinctive diagnostic features of spinal hydatid disease. Serologic examinations are important to confirm the correct diagnosis.     

Primary hydatid disease of the spine: an unusual case

Hydatid disease or hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus is the most widespread, serious human cestode infection in the world. Bone involvement is reported in 0.5-4% with spinal involvement reported in 50% of these cases. We report a case of this rare entity of an isolated primary hydatid cyst of the spine in a 15-year-old boy, who presented with progressive back pain for 8 months, lower extremity weakness and urinary incontinence for 3 months. Neurological examination was suggestive of upper motor neuron type of paraperesis grade 1/5 with complete sensory loss below T4 level. MRI of the spine showed multiple cystic extradural lesions at the T4-5 level with involvement of the paraspinal muscles. The patient underwent a T4-5 laminectomy, and a total excision of the multiple epidural and paraspinal cysts. The diagnosis of hydatid disease was confirmed on histopathology. Albendazole was started postoperatively. At 6 months follow-up the boy had no neurological deficit, was playful, active and walking. Postoperative MRI at 6 months showed no recurrence of the lesion. Analysis of the other reported cases is discussed with relevance to our case.     

脊柱包虫病的临床特点及诊断方法

目的探讨脊柱包虫病的临床特点,为诊断和治疗提供依据.方法回顾性分析1994年7月至2003年10月诊治的14例脊柱包虫病患者,男5例,女9例;年龄5～23岁,平均25.8岁.患者均有牧区生活史,病程为4～120个月,平均26.7个月.除行常规检查外所有患者均拍摄X线片,8例行CT扫描,13例行MR检查,8例行免疫血清学检查.病变多累及胸椎,占35.8%,其次为腰椎和腰骶椎,分别为21.4%和28.6%,颈椎较少见.根据Dew分类,包虫累及髓外硬膜内1例,椎管内硬膜外2例,脊椎7例,椎旁1例,其余3例累及硬膜外周围组织.所有患者均行手术治疗,并行组织病理学检查.结果脊柱包虫病的临床症状主要表现为病变部位的肿胀、疼痛或放射痛,后逐渐发展为脊髓神经损害.X线检查缺乏特征性,仅表现为局部不规则骨质破坏,可伴边缘硬化或钙化.CT主要表现为多个大小不等的囊状低密度缺损.MRI示病变呈多囊性生长,T1加权像上囊壁与囊内容物均呈低信号,T2加权像上囊壁呈低信号,囊内容物呈高信号,簇集呈“葡萄串样”;合并感染时,T1加权像和T2加权像信号均增强.8例行包虫三项检查的患者中7例阳性,其中3例接受包虫八项检查,均为阳性.组织病理学检查均为细粒棘球绦虫.结论MRI是诊断脊柱包虫病最敏感的方法,在确定病变部位和范围上具重要作用;CT和免疫血清学检查有助于包虫病的诊断和鉴别诊断;提高对该病的认识是防止误诊的关键.     

Intradural hydatid cysts of the spinal cord

A patient with primary intradural spinal hydatid disease presenting with complete paraplegia is described. The diagnosis was made at operation. The patient did not have any clinical evidence of visceral or extradural hydatid lesions. This, we believe, is the first case of primary spinal intradural hydatid disease reported from India.     

Spinal hydatid disease

STUDY DESIGN: Review article on spinal involvement of hydatid disease. OBJECTIVES: A better understanding of this rare but clinically challenging disease is intended. An overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation and diagnosis of spinal hydatid disease is provided. Management problems and frequent pitfalls are discussed as well as current therapeutic options, results and outcome. METHODS: Thirty-seven reports of spinal hydatid disease published between 1964 and 2000 were reviewed. RESULTS: Most of the reported cases of spinal hydatid disease presented with spinal cord compression syndrome. Due to the relative rarity of the problem the diagnosis was frequently made during surgery. Surgical intervention by decompressive laminectomy was the most frequent first management. Reports of anterior procedures as well as spinal stabilization exist. Intraoperative prophylaxis to reduce spillage as well as pharmacotherapy were usually instituted. Results of surgery were generally reported to be poor. Progressive neurological and mechanical deterioration over the years was the most frequently reported disease course. Anecdotal reports of alternative management strategies exist. CONCLUSION: Spinal hydatid disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal cord compression syndrome in endemic countries and sought after with imaging and serology. Treatment is based on surgical decompression. Despite therapy the disease frequently relapses with progressive destruction of the vertebral column and neurological deterioration. Retention of spinal stability is the major long term concern. Overall outcome is poor with few reports of disease-free long term survival.     

Surgical treatment for pulmonary hydatidosis (a review of 422 cases)

OBJECTIVE: Hydatidosis in man is frequently encountered in sheep and cattle raising regions of the world. We reviewed 422 patients, treated surgically for pulmonary hydatid disease in our clinic between January 1980 and January 1998, assessing the clinical features and results of results of operative treatment management in our centre. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 52 of the patients were female and 370 were male. The median age of the patients was 33 years (range, 11 to 66 years). The cysts were located in the right lung in 214 (50.7%) patients, the left lung in 156 (37%) and bilaterally in 17 (4%) cases. We found an intrathoracic extrapulmonary cyst in 35 (8.3%) patients. We performed enucleation and capitonnage in 202 cases, wedge resection in 40, cystotomy and capitonnage in 171, and lobectomy in 9 patients. The high-risk patients were treated with Albendazol (10 mg/kg/day), for a period of 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Preoperative diagnosis was based primarily on chest roentgenograms and led to correct diagnosis in 347 cases (82.2%). An additional computerised tomography (CT) scan in 56 cases and magnetic resonavive imaging (MRI) were required in 15 cases. The diagnosis is established intraoperatively in 4 cases. Most (296) patients presented with a solitary lung cyst. The rest were found to have multiple cysts in one or more lobes. 87 of 422 also had cysts in the liver, 19 in the spleen, and 1 in the pancreas. The follow-up data was completed in 392 of 422 (92.8%) patients. The mean follow-up period was 4.3 years (2 to 19 years). We detected recurrence in 3 patients (0.71%). CONCLUSION: The effective treatment of hydatid cyst(s) in the lung is complete excision of the cyst(s) with maximum preservation of the lung parenchyma. Additional medical treatment with Albendazole should be carried out for high-risk group patients.