Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌104例术后辅助化疗疗效分析

目的　对我院 1 992年至 1 995年 1 0 4例Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌术后的辅助化疗进行疗效分析 ,评价 1年、5年生存率。方法　 1 0 4例Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌术后患者 ,对其进行术后辅助化疗CAF方案六周期或CMF方案六周期。化疗三周期后根据病情插入辅助放疗。化疗结束根据病情进行内分泌治疗。对其随访观察 5年。结果　 1 0 4例患者 1年无复发生存率 95 % ,5年总生存率 87%。结论　CAF、CMF方案对Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌术后辅助化疗疗效良好。分析提示对复发、转移风险大的高危患者应考虑方案方法的进一步改进     

胃癌术后辅助治疗的研究进展

胃癌发病率和死亡率一直居高不下。胃癌术后经常复发和远处转移,辅助治疗的价值已经没有争议。在亚洲,对于接受了标准D2手术的Ⅱ~Ⅲ期胃癌患者术后辅助化疗已经成为标准治疗,对于Ⅱ期患者口服S-1或XELOX联合化疗均可,而对于Ⅲb期及以上的高复发风险的胃癌患者应考虑使用XELOX方案化疗。在美国,采用D0和D1术比例较高,术后同步放化疗是目前适合的选择。欧美人群中,D2术式后采用辅助化疗还是辅助放化疗值得进一步研究。     

不同Lauren分型胃癌的临床病理特征及影响胃癌根治术后复发的危险因素分析

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨不同Lauren分型胃癌的临床病理特征、最佳辅助化疗方案,以及影响胃癌根治术后复发的独立危险因素。［方法］ 回顾性分析268例2014年1月1日至2016年9月30日在河北医科大学第四医院行D2根治术且达R0切除的胃癌患者的病历资料及随访资料,采用SPSS23.0、MedCalc15.8及GraphPad Prism7.0软件进行统计学分析及绘图。比较肠型胃癌与弥漫型胃癌的临床病理特征,通过多因素分析筛选影响胃癌根治术后复发的独立危险因素,并根据Lauren分型及TNM分期进行分层,分别筛选引起不同Lauren分型及不同TNM分期胃癌根治术后复发的独立危险因素。［结果］ （1） 肠型胃癌多位于贲门、组织学高分化,与EGFR、HER-2、P53、TOPOⅡ、Ki67高表达相关,其肿瘤直径偏小,淋巴结阳性率偏低,男性占比较多。弥漫型胃癌多位于非贲门部位、组织低分化,与EGFR、HER-2、p53、TOPOⅡ、Ki67低表达相关,其肿瘤直径偏大,淋巴结阳性率偏高;女性所占比例较肠型胃癌患者多,但仍以男性为主。弥漫型胃癌首诊时CA724升高率明显较肠型胃癌高,且更易发生神经受侵及脉管瘤栓。（2）术后辅助化疗方案、肿瘤最大直径、淋巴结阳性率是胃癌复发的独立危险因素,根治术后应用XELOX方案辅助化疗的复发风险是SOX方案的2.323倍。随着肿瘤最大直径的增大和淋巴结阳性率的增高,胃癌复发风险增加。分层分析中,弥漫型胃癌根治术后应用XELOX方案辅助化疗的复发风险是SOX方案的2.209倍,而术后辅助化疗方案不是肠型胃癌根治术后复发的独立危险因素。Ⅲ期胃癌根治术后应用XELOX方案辅助化疗的复发风险是SOX方案的2.161倍,而术后辅助化疗方案不是Ⅱ期胃癌根治术后复发的独立危险因素。（3）淋巴结阳性率是胃癌根治术后复发的独立危险因素,不同Lauren分型胃癌复发的独立危险因素不同。［结论］ （1）不同Lauren分型的胃癌在临床病理特征、对辅助化疗方案的反应及影响预后的独立危险因素方面均各不相同,以Lauren分型指导个体化治疗具有一定的临床意义。（2） SOX方案可作为有效的辅助化疗方案应用于临床,尤其在Ⅲ期及弥漫型胃癌患者中可能获益更佳。     

