槟榔对大鼠胃运动及神经递质的影响

[目的]探讨槟榔对大鼠胃排空运动的影响及其机制,为临床应用槟榔提供理论依据。[方法]48只Wistar大鼠随机分为低浓度（25％）槟榔（A）组、高浓度（100％）槟榔（B）组、对照（c）组。分别给大鼠灌服低、高浓度槟榔液、蒸馏水1、6h后,以葡聚糖蓝-2000为胃内标记物,观察大鼠胃肠动力变化;同时用免疫组化染色观察胃窦肌间神经丛P物质（SP）、血管活性肠肽（VIP）的变化;放射免疫分析法测定胃窦、空肠组织匀浆及血浆胃动素（MOT）、SP、VIP水平。[结果]灌服低、高浓度槟榔液1、6h后大鼠胃排空运动明显增强,胃窦肌间神经丛SP明显增加,VIP明显减少（均P〈0．01或〈0．05）;胃窦及空肠组织匀浆MOT、SP明显增加,VIP明显减少（均P〈0．01或〈0．05）;血浆MOT、SP明显增加,VIP明显减少（均P〈0．01或〈0．05）。[结论]槟榔对大鼠胃运动有明显促进作用,其机制可能与胃窦肌间神经丛、胃窦及空肠组织、血浆SP;胃窦及空肠组织、血浆MOT增加及胃窦肌间神经丛、胃窦及空肠组织、血浆VIP减少有关。     

大黄对大鼠胃运动的影响及机制

目的 :探讨大黄对大鼠胃排空运动的影响及其机制 ,为临床应用大黄提供理论依据。方法 :32只 Wistar大鼠随机分为大黄组及对照组 ,分别给大鼠灌服大黄水提液或蒸馏水 1、6 h后 ,以葡聚糖蓝 - 2 0 0 0为胃肠内标记物观察大鼠胃排空的变化 ,同时用免疫组化染色观察胃窦肌间神经丛 P物质 (SP)、血管活性肠肽 (VIP)的分布变化。结果 :灌服大黄水提液后 ,大鼠胃排空运动显著抑制 (P <0 .0 5或 <0 .0 1) ,胃窦肌间神经丛 SP的分布明显减少 (P<0 .0 5或 <0 .0 1) ,VIP分布明显增加 (P <0 .0 5或 <0 .0 1)。结论 :大黄对大鼠胃运动有明显的抑制作用 ,其机制可能与胃窦肌间神经丛 SP的分布减少及 VIP的分布增加有关     

大腹皮对大鼠胃肠道AchE及NOSI阳性神经分布的影响

既往研究表明大腹皮有较强的促胃肠动力作用,其促胃肠动力机制与血及胃肠组织中P物质(SP)的含量增加和血管活性肠肽(VIP)的含量减少有一定关系,大腹皮的促胃肠动力机制是否还有其他因素参与,尚不明确。AchE和NOSI神经在胃肠道有广泛的分布,相互间有着密切的联系。为此,我们分别应用乙酰胆碱脂酶(AchE)组化、一氧化氮合酶(NOSI)免疫组化技术观察了给大鼠灌服大腹皮煎液后,胃窦及空肠AchE及NOSI阳性神经分布的变化,旨在进一步探讨大腹皮对胃肠道胆碱能神经及氮能神经分布的影响,为深入阐明大腹皮的促动力机制提供新的理论和实验依据。     

替加色罗对肝硬化大鼠肠传输功能的影响

目的研究替加色罗对肝硬化大鼠肠道传输功能的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法24只Wister大鼠随机分为肝硬化模型组、肝硬化替加色罗组和正常对照组,采用葡聚糖蓝-2000为胃肠内标记物,观察大鼠肠道传输的变化,同时放射免疫测定大鼠血浆：肠道组织中胃动素（MTL）、血管活性肠肽（VIP）及P物质（SP）含量的变化,乙酰胆碱酯酶（Ache）组织化学染色,观察肝硬化大鼠小肠肌间神经丛胆碱能神经的变化,并对其分布进行定量分析。结果与对照组比较,肝硬化模型组大鼠小肠动力显著减弱（P〈0.01）,血浆及空肠组织中MTL、VIP的含量明显增加,SP的含量则显著减少（P〈0.01）,小肠肌间神经丛胆碱能神经的分布明显减少（P〈0.01）;肝硬化替加色罗组大鼠小肠动力与对照组比较无明显差异,血浆及空肠组织中MTL、VIP的含量与模型组比较无明显差异,SP的含量及肠肌间神经丛胆碱能神经的分布则与肝硬化模型组差异显著（P〈0.01）。结论替加色罗对肝硬化大鼠小肠运动功能减退有明显改善作用,其机制可能与SP及肌间神经丛胆碱能神经的分布变化有关,而MTL、VIP可能未参与其作用。     

