Angioskopie

In complex thoracic aortic disease endovascular techniques and the use of hybrid stent grafts enables a combination therapy of the aortic arch and the descending aorta through a median sternotomy. This emphasizes the importance of intraoperative visualization of the descending aorta and its pathologies. Intraoperative angioscopy is a new diagnostic method for the assessment of distal aortic disease and assists in therapeutic decision-making and navigation of endovascular techniques in the descending aorta. This study presents the angioscopic results of 62?patients (mean age 60±12?years, 73% male, 54?aortic dissections, eight aortic aneurysms) during surgery of the thoracic aorta. Visualization of the extent of pathology along the downstream aorta was feasible in all patients. The implantation of a hybrid stent graft prosthesis was assisted by angioscopy in 34?patients and endovascular balloon dilatation of the stent graft was navigated by angioscopy in 11?patients. Angioscopy has become an indispensable tool in the intraoperative treatment of complex thoracic aortic disease in our clinic, particularly in the navigation of endovascular interventions in the distal thoracic aorta through the aortic arch.     

Stent graft treatment for transverse arch and descending thoracic aorta aneurysms

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to review the recent relevant literature on endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurismal disease. RECENT FINDINGS: The introduction of endovascular stent graft technology has ushered in a new era in therapy for diseases of the aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta. The technical challenges of stent graft deployment in the descending thoracic aorta, such as proximity to the great vessels and arch tortuosity, have been and remain a device engineering focus. More recently, repair of aortic arch aneurysms has been accomplished using both 'hybrid' (open and endovascular) and totally endovascular techniques. SUMMARY: Endovascular stent grafting of aneurismal disease processes of the thoracic aorta is feasible and relatively safe. Exquisite judgment is essential for good results. These results generally rest on a broad knowledge base of thoracic aortic disease processes and experience in both open and endovascular surgery. Careful attention to patient anatomy and device specifications must be maintained. The key to the successful implementation of this technology lies in careful preoperative planning, intraoperative execution with safe device delivery, and prevention of central nervous system injury. Routine follow-up imaging is imperative to better understand the long-term results and indications for these new procedures.     

Endoluminal stent-graft placement for acute rupture of the descending thoracic aorta.

AIMS: To investigate the results of endovascular stent-graft placement for the treatment of acute perforating lesions of the descending thoracic aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 31 consecutive patients underwent interventional treatment for perforating lesions of the descending aorta. In 21 cases (group A), the aortic perforation was due to rupture of a descending thoracic aneurysm or dissection, whereas 10 patients (group B) were treated for traumatic transection of the descending aorta. A total of 42 endoprostheses were implanted. The implantation procedure was successful in all cases without peri-interventional complications. In one case, implantation of a second endoprosthesis became necessary due to type I endoleak. Overall, the 30-day mortality was 9.7%. As all three deaths occurred in group A, the mortality rate in this group was 14.3% versus 0% in group B. Similarly, postinterventional complications were more prevalent, with 28.6% in group A (renal failure n = 4; stroke n = 2) versus 10.0% in group B (renal failure n = 1). No paraplegia and no further deaths or ruptures occurred during follow-up (mean 17 months). CONCLUSION: Interventional stent-graft placement is an effective treatment option for the emergency repair of descending aortic perforations.     

Endoluminal Repair of a Contained Thoracic Aortic Rupture Due to Primary Staphylococcal Aortitis

We report a case of primary infectious thoracic aortitis with contained rupture of the descending thoracic aorta caused by Staphylococcus aureus and successfully treated with a rifampicin-rinsed aortic stent graft.     