食管鳞癌新辅助放化疗后复发风险分层分析

目的 探讨胸段食管鳞癌新辅助放化疗联合手术治疗后的复发风险模式,并分析术后病理分期与复发风险之间的关系。方法 回顾分析2002-2015年郑州大学附属肿瘤医院及中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的174例局部晚期胸段食管鳞癌患者的病历资料。全组患者均采用术前同期放化疗联合手术治疗,化疗采用以铂类为基础的化疗方案,放疗剂量为40.0~50.4 Gy,常规分割。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,Logrank检验差异,Cox模型多因素分析。结果 中位随访时间为53.9个月,新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解率为44.8%,其中59例(33.9%)患者复发。术后病理分期为0/Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者复发率分别为22.2%、38.7%、68.2%(P=0.000),疗后5年无复发生存率分别为74.7%、61.4%、20.9%(P=0.000)。20.5%的0/Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期患者的复发时间在术后3年以上,而Ⅲ期患者的复发时间均在2年以内。多因素分析结果显示年龄、临床分期、化疗方案、放化疗相关病理反应是影响无复发生存的因素(P=0.027、0.047、0.010、0.005)。结论 胸段食管鳞癌新辅助放化疗后的病理分期与复发风险密切相关,临床医生可根据不同的病理分期制定个体化的随访监测策略。     

肺癌新辅助免疫治疗研究进展

新辅助免疫治疗可降低可切除肺癌患者术后复发或远处转移风险,延长患者生存期,其疗效优于新辅助化疗。小样本研究表明新辅助免疫治疗联合化疗方案相比于新辅助免疫单药方案的主要病理缓解率更高,但其治疗相关不良事件发生率也更高、治疗周期更长,可导致手术的延迟、增加术中并发症的风险。新辅助免疫治疗的方案选择、手术时机、疗效评估等问题仍未有定论,多项新辅助免疫治疗单药及联合方案的Ⅲ期临床研究正在进行中,期待通过长期随访数据进一步验证新辅助免疫治疗的疗效。     

肺癌新辅助免疫治疗研究进展

新辅助免疫治疗可降低可切除肺癌患者术后复发或远处转移风险, 延长患者生存期, 其疗效优于新辅助化疗。小样本研究表明新辅助免疫治疗联合化疗方案相比于新辅助免疫单药方案的主要病理缓解率更高, 但其治疗相关不良事件发生率也更高、治疗周期更长, 可导致手术的延迟、增加术中并发症的风险。新辅助免疫治疗的方案选择、手术时机、疗效评估等问题仍未有定论, 多项新辅助免疫治疗单药及联合方案的Ⅲ期临床研究正在进行中, 期待通过长期随访数据进一步验证新辅助免疫治疗的疗效。     

非小细胞肺癌术后辅助化疗研究进展

完全切除的非细胞肺癌(NSCLC)是否需要术后辅助化疗是多年来肺癌治疗领域的研究热点,随着各种新药及新的联合化疗方案的出现,几项大型随机临床试验论证了含铂类药物术后辅助化疗可以延长患者生存期,从而奠定了肺癌术后辅助化疗的地位,但目前术后辅助化疗的预后和其疗效预测仍有很多末知因素.     

乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗前后TopoⅡ蛋白变化及其对术后化疗方案的指导意义

目的 研究乳腺癌新辅助化疗前后TopoⅡα阳性表达及其对术后化疗方案选择的指导作用.方法 对TNM分期Ⅱb及以上的乳腺癌患者行新辅助化疗治疗后,适合手术的患者行保乳手术治疗.免疫组化法测定新辅助化疗前后的TopoⅡα阳性表达,对比化疗前后、不同化疗方案化疗后的阳性表达情况,记录对比TopoⅡα阳性表达和阴性表达患者的术后疗效.结果 CMF方案化疗前后的TopoⅡα阳性表达率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);EC方案化疗后TopoⅡα阳性表达率显著高于化疗前(P<0.05),且显著高于CMF方案组(χ2=4.219,P=0.040<0.05);ECT方案化疗后TopoⅡα阳性表达率显著高于化疗前(P<0.05),且显著高于CMF方案组(χ2=6.522,P=0.011<0.05).EC方案组和ECT方案组化疗后,TopoⅡα阳性表达无统计学差异(χ2=0.269,P=0.604>0.05).化疗前TopoⅡα阳性表达的患者,CR+PR率、中位TTF显著高于阴性表达的患者(P<0.05),腋窝淋巴结转移低于阴性表达的患者(P<0.05).结论 含蒽环类药物的化疗方案具有促进TopoⅡα阳性表达,提高术后疗效的作用,在术后辅助化疗方案中可以添加蒽环类药物,增加化疗敏感性.     

胃癌术后辅助化疗研究进展

辅助化疗是在根治性手术后减少局部和远处复发的方法。其中，术后辅助化疗包括全身化疗、腹腔灌注化疗。新一代的化疗药物卡培他滨、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、依立替康、S—1等显示出很好的治疗前景，化疗敏感试验的开展可能有助于个体化化疗方案的制定。腹腔灌注化疗有助于降低腹腔局部复发。     

剂量密度化疗在乳腺癌术后辅助化疗中的应用

目的 探讨剂量密度化疗在乳腺癌术后辅助化疗中应用的安全性与可行性。方法 回顾性分析114例因乳腺癌行剂量密度辅助化疗患者的临床资料。结果 114例乳腺癌患者接受了剂量密度辅助化疗,根据复发风险,其中43例接受PE方案（紫杉醇＋表阿霉素）化疗,8例接受TE方案（多烯紫杉醇＋表阿霉素）化疗,36例采用CEF方案（环磷酰胺＋表阿霉素＋5-Fu）,27例采用EC方案（环磷酰胺＋表阿霉素）。除3例患者无法耐受外,其余111例患者均顺利完成所有治疗。Ⅲ度以上不良反应包括粒细胞缺乏（6．3％）、恶心和呕吐（11．7％）、周围神经改变（3．6％）。结论 乳腺癌术后辅助化疗采用剂量密度的方法是安全可行的,其远期疗效尚需进一步观察。     

Fast neutron irradiation of metastatic cervical adenopathy: the results of a randomized RTOG study

Between 1977 and 1982, 199 evaluable patients with measurable cervical adenopathy were entered on a prospective, randomized RTOG study evaluating the use of fast neutrons in treatment of advanced, inoperable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region. One hundred-eleven patients were randomized to receive mixed beam radiation therapy, and 88 were randomized to the photon control treatment. The complete response rates were 86% for mixed beam vs 75% for photons for Stage N1 nodes, 62% for mixed beam vs 48% for photons for Stage N2 nodes, and 63% for mixed beam vs 53% for photons for N3 nodes. The percents of patients remaining free of their adenopathy for two years were 78% for mixed beam vs 55% for photons for Stage N1 nodes, 39% for both mixed beam and photons for N2 nodes and 24% for mixed beam vs 13% for photons for N3 nodes. The median disease-free status was 20.3 months for mixed beam treated patients and 6.4 months for photon-treated patients. Patients who had clearance of cervical adenopathy survived significantly longer than those who did not.     