胃肠激素在肝衰竭大鼠胃肠道动力改变中的影响

[目的]探讨胃肠激素对肝衰竭大鼠胃肠动力障碍的影响。[方法]40只Wistar大鼠随机分为肝衰竭模型组和对照组,采用葡聚糖蓝-2000为胃肠内标记物,观察大鼠胃排空及肠道传输的变化,同时测定大鼠血浆及胃肠组织中胃动素（MTL）、P物质（SP）及生长抑素（SS）的含量。[结果]与对照组比较,肝衰竭模型组大鼠胃排空及小肠动力明显减弱（P〈0.01）,血浆及胃窦、空肠组织中生长抑素的含量明显增加（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,P物质的含量则显著减少（P〈0.01）,但胃动素的含量无明显变化。[结论]肝衰竭大鼠胃肠功能下降与P物质及生长抑素的变化有关,胃动素在其中可能不起作用。     

四种胃肠激素在糖尿病胃动力障碍中的作用

目的通过对糖尿病大鼠模型离体胃窦平滑肌自发性收缩运动的研究,探讨血浆和胃窦组织中生长抑素(SS),血管活性肠肽(VIP),胃动素(MTL),P物质(SP)等在糖尿病胃动力障碍中的作用。方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型,制备实验组和对照组大鼠离体胃窦环行肌及纵行肌肌条,应用张力换能器测定其静息张力、平均振幅、收缩频率等运动指标;用放免法同批测定两组大鼠血浆和胃窦组织中SS,VIP,MTL和SP含量。结果①糖尿病组胃窦肌条自发收缩运动的多项指标均较对照组明显降低(P<0.01);②糖尿病组血浆中SS、VIP、MTL增加,SP降低;胃窦组织中SS增加,MTL和SP降低,VIP无变化;③血浆和胃组织SS与胃运动指标呈负相关;血浆VIP与MTL与胃运动指标呈负相关;血浆和胃组织SP和胃运动指标无明显相关性。结论①糖尿病多伴有胃运动功能障碍;②血浆和胃组织中胃肠激素含量变化在糖尿病胃动力障碍的发病中有一定作用。     

HCN2对大鼠空肠SP和VIP释放的影响

目的研究超极化激活的环核苷酸门控阳离子通道2(hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 2,HCN2)对大鼠空肠神经丛释放SP及VIP的影响。方法对大鼠空肠离体平滑肌肌条分别给予HCN通道激动剂cAMP和拮抗剂MDL,通过酶联免疫法检测灌流液中给药前后SP和VIP含量的变化情况。结果给予HCN2受体激动剂cAMP后,环形肌和纵形肌中的SP含量均显著增加(P0.05),VIP含量显著减少(P0.05);而给予HCN2受体拮抗剂MDL后,环形肌和纵形肌中的SP含量均显著减少(P0.05),VIP含量显著增加(P0.05)。结论HCN2对大鼠空肠神经丛释放SP起正向调节作用,而对VIP含量起负向调节作用,与SP及VIP对胃肠道的调节相符,提示HCN2可能通过对胃肠激素释放的调节而影响胃肠运动。     

白萝卜提取物促胃动力作用机制

目的探讨白萝卜提取物（Raphanus sativus L extract，Ecr）促胃肠动力作用机制。方法20只SD大鼠随机分为A（Ecr）组、B（0．9％氯化钠对照）组，分别灌服Ecr和等体积0．9％氯化钠，1h后，免疫组织化学方法和放免法分别观察胃电起搏区P物质（SP）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）表达的变化。结果sP免疫阳性神经及产物的表达明显增加（P〈0．05）；CGRP免疫阳性神经及产物的表达明显减少（P〈0．05）。结论白萝卜提取物的促胃肠动力作用可能与局部及血浆中SP、CGRP量的变化有密切关系。     

针刺足阳明经穴对大鼠胃运动及脑肠肽的影响

目的：探讨针刺足阳明经穴对胃运动的调整作用与脑肠肽的关系。方法：以乙醇灌胃造成大鼠胃粘膜损伤模型,气囊法测量胃运动频率和波幅的变化率,采用放免分析法（RIA）检测大鼠胃窦及延髓内P物质（SP）、胃动素（MTL）及胃泌素（GAS）含量。结果：模型组胃运动频率和波幅呈抑制状态,针刺四白、天枢、足三里穴可促进胃运动恢复,与此同时胃窦、延髓内SP、MTL、GAS含量出现相应变化。三穴比较：四白主要影响胃窦MTL含量,天枢主要影响胃窦SP及延髓GAS含量,足三里穴对SP、MTL及GAS均有影响。结论：推测针刺足阳明经对胃运动的调整作用有脑肠肽参与,但上述三穴对胃运动的影响所涉及的脑肠肽不完全一致。     

白萝卜提取物促胃动力作用中Cajal间质细胞与P物质的变化

目的探讨白萝卜提取物（raphanus sativus 1 extract，Ecr）通过Cajal间质细胞促胃肠动力作用机制。方法40只SD大鼠随机分为A（Ecr）组、B（0．9％氯化钠对照）组分别灌服等体积Ecr和0．9％氯化钠，1h后用双重免疫荧光组织化学标记的方法观察胃电起搏区Cajal间质细胞（interstitial cells of Cajal，ICC）与P物质（SP）阳性神经及产物表达的变化。结果肌间神经丛中ICC与SP阳性神经呈网络样分布，二者紧密毗邻；肌间神经丛及肌层内与ICC结合的SP阳性神经产物表达明显增加（P〈0．01）。结论白萝卜提取物的促胃肠动力作用可能与胃体ICC上结合的SP阳性神经产物表达增高有密切关系。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.