Endovascular stent grafting of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms

The treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms using endovascular stents is one of the more recent advances in treatment and is receiving increasing attention as it is a less invasive alternative to open surgical repair. Although the technology is still primitive, significant improvements have lately been made in the design and deployment of the endovascular stent-grafts. Aortic stent-grafts were used initially to exclude abdominal, and later thoracic, aortic true and false aneurysms. These prostheses have been increasingly used to treat aneurysms, dissections, and traumatic ruptures of the descending thoracic aorta with good early and mid-term outcomes. Although the long-term outcome of patients with aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta after stent graft implantation has not been investigated, continued refinement of the endovascular approaches has decreased the need for conventional open thoracic aortic aneurysm repair, especially in patients who are at a high risk for standard surgery because of advanced age or the presence of comorbid diseases. The placement of endoluminal stent-grafts to exclude the dissected or ruptured site of thoracic aortic aneurysms is a technically feasible and relatively safe procedure. With the rapid development of endovascular approaches, the treatment of the descending thoracic aortic aneurysms might alter even more, but an extended follow-up is necessary to determine the longer term outcome. Historical perspectives, advantages, device considerations, complications, and current perspectives of the endovascular stent grafting of the descending thoracic aortic aneurysms are elaborated on.     

Paradigmenwechsel in der Chirurgie der komplexen thorakalen Aortenerkrankung

One of the main issues in complex thoracic aortic disease, requiring the replacement of the ascending aorta, the entire aortic arch and the descending aorta, is the vast amount of surgery necessary to cure the patient. Though one-stage repair is feasible by a clamshell thoracotomy, the associated surgical trauma and perioperative morbidity limit this approach to younger patients only. Classic surgical repair consist of a two-stage strategy, whereby, in the first step, the ascending aorta and the aortic arch are replaced via a midline sternotomy. In the second step, via a lateral thoracotomy, the descending aorta is replaced. The two stages may sum up to a mortality of 20%; furthermore, the waiting period between the stages is associated with a mortality rate of 10% of its own. Additionally, the two-stage strategy has an inherent limitation, due to the comorbidity and advanced age of the majority of patients. Therefore, the second stage cannot be offered to up to 30% of patients. New developments and improvements in aortic surgery were introduced to overcome these shortcomings and to simplify the surgical repair. The "elephant trunk" principle, introduced by Borst et al. in 1983, was an important step to facilitate surgical repair, but still required the second step. With the introduction of endovascular repair of thoracic aortic disease with stent grafts implanted retrograde via the femoral artery, new therapeutic concepts emerged. In the late 1990s, two Japanese groups reported first trials to stabilize the free-floating "elephant trunk" prosthesis by implantation of nitinol stent grafts into the vascular graft. The applied devices were purely custom-made and nonstandardized. The availability of industrially made and CE-marked stent-graft devices raised the possibility to apply them in open aortic arch surgery. The experience with stent-graft devices implanted antegrade into the descending aorta (Medtronic Talent) was reported first by the Essen and the Vienna group. The experience gained with these devices revealed the limitations of the devices designed for pure retrograde aortic delivery. This required a complete redesign and new construction of the stent graft itself as well as the introducer system. In a preliminary series of 14 patients the required stent-graft properties were presented in detail and resulted in the first industrially manufactured standardized and CE-marked Hybrid stent graft (Essen 1 prosthesis, E-vita Open, Jotec), especially made for antegrade open stent grafting of the descending aorta. This device consists of a stent graft with an integrated Dacron vascular prosthesis, enabling for direct and continuous aortic arch replacement after stent grafting of the descending aorta. From 01/2005 to 03/2006, this hybrid prosthesis was implanted in 16 patients (one aneurysm and 15 aortic dissections). In all cases, the underlying pathology within the thoracic aspect of the aorta could be excluded in a one-stage approach. In case of aortic dissection, thrombosis of the false lumen was detectable by transesophageal echocardiography already at the end of surgery. Though long-term results using this new method are not yet available, the initial promising results postoperatively are encouraging toward true one-stage repair by combining classic aortic surgery with open antegrade stent grafting utilizing the newly designed hybrid prosthesis. While surgical trauma is markedly reduced, this treatment option can be offered to elderly patients as well.     

