新疆奎屯地区高尿酸血症的相关因素分析

目的:调查新疆奎屯地区25~75岁人群高尿酸血症患病率及其相关影响因素。方法:在新疆奎屯地区调查了10 332例居民高尿酸血症患病情况并应用多因素Logistic回归模型分析高尿酸血症的影响因素。结果:高尿酸血症的患病率为14.4%,其中男性为17.8%,女性为10.9%;高尿酸血症伴发疾病中以高脂血症最为常见(83.2%),其次为超重和肥胖(77.3%)、高血压(39.2%)、糖尿病(13.2%);多因素Logistic回归模型显示:年龄(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.15~1.38)、男性(OR=1.36,95%CI:1.21~1.53)、肥胖(0R=1.85,95%CI:1.64~1.97)、饮酒(OR=1.44,95%CI:1.35~1.82)、经常吃肉(OR=1.51,95%CI:1.40~2.03)、高三酰甘油血症(0R=4.42,95%CI:3.94~5.01)、高胆固醇血症(OR=1.32,95%CI:1.01~1.55)、高血压(OR=1.24,95%CI:1.07~1.68)与高尿酸血症显著相关。结论:新疆地区高尿酸血症的危险因素包括饮酒、经常吃肉、年龄、男性、高血压、肥胖、高三酰甘油血症、高胆固醇血症;     

宁波市社区高尿酸血症患病及危险因素分析

目的调查和分析宁波市社区35岁以上居民高尿酸血症的患病情况和危险因素。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,在宁波市江东区调查了790名居民的高尿酸血症患病情况,并对研究对象进行单因素与多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果人群血尿酸平均值287.0±68.9mmol/L;高尿酸血症患病率为4.1%,其中男性7.9%,女性1.8%;高尿酸血症者平均患病年龄61.1±12.8岁。性别、高甘油三酯、超重肥胖、高胆固醇、高血压是主要危险因素。结论宁波市社区人群高尿酸血症患病率暂呈低发态势,但患病年龄有提前,男性、血脂升高、超重肥胖者明显高发。改变不良的生活方式和合理饮食可能预防或减少高尿酸血症的发生。     

广东增城地区职业人群脂肪肝的患病现况及相关因素分析

目的了解广东增城地区成人健康体检脂肪肝患病现况及相关因素,为脂肪肝防治提供可靠依据。方法入选2221例广州增城地区单位干部职工,包括公安、法院、政府部门、税务局、交通局、银行系统的工作人员,分别检测血尿酸、超重/肥胖、高血压、空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、胆红素、转氨酶、乙肝两对半以及行肝脏B超检查。结果 2221例体检人群中发现脂肪肝162例,患病率为7.3%。Pearson相关分析示脂肪肝与超重/肥胖、高血压、高TC、高TG、高LDL-C、FPG异常、性别(男性)、转氨酶异常呈正相关(P<0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic回归示,超重/肥胖、高血压、高TG、高尿酸血症是脂肪肝的危险因素。结论广东增城地区干部职工的脂肪肝患病率与国内其他地区相当;超重/肥胖、高血压、血脂代谢异常、高尿酸血症是脂肪肝的危险因素,必须防治超重/肥胖、高血压、血脂代谢紊乱、高尿酸血症。     

增城市荔城农村老年高尿酸血症现况及危险因素分析

目的探讨增城市荔城农村老年高尿酸血症流行现状及相关危险因素,探索社区综合防治措施。方法采用分阶段系统随机抽样,抽取荔城街农村60岁以上老人1036名,进行问卷调查、常规体检（包括血压、身高、体重、腰围、臀围）及实验室检测（包括血尿酸、血糖、血脂、肝功能、肾功能等）。统计不同年龄组、不同性别人群慢性病患病率。调查时间为2013年1～6月。根据血尿酸结果进行分组,结果大于标准值的作为高尿酸血症组。另外在血尿酸结果正常人群中随机抽取等量的人群作为正常组。结果老年人高尿酸血症患病率达18．3％（190／1036）．其中,男患病率为22．5％（86／383）;女患病率为15．9％（104／653）。与正常组比较,高尿酸血症组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）水平升高（P〈0．05）,血肌酐（Cr）、血尿素氮（BUN）水平明显升高（P〈O．01）。非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,肾功能不全（OR=9．746,95％CI：4．911～19．342）、血脂异常（OR=5．281,95％CI：3．277。8．513）、吸烟（OR=2．035,95％CI：0．989-4．191）、高血压（OR=1．810,95％CI：1．197～2．736）、超重肥胖（OR=1．572,95％CI：1．103～2．239）及性别（OR=O．661,95％CI：0．456～0．959）均与高尿酸血症相关。结论增城市荔城农村老年人高尿酸血症患病率较广州其他地区低,影响因素可能包括肾功能不全、血脂异常、吸烟、高血压、超重肥胖及性别等。     