Dietary acrylamide and cancer risk: An updated meta‐analysis

The debate on the potential carcinogenic effect of dietary acrylamide is open. In consideration of the recent findings from large prospective investigations, we conducted an updated meta‐analysis on acrylamide intake and the risk of cancer at several sites. Up to July 2014, we identified 32 publications. We performed meta‐analyses to calculate the summary relative risk (RR) of each cancer site for the highest versus lowest level of intake and for an increment of 10 µg/day of dietary acrylamide, through fixed‐effects or random‐effects models, depending on the heterogeneity test. Fourteen cancer sites could be examined. No meaningful associations were found for most cancers considered. The summary RRs for high versus low acrylamide intake were 0.87 for oral and pharyngeal, 1.14 for esophageal, 1.03 for stomach, 0.94 for colorectal, 0.93 for pancreatic, 1.10 for laryngeal, 0.88 for lung, 0.96 for breast, 1.06 for endometrial, 1.12 for ovarian, 1.00 for prostate, 0.93 for bladder and 1.13 for lymphoid malignancies. The RR was of borderline significance only for kidney cancer (RR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.00–1.45). All the corresponding continuous estimates ranged between 0.95 and 1.03, and none of them was significant. Among never‐smokers, borderline associations with dietary acrylamide emerged for endometrial (RR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.00–1.51) and ovarian (RR = 1.39; 95% CI, 0.97–2.00) cancers. This systematic review and meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies indicates that dietary acrylamide is not related to the risk of most common cancers. A modest association for kidney cancer, and for endometrial and ovarian cancers in never smokers only, cannot be excluded.     

Diagnostic Validity of Fecal Occult Blood Tests for Detecting Gastroenterological Cancers

In order to estimate the diagnostic validity of chemical fecal occult blood tests, i.e. orthotolidine (Shionogi A) and guajac (Shionogi B) slides for detecting cancers of the esophagus, stomach and colorectum, the authors followed up all the examinees (n=3,449) of comprehensive medical check-ups at the Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka, by means of record linkage to the Osaka Cancer Registry's files. Then, diagnostic validity was calculated based on the results of two years' follow-up. Sensitivity for the respective cancers was 20.0%, 11.8% and 62.5% for Shionogi A, and 20.0%, 5.9% and 43.8% for Shionogi B slides. Likelihood ratio for the respective cancers was 1.4, 0.8 and 4.5 for Shionogi A, and 3.3, 1.0 and 7.5 for Shionogi B. Specificity was analogous among the three cancer sites, being 86% for Shionogi A and 94% for Shionogi B. These results suggest that the diagnostic validity of chemical occult blood tests for detecting cancers of the esophagus and the stomach is very poor, and therefore imply that close examinations of these sites for screening positives is unnecessary in mass screenings for colorectal cancer.     

Differences in Cancer Mortality Trends between Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Areas in Japan, 1999–2018

Background: Although socioeconomic statuses affect cancer mortality rates, the specific difference between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in Japan has not been evaluated. This study analyzed differences in cancer mortality between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in Japan, using an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. Methods: Data on cancer mortality from 1999 to 2018 for metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in Japan were used. Here metropolitan areas were defined as government ordinance-designated municipalities in 1999 and special wards of Tokyo. In addition to general mortality data for all cancer sites, data on mortality for stomach, colorectal, liver, gallbladder, pancreatic, lung, prostate, and breast cancers were used for analysis. A Bayesian APC analysis was administered to the data for each type of cancer for area and for sex-distinguished data. Additionally, the ratios for estimated mortality rate by periods and cohorts between the two areas were calculated. Results: The age-standardized mortality rate for cancer in all sites in non-metropolitan areas was lower than that in metropolitan areas throughout the analyzed years for both men and women, but the mortality difference decreased during the periods for men. The rates of decrease in mortality rate in cohorts differed for some cancers between the two area types, and the mortality rate ratios of metropolitan compared with non-metropolitan areas decreased for cancer in all sites over the analyzed cohorts for men. Also, the rate of decrease in mortality rate over the cohorts was completely different between the areas for stomach cancer in men and for liver cancer for women. Conclusion: Mortality rates for cancer in all sites tended to diverge between the two area types in younger cohorts for men, and people in younger cohorts in non-metropolitan areas should take more extensive preventive measures against cancer than their counterparts in metropolitan areas.     