覆膜支架腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征

目的 评价覆膜支架腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征的有效性和安全性。方法 2001年5月至2005年12月应用覆膜支架治疗57例急性胸主动脉综合征患者,其中急性主动脉B型夹层45例,穿透性粥样硬化性溃疡（PAU）或假性动脉瘤9例,创伤性胸主动脉瘤3例。建立数据库,分析其临床特点、疗效及随访结果。结果 57例患者覆膜支架置入技术成功率100％。5例有近端内漏,1例术中出现升主动脉夹层,未予特殊处理,随访结果良好;1例术后7天出现升主动脉夹层并发心包填塞死亡。5例PAU或主动脉夹层合并冠心病患者,在应用覆膜支架成功完全封闭破口后立即行冠状动脉介入治疗成功。1例出现术后一过性双下肢无力,经静脉滴注山莨菪碱和甘露醇2天后痊愈。1例支架覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口导致左椎动脉缺血,嗜睡2天后自行好转。术后重症监护病房时间1～8（平均3．5）天,术后平均住院10天。术后30天内死亡2例,1例死于升主动脉夹层破裂,1例死于急性肾衰竭。术后30天内死亡率3．5％。术后平均随访（25．3±13．1）（13—55）个月。1例于术后3个月死于大咯血,1例死因不明。1例因近端内漏行二次腔内修复术。5例患者因降主动脉覆膜支架远端再发现破口,行二次腔内修复术。术后截瘫发生率为0,无支架移位、狭窄等并发症。术后住院及随访期内总死亡率为7．0％。与传统手术相比,腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征具有创伤小、严重并发症少、住院时间较短的优势。结论 覆膜支架是治疗急性胸主动脉综合征优良且有效的方法,也可用于外科手术高风险患者,近中期随访结果良好,远期结果有待于进一步随访。     

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??Abstract??Objective To evaluate the curative effect and safety of endovascular graft exclusion combined with chest tube drainage on thoracic aortic rupture with left hemothorax.Methods From April 2002 to December 2013??61 patients were diagnosed with thoracic aortic rupture incompletely merged with left hemothorax in Shenyang Northern Hospital.Nine patients suffered from massive hemothorax accompanied with serious dyspnea.The stent grafts were implanted through the femoral artery incision and covered the thoracic aortic dissecting or isolated the aneurysms.The aortic angiography was to ensure the curative effect.Observation included the curative effect and mortality. Results The success rate of endovascular graft exclusion was 88.9% (8/9).Nine mainly covered stents and 1 short covered stent were implanted.One patient died of aortic rupture after intraoperative implantation??2 patients had partial closure of the left subclavian artery??and 1 patient had a small amount of residual leakage.One patient died of aortic rupture 36 hours after the operation??and 7 patients discharged.The average time of postoperative follow-up was (69±29)months.One patient appeared to have cerebral hemorrhage with ineffectiveness of the right side of the body and 1 patient died without known causes.The other 5 patients were stable with good postoperative recovery.Conclusion It is both long-term and short-term effective with high success rates and few complications to treat thoracic aortic rupture incompletely merged with left hemothorax or near rupture in dilated aorta diseases by endovascular graft exclusion combined with chest tube drainage.     

覆膜血管支架治疗外伤性主动脉破裂

目的:总结利用覆膜血管支架治疗主动脉外伤的经验和体会。方法:2008年5月至2011年2月,完成覆膜血管支架,治疗外伤后主动脉破裂16例,其中男性12例,女性4例;年龄22～77岁,平均(43.2±23.5)岁,体质量43～92 kg,平均(71±16)kg;10例为Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤,6例为降主动脉假性动脉瘤形成。结果:全组无围术期死亡,无脊髓损伤、肢体缺血、支架移位及急性脑缺血等严重并发症。术后住院7～25 d,术后3个月,复查胸主动脉CT血管造影(CTA)示原发破口封闭满意,支架位置良好。结论:覆膜血管支架置入术,是治疗外伤性主动脉破裂的可靠方法,若适应证明确,可替代传统开胸手术治疗。     