成年体检人群中高尿酸血症患病率及相关危险因素调查研究

目的 探讨体检人群中高尿酸血症的患病率及相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月-2010年4月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院体检中心的所有年龄≥20周岁的体检者资料,进行高尿酸血症患病率和危险因素调查.结果 在资料完整的10 025例成年体检者中,高尿酸血症的患者为495例,患病率为4.9%,其中男性高尿酸血症299例,患病率为4.7%;女性高尿酸血症196例,患病率为5.3%.以高尿酸血症为应变量(无=1,有=2)进行Logistic回归分析,男性、年龄、少数民族(维吾尔、哈萨克族)、肾小球滤过率降低、高血压、肥胖、高胆固醇血症、高三酰甘油血症和低密度脂蛋白是高尿酸血症的独立危险因素,而高空腹血糖是高尿酸血症的保护因素.结论 体检人群高尿酸血症的患病率为4.9%,高尿酸血症的危险因素与国内及国外研究类似.     

高尿酸血症与其他代谢异常相关性的研究

目的探讨高尿酸血症和其他代谢异常的相关性。方法对来我院进行健康体检的1780例健康人群进行调查,观察在健康人群中高尿酸血症和其他代谢综合征的患病情况,对调查的结果进行分析。结果研究对象中13．43％患有高尿酸血症;其他的代谢异常分别为肥胖、高血压、空腹高血糖、高Tc、高TG、高LDL—C、低HDL—C、高nonHDL—C及脂肪肝,其患病率分别为11．8％、28．9％、20．2％、34．0％、26．4％、36．3％、31．7％、21．3％、39．8％。与非高尿酸血症组比较,代谢异常在高尿酸血症中患病率较高;分别对患者的年龄和性别进行调整,但两组间仍有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。多元Logistic回归分析结果发现,与血清尿酸水平有独立相关性的因素为肥胖、高血压、低HDL—C、高TG及脂肪肝。结论高尿酸血症能够使其独立相关因素的代谢异常发生危险性加大。     

成都铁路职工高尿酸血症患病情况及相关因素分析

目的 调查成都铁路职工高尿酸血症的患病率,并探讨高尿酸血症与血糖,血脂,血压的关系.方法 对1948名健康体检者进行横断面调查,分析高尿酸血症与血糖,血脂,血压等因素的相关关系.结果 男性1206例(62%),女性742例.人群高尿酸血症患病率为19.92%.各年龄段患病率男性高于女性,且呈年龄相关性,高尿酸血症与空腹血糖无关,与三酰甘油、高血压、肥胖相关.结论 成都铁路职工高尿酸血症的患病率高;高尿酸血症与高血压,高三酰甘油血症,肥胖呈正向关系,与空腹血糖无相关性.     

有心血管疾病危险因素人群中高尿酸血症的发生率及其相关因素

目的　观察有心血管疾病危险因素人群高尿酸血症的发病情况,以及血清尿酸水平与其他心血管危险因素之间的关系。方法　连续入选2004年6月至2004年12月有心血管危险因素的就诊患者,测定血尿酸水平。分别分析不同性别患者高尿酸血症的患病率,并识别相关的危险因素。结果　共入选1 600名患者,男性821 例,女性779 例,年龄26~99岁。男性高尿酸血症的患病率为20.58%(169/821),女性患病率为30.55%(238/779)。男性高尿酸血症的独立相关因素是高血压、高胆固醇血症、高三酰甘油血症、血肌酐升高和应用利尿剂;女性的独立相关因素是年龄、高血压、高胆固醇血症、低高密度脂蛋白血症、血肌酐升高和应用利尿剂。高尿酸血症患者合并有3种以上危险因素的比例高于无高尿酸血症的患者(男性为76.92%比59.67%;女性为67.64%比46.77%)。结论　有心血管危险因素的人群中高尿酸血症的患病率高;高尿酸血症患者心血管疾病的危险因素具有群聚性;女性高尿酸血症的发生率高于男性;除高血压、高胆固醇血症、血肌酐升高和应用利尿剂外,女性高尿酸血症的独立相关因素还包括年龄和低高密度脂蛋白血症。     

珠海市斗门区农村居民超重及肥胖流行病学研究

目的：分析广东省珠海市斗门区农村居民超重和肥胖现状及其影响因素,为制定相应的预防控制措施提供参考。方法：按照分层随机抽样原则,随机抽取斗门区两个镇4个自然村,并对其农村居民进行入户调查和体检。结果：被调查人群超重、肥胖症患病率分别为29．8％和6．9％,女性超重患病率高于男性,肥胖差异没有显著性。而静坐时间、年龄、文化程度、工作强度和每周轻度运动次数,是农村居民超重和肥胖的主要影响因素,而且不同的性别影响因素不一样;超重及肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、高甘油三脂血症、高尿酸等慢性病密切相关。结论：斗门区农村居民超重和肥胖患病率稍高于国家平均水平,且与许多慢性疾病密切相关,应引起足够重视,重点倡导居民养成健康的生活方式和增强工作强度,预防超重和控制肥胖。     