乳腺导管原位癌的诊断和治疗--附371例报道

对371例乳腺导管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,结果钼靶、B超、乳头溢液涂片、乳管内视镜、针吸活检、空心针活检以及冰冻病理检查的诊断阳性率分别为86.5%(302/349)、58.4%(208/356)、43.8%(89/203)、92.0%(23/25)、80.0%(18/23)、91.0%(10/11)和90.0%(287/319).治疗方式仍以乳房切除术为主.全组局部复发率1.9%(4/205),5、10年生存率分别为100.0%(106/106)、94.0%(32/34).初步研究结果提示,钼靶、乳管内视镜、空心针活检诊断价值较高,治疗上可依据Van Nuys预后指数(van nuys prog-nostic index,VNPI)采用不同手术方式.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy using tin colloid Rl and blue dye method

Axillary dissection has been considered essential for breast cancer staging because nodal metastasis is the most powerful predictive factor for recurrence. On the other hand, morbidity, such as lymphedema and shoulder dysfunction, may occur. Sentinel node biopsy is a good way to avoid unnecessary axillary dissection. We used tin colloid as a carrier of Tc99m tracer together with the blue dye method. The detection rate of the sentinel node was 27 cases out of 29 (90%) for the blue dye method, 10 cases out of 19 (53%) for the RI method, and 27 out of 33 (82%) for the combined method. The detection rate of the RI method was improved after adding the subcutaneous injection over the tumor from 45% before adding the subcutaneous injection to 82% after adding it. The false negative rate was 11% for the blue dye method, 0% for the RI method, and 10% for the combined method. This yields a sensitivity of 89% for the blue dye method, 100% for the RI method, and 90% for the combined method. Specificity was 100% for all three methods. Accuracy was 96% for the blue dye method, 100% for the RI method, and 96% for the combined method. There were two false negative cases. The average number of sentinel lymph nodes was 2.12 for the dye method, 1.66 for the RI method, and 1.95 for the combined method. There were three of 49 cases with identified parasternal lymph nodes by RI imaging. Lymphatic mapping using tin colloid may be useful for detecting sentinel nodes.     

抚顺、盘锦两市城乡宫颈癌及宫颈上皮内瘤变的现患率调查及危险因素分析

[目的]探讨辽宁省抚顺、盘锦两市城乡宫颈癌及宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）的现患率,并对相关的危险因素进行分析。[方法]采用随机抽样的方法确定研究对象,并进行流行病学问卷调查,液基细胞学检查及阴道镜检查。如阴道镜下可疑病变则行活检。[结果]抚顺市宫颈癌及CIN的患病率为宫颈癌0.17%,CIN5.84%,CINⅡ-Ⅲ2.17%,抚顺农村为CIN2.83%,CINⅡ-Ⅲ0.67%;盘锦市CIN2.83%,CINⅡ-Ⅲ0.5%,盘锦农村CIN1.87%,CINⅡ-Ⅲ0.51%。抚顺市的患病率在四个筛查地点中明显居高。城市的患病率（宫颈癌0.08%,CIN4.34%,CINⅡ-Ⅲ1.33%）均高于农村（CIN2.35%,CINⅡ-Ⅲ0.59%）。CIN发病的高峰年龄在30-34岁和45-49岁,高峰职业在工厂手工业者。吸烟、初次性生活年龄小于21岁是CINⅡ-Ⅲ发生的高危因素。而教育程度、自然流产、人工流产、性伴侣的婚外性伴侣、生产史和避孕措施显示出不具有统计学意义。[结论]辽宁省抚顺市区的宫颈癌及CIN的患病率明显高于抚顺农村和盘锦市及农村,且高于沈阳市区,提醒我们应重点预防。吸烟、过早的性生活是我们应预防的高危因素。     