同期行降主动脉和腹主动脉腔内修复术

目的：讨论病变同时累及降主动脉和腹主动脉的主动脉疾患,同期行胸主动脉和腹主动脉腔内修复术对脊髓缺血的影响.方法：回顾性分析2009年2月至2013年1月间,本中心收住院的病变同时累及降主动脉和腹主动脉的18例患者,其中男性17例,女性1例,年龄50 ～ 78岁,平均（61.13±7.25）岁,其中胸主动脉瘤伴腹主动脉瘤10例,胸主动脉穿通溃疡伴腹主动脉瘤5例,胸主动脉及腹主动脉均为穿通溃疡2例,胸主动脉夹层伴腹主动脉瘤1例,全部采用双侧股动脉切开行主动脉腔内修复术,其中胸主动脉根据病变范围置入1枚或2枚覆膜支架（部分重叠）,腹主动脉置入分体式或一体式支架.结果：术后1例脊髓供血障碍（5.6％）,经脱水及神经营养性治疗后痊愈,随访3～24个月,无支架移位或内漏等并发症发生.结论：应用覆膜支架同时覆盖降主动脉和腹主动脉处理主动脉病变是安全、有效的.个别可引起脊髓缺血,应进行积极预防和及时处理.     

Restoration of the thoracic aorta in Type A dissection with hybrid prosthesis

Following successful repair of Type A dissection, late morbidity and mortality depend on the progression of residual chronic Type B dissection. To avoid the development of late aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta, a persistent aortic false lumen around the stent-graft can be prevented by remodeling the thoracic aorta. Ten consecutive patients (mean age: 56 years) with acute Type A dissection underwent a "frozen elephant trunk operation" with the E-vita hybrid prosthesis, under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, between October 2009 and April 2010. The thoracic aorta was restored to its original size. Computed tomography was used to size the aortic diameter. All patients survived and were routinely discharged. Postoperative computed tomography showed no remaining false lumen and no distal organ ischemia in any patient. No new neurological complication was recorded. Two patients suffered postoperative pulmonary arterial embolism; one underwent embolectomy. Restoration of the thoracic aorta is a safe procedure to close the false lumen during the primary operation for acute Type A dissection. However, the diameter of the stent should reflect the overall aortic size, independent of the diameter of the true lumen.     

Rupture aiguë post-traumatique de l’aorte thoracique en double foyer

Purpose

Traumatic thoracic aortic rupture are commonly localised in one site essentially in the aortic isthmus but multiple localisation are not uncommon. The authors reported the case of a young man who had a double localisation of RTA after a violent car accident.

Case report

A 23-year-old man had a violent car crush involving sudden deceleration. He had multiple injuries essentially: a traumatic thoracic injury with acute posttraumatic aortic rupture in double localization, in the isthmus and in the descending thoracic aorta. He underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) with the use of stent graft three weeks after his car accident. The endovascular treatment was successful and no case of perigraft leakage has been detected during a meaning follow-up of five months.

Conclusion

The systematic analysis of the whole thoracic aortic vessel is crucial to not misdiagnose eventual multiple aortic rupture.     

Endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic disease: mid-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mid-term follow-up in a cohort of patients with acute or chronic descending aortic disease treated by stent-graft repair. BACKGROUND: Since 1999, endovascular stent-graft placement has been reported as an alternative treatment to surgical approach for a variety of thoracic aortic diseases; however, results beyond initial short-term follow-up are not widely available for the broad range of applications. METHODS: From March 2001, 43 consecutive patients with traumatic aortic transection (group A = 16) and complicated type B aortic dissection or aneurysm (group B = 27) underwent stent-graft implantation. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) scan as preoperative assessment and in 26 a transesophageal echo (TEE) exam was performed. RESULTS: Technically successful stent-graft deployment was achieved in all patients. No patient required surgical conversion and no cases of paraplegia occurred. The overall in-hospital mortality was 9.3%. A residual endoleak (type II) was detected in one group B patient who was managed conservatively. The mean follow-up was 29 +/- 8 months (range 10-48 months). No patient died during late follow-up after hospital discharge. At 12 months, one patient (2.5%) who had stent graft repair of an aortic dissection developed an asymptomatic type I endoleak. Three asymptomatic patients with chronic dissection had a persistent retrograde perfusion of the thoracic false lumen via a distal tear(s) in the dissection septum. CONCLUSION: Our results of stent-graft treatment of complicated and uncomplicated diseases of the descending aorta confirms that this alternative to open repair is a safe, less invasive, and relatively low risk approach. Medium-term follow-up results suggest that it is effective and durable therapy with low associated mortality and morbidity rates.     

Changing trends in management of thoracic aortic disease: where do we stand with thoracic endovascular stent grafts?

BACKGROUND: Descending thoracic aortic surgery is linked to a high morbidity and mortality. Thoracic endovascular stent grafts were designed to decrease perioperative risks, especially in patients with severe comorbidities. However, procedure-related complications and clinical outcomes remain ill-defined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors' experience in 24 patients (mean age 63.3+/-25.4 years) from May 2001 to February 2004 is reported. The diagnosis was thoracic aneurysm in 10 patients, complicated penetrating aortic ulcer in six patients, blunt traumatic aortic rupture in four patients, complicated type B dissection in two patients, and aortoesophageal fistula and postoperative pseudoaneurysm in one patient each, respectively. Symptoms were present in 15 of 24 patients (62.5%). The decision to implant a thoracic endovascular stent graft was based on significant coinjuries in three patients, severe comorbidities in 16 patients and patient decision in five patients. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 2.3+/-1.7 h and the mean number of stents per patient was 1.8+/-0.7. Six patients required coverage of the left subclavian artery without complications. A carotid-carotid bypass was required in two patients. In one patient, a thoracic endovascular stent graft was introduced through a 10 mm graft anastomosed to the distal descending aorta accessed through a video-assisted minithoracotomy. Perioperative complications were an arterial access problem in one patient and pneumonia in four patients. The primary success rate was 100%. An 82-year-old patient with a ruptured thoracoabdominal aneurysm died of multi-organ failure (4.1% hospital mortality). All 23 surviving patients were alive at 13.4+/-3.5 months. One patient required an additional procedure for recurrent hematemesis. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic endovascular stent grafts show excellent early results in well-selected cases. Extra-anatomical bypass or novel vascular access procedures increase the applicability of thoracic endovascular stent grafts. Meticulous follow-up is essential to identify and treat stent graft-related complications. Data on long-term outcomes are required before applying thoracic endovascular stent grafts to patients with a lower operative risk.     

胸主动脉钝性外伤的腔内修复治疗

目的 探讨腔内修复技术在治疗胸主动脉钝性外伤中的可行性和安全性.方法 回顾分析2010年2月至2013年12月期间7例胸主动脉钝性外伤患者的临床资料.术前CTA及术中造影评估病变,回顾术中技术成功率,死亡及截瘫等主要并发症的发生率.术后CTA随访明确有无内漏、支架移位等情况.结果 所有创伤都累及主动脉峡部,包括Stanford B型夹层1例、降主动脉假性动脉瘤6例.全部患者均接受覆膜支架腔内修复治疗,其中1例先行左-右锁骨下动脉转流术.术中6例部分或全部覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口.所有手术患者均获得技术成功,无死亡及截瘫发生.术后随访时间2～28个月,无左上肢缺血症状及神经系统并发症,支架无内漏及移位.结论 腔内修复治疗胸主动脉夹层安全、有效,可行性高.     

A double-barrel stent-graft for endovascular repair of the aortic arch.