脂肪肝与高尿酸血症的相关性研究

目的 研究脂肪肝与高尿酸血症流行病学特点、高危因素及两者的相关性.方法 运用流行病学调查方法 调查脂肪肝患者987例,填写相关内容,包括个人一般资料、尿酸等生化指标,应用SPSS11.0软件进行x2检验及Logistic回归分析.结果 ①987例脂肪肝患者中高尿酸血症392例,男女之比为5.03:1,男女尿酸水平比较差异具有显著性(P<0.01),男性组41～50岁达峰值(31.19%);而女性组51～60岁达峰值(21.68%);x2检验差异具有显著性(P<0.01).②多因素Logistic回归分析,饮酒、肥胖、高三酰甘油、高尿酸患者脂肪肝相对危险度明显增高;饮酒、超重、高三酰甘油患者高尿酸血症相对危险度明显增高.结论 脂肪肝及高尿酸血症患者中青年多见,脂肪肝与高尿酸血症、肥胖、高三酰甘油密切正相关,高尿酸血症与饮酒、超重、高三酰甘油呈正相关.     

我国45岁及以上中老年人群高尿酸血症与常见慢性病的关联研究

背景　高尿酸血症检出率日益增加,其高发病率为我国公共卫生事业带来巨大危害。目前研究提示慢性病的发生与高水平的尿酸值有关,越来越多证据表明,高尿酸血症可能是其他慢性病的高危因素。目的　分析中老年人群高尿酸血症与常见慢性病的关联。方法　数据来源于2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查,选择完成血液检查的45岁及以上研究对象9 022例。采用χ2检验比较不同特征人群高尿酸血症患病情况,采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析高尿酸血症与常见慢性病的关联。结果　9 022例研究对象中,高尿酸血症患者1 117例,其中男628例,女489例,总体患病率为12.38%,男性患病率为14.65%（628/4 287）,女性患病率为10.33% （489/4 735）,男性患病率高于女性,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。控制混杂因素后,高尿酸血症对高血压〔OR（95%CI）=1.621（1.399,1.877）〕、高脂血症〔OR（95%CI）=1.465（1.245,1.724）〕、消化系统疾病〔OR（95%CI）=0.801（0.687,0.934）〕的影响有统计学意义（P<0.05）,对糖尿病、心脏病及脑卒中的影响无统计学意义（P>0.05）。男性高尿酸血症对高血压〔OR（95%CI）=1.555（1.273,1.899）〕、高脂血症〔OR（95%CI）=1.510（1.203,1.895）〕、糖尿病〔OR（95%CI）=0.649（0.474,0.890）〕及消化系统疾病〔OR（95%CI）=0.772（0.623,0.957）〕的影响有统计学意义（P<0.05）;女性高尿酸血症对高血压〔OR（95%CI）=1.696（1.363,2.111）〕及高脂血症〔OR（95%CI）=1.452（1.146,1.839）〕的影响有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　45岁及以上中老年人群高尿酸血症与高血压、高脂血症、消化系统疾病具有关联性。男性高尿酸血症的患病率高于女性。需要针对高尿酸血症人群采取针对性干预措施,降低相关疾病的患病率。     

Risk factors for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: a Chinese multi-center study

Background Despite 100 years of research, the continued absence of well-established risk factors impedes the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome （IC/PBS）. We aimed to identify risk factors in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTS） without urinary tract infection or benign prostate hyperplasia in China.Methods A total of 397 outpatients with LUTS presenting for care to urology clinics in several hospitals throughout China were surveyed using a standardized questionnaire and validated outcome measures. The definitions for painful bladder syndrome based on the O‘Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptom and problem indices were used. The prevalence of possible risk factors was analyzed using the Fisher＇s exact test and Pearson chi-square test, and multivariate predictive models were developed using binary Logistic regression methods.Results Of those multi-centre patients surveyed, including 174 women and 223 men, 41% （162/397） met criteria for painful bladder syndrome. There was a significant difference between women and men （55% （95/174） vs. 30% （67/223）,P 〈0.001）. Women with IC/PBS were more likely than those without IC/PBS to report a history of gynecological infections （odds ratio （OR）： 2.85; 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.32-6.16, P=0.007）, intake of stimulatory foods （OR： 3.52; 95% CI：1.50-8.30; P=0.004）, irritable bowel （OR： 3.46; 95% CI： 1.22-9.80; P=0.014） and/or anorectal disease （OR： 2.68; 95% CI：1.12-6.40, P=0.023）. After adjusting for confounding factors, bladder pain was significantly associated with stimulatory foods （OR： 3.85; 95% CI： 1.58-9.36, P=0.003） and anorectal disease （OR： 2.76; 95% CI： 1.09-7.04, P=0.03） in women.Caffeine beverage intake （OR： 3.54; 95% CI： 1.54-8.12, P=0.003） was identified the only modifiable association noted in multivariate analysis of men.Conclusions We found that stimutatory foods, anorectal disease and caffeine beverages are potential risk factors for IC/PBS. Further studies are necessary to determine their role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.     