RBE for lung and cord

The sparing effect of fractionation of neutron dose is very small for late damage in tissues. This is seen in the almost flat isoeffect curve for damage to skin, CNS and to lung. This means that differences in the RBE curves for these tissues are determined by differences in the slopes of the photon isoeffect curves. The relevant slopes of the photon isoeffect curves giving the exponent of N in the Ellis formula are 0.24 for subcutaneous tissue, 0.27 for lung damage and 0.38–0.45 for damage to spinal cord, while the exponent for N for neutrons for these tissues is 0.04 for subcutaneous tissues and zero for lung and spinal cord. The slopes of the RBE curves for lung and cord or for skin and cord when RBE is plotted against dose/fraction of photons are significantly different, and the RBE at a γ ray dose/fraction normally used in therapy of about 2 Gy, is significantly higher for spinal cord than for lung or skin. The sparing of damage by extending overall treatment time for both lung and CNS is small for X or γ-irradiation. For neutron irradiation the sparing is similar to that with photons for the CNS but is much less with neutrons than with photons for the lung. This is because different mechanisms are responsible for this type of sparing of damage in the two tissues. In lung slow, repair is involved while in the spinal cord, the sparing is related to the slow cell proliferation.     

多层螺旋CT在直肠癌术前分期中的诊断价值

背景与目的:直肠癌术前分期对选择合理治疗方案和判断预后至关重要。传统的计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)对直肠癌术前分期存在争议,本研究旨在探讨多层螺旋CT(multislice spiral CT,MSCT)对直肠癌术前分期的诊断价值。方法:中山大学肿瘤防治中心2006年3月至2007年2月,经病理证实的直肠癌患者87例,所有患者术前行MSCT平扫及增强扫描,由两位放射科医生独立评价肿瘤的部位、大小、侵犯范围(T)、淋巴结转移(N)及远处转移(M)情况,做出诊断及TNM分期,并与术后病理对照,评价准确性、灵敏度及特异度。结果:MSCT检出了全部87例直肠癌,对直肠癌TNM分期总的准确性为81.6%(71/87)。T、N、M期准确性分别为94.3%(82/87)、82.8%(72/87)、98.9%(86/87)。≤T2、T3、T4期灵敏度分别为90.5%、91.3%、97.7%,特异度分别为98.5%、94.2%、97.7%。N0、N1、N2期灵敏度分别为92.9%、72.0%、82.4%,特异度分别为88.9%、88.5%、91.7%。远处转移的患者仅1例因肝脏转移灶<5mm而漏诊。结论:MSCT能较准确地判断直肠癌的侵犯范围、淋巴结转移及远处转移,是非常有价值的术前分期方法。     

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland

Data from a series of case-control studies, conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1991 and 2001, have been analyzed to evaluate the role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in the etiology of cancer of oral cavity and pharynx (736 cases, 1772 controls), esophagus (395 cases, 1066 controls), large bowel (1394 colon, 886 rectum, 4765 controls), breast (2900 cases, 3122 controls) and ovary (1031 cases, 2411 controls). Controls were patients admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to modifications in diet. The multivariate odds ratios (OR) for the highest quintile of n-3 PUFAs compared to the lowest one were 0.5 for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 0.5 for oesophageal cancer, 0.7 for colon cancer, 0.8 for rectal and breast cancer and 0.6 for ovarian cancer; the estimates and the trends in risk were significant for all cancer sites, excluding rectal and breast cancer. The estimates for an increase in n-3 PUFAs of 1 g/week were 0.70 for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 0.71 for oesophageal, 0.88 for colon, 0.91 for rectal, 0.90 for breast and 0.85 for ovarian cancer. All the estimates were statistically significant, excluding that for rectal cancer, and consistent across strata of age and gender. These results suggest that n-3 PUFAs decrease the risk of several cancers.