PURPOSE: To extend the role of endovascular aneurysm repair in the presence of angulation and dilatation of the distal arch that compromise the proximal implantation site. CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old man with an asymptomatic 7-cm thoracic aortic aneurysm was treated with a TAG stent-graft. However, attempts to gain secure hemostatic implantation of the endograft resulted in inadvertent coverage of the subclavian and left carotid arteries. Flow to the left carotid artery was re-established by transcarotid insertion of a self-expanding covered stent alongside the primary stent-graft. CONCLUSION: This technique may have a role as an intended part of endovascular repair when there is no suitable implantation site in the descending thoracic aorta.     

B型主动脉壁间血肿治疗策略的选择

目的:探讨Standford B型主动脉壁间血肿的治疗策略的选择。方法: 总结我院2年期间通过内科药物和腔内修复手术治疗的Standford B型主动脉壁间血肿患者16例,根据患者治疗结果进行评价主动脉壁间血肿治疗策略的选择。结果: 16例患者中,药物治疗的患者6例,腔内修复治疗的患者10例（其中4例是由于药物治疗后症状持续加重转为腔内修复手术治疗的）。腔内治疗患者均存活,药物治疗组中死亡2例,均为出现急性主动脉夹层引起死亡。结论: 腔内修复治疗对于Standford B主动脉壁间血肿是安全可行治疗选择。     

Endovascular treatment for the spontaneous rupture of a non-aneurysmal subdiaphragmatic aorta

The case of a patient who underwent an endovascular aortic repair for a spontaneous rupture of a non-aneurysmal subdiaphragmatic aorta without trauma, infection, or inflammation is reported. The patient is a 51-year-old male diagnosed with subdiaphragmatic aortic rupture and was in a state of hemorrhagic shock upon admission to the hospital. Intraoperative aortography revealed the abdominal aortic rupture site located above the celiac artery. A coated thoracic stent graft was used. Completion angiography showed a total exclusion with no endoleaks. After six months of follow-up, computed tomographic scans confirmed the absence of endoleaks or graft displacements.     

Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta after correction of aortic coarctation

Six patients with thoracic-aorta aneurysms, developing at different dates after the correction of aortic coarctation and making up 19.6% of all aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta, were investigated and underwent surgery. Aneurysm resection and prosthesis implantation were the method of choice. This operation was performed in 4 patients. Mean aortic occlusion time was 45 min. There were no fatal outcomes or paraplegia. The results were good in all patients.     

Rate of paraplegia and mortality in elective descending and thoracoabdominal aortic repair in the modern surgical era

BACKGROUND: The risk of paraplegia and hospital death is the major concern in the surgical repair of descending and thoracoabdominal aortic pathologies. For specific indications, the evolving technology of endovascular stent grafting is becoming increasingly popular. We reviewed our results for elective surgical repair of various aortic pathologies with respect to this innovative therapeutic background. METHODS: From July 1993 to April 2006, 56 patients (mean age 55 +/- 16 years, range 25 to 80 years, 62.5 % males) underwent elective surgical repair of the descending (n = 37, 66.1 %) and thoracoabdominal aorta (n = 19, 33.9 %), including seven reoperations and five cases of previous endovascular stent grafting. The underlying pathologies were: degenerative aneurysm (n = 21), type B aortic dissection (n = 24), and Marfan's syndrome with a chronic type B dissection and an increase in the diameter of the descending aorta (n = 11), respectively. Most patients were operated using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality was 5.4 % (n = 3). Two patients died of myocardial infarction, one after coronary stent occlusion. Another patient died due to ventricular disruption at the side of the left ventricular apical vent. The rate of paraplegia was 3.6 % (n = 2) with one case of complete and one of incomplete paraplegia. Survival at five years was 78 %. CONCLUSIONS: If modern surgical principles are used in elective descending and thoracoabdominal aortic repair, surgery can be performed with a low postoperative risk for hospital death or paraplegia. These results should be taken into account when evaluating alternative therapeutic strategies in patients with similar pathologies.