慢性肾脏病人群中高尿酸血症的患病率及危险因素研究

目的 探讨同济大学附属东方医院和上海市东方医院吉安医院肾内科住院的慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)人群中高尿酸血症的患病率及危险因素,为CKD患者合并高尿酸血症的防治提供临床依据。 方法 选取2017年1月1日—2019年7月31日在同济大学附属东方医院(上海市)和上海市东方医院吉安医院(江西省吉安市)住院的436例CKD患者,按K/DOQI指南分为CKD 1~5期组,分析不同CKD分期人群的高尿酸血症患病情况及相关危险因素。 结果 不同CKD分期患者高尿酸血症患病率不同,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析显示在CKD患者中,舒张压(OR=1.025,95%CI:1.005~1.044,P=0.012)为高尿酸血症的危险因素,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ACEI/ARB,OR=0.536,95%CI:0.335~0.859,P=0.009)和肾小球滤过率(eGFR,OR=0.988, 95%CI:0.980~0.997,P=0.005)为高尿酸血症的保护性因素。CKD 4期较CKD 1期患高尿酸血症的比值比OR最大,为4.385(95%CI:1.655~11.621,P=0.003)。 结论 慢性肾脏病患者中,舒张压升高为高尿酸血症的危险因素,服用ACEI/ARB药物以及较高的肾小球滤过率为高尿酸血症的保护性因素。CKD的疾病进展与高尿酸血症有明显的相关性,这提示积极控制血压、保护肾脏功能将有利于降低高尿酸血症的发生,而降尿酸治疗可能也有利于保护残肾功能,并改善CKD患者的预后。      

Incidence of sleep-disordered breathing in an urban adult population: the relative importance of risk factors in the development of sleep-disordered breathing

CONTEXT: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is both prevalent and associated with serious chronic illness. The incidence of SDB and the effect of risk factors on this incidence are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the 5-year incidence of SDB overall and as influenced by risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Of the 1149 participants in the Cleveland Family Study, those aged 18 years or older, from either case or control families, who had 2 in-home sleep studies 5 years apart. The first had to have been performed before June 30, 1997, and had to have normal results (apnea hypopnea index [AHI] <5). Data included questionnaire information on medical and family history, SDB symptoms; measurement of height, weight, blood pressure, waist and hip circumference, and serum cholesterol concentration; and overnight sleep monitoring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Apnea hypopnea index, defined as number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. Sleep-disordered breathing was defined by an AHI of at least 10 (mild to moderate) or of at least 15 (moderate). RESULTS: Forty-seven (16%) of 286 eligible participants, (95% confidence interval [CI], 13%-21%) had a second-study AHI of at least 10 and 29 (10%) participants (95% CI, 7%-14%) had a second-study AHI result of at least 15. For the AHI results of at least 15, we estimate that about 2.5% may represent test variability. By ordinal logistic regression analysis, AHI was significantly associated with age (odds ratio [OR] per 10-year increase, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.41-2.27), body mass index (BMI; OR per 1-unit increase, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.10-1.19), sex (OR for men vs women, 4.12; 95% CI, 2.29-7.43), waist-hip ratio (OR per 0.1 unit increase, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.04-2.28), and serum cholesterol concentration (OR per 10-mg/dL [0.25-mmol/L] increase, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.19). Interactions were noted between age and both sex (P =.003) and BMI (P =.05). The OR for increased AHI per 10-year age increase was 2.41 in women (95% CI, 1.78-3.26) and 1.15 in men (95% CI, 0.78-1.68), with the male vs female OR decreasing from 5.04 (95% CI, 2.19-11.6) at age 30 years to 0.54 (95% CI, 0.15-1.99) at age 60 years. The OR for increased AHI per 1-unit increase in BMI decreased from 1.21 (95% CI, 1.11-1.31) at age 20 years to 1.05 (95% CI, 0.96-1.15) at age 60 years. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year incidence is about 7.5% for moderately severe SDB and 16% (or less) for mild to moderately severe SDB. Incidence of SDB is influenced independently by age, sex, BMI, waist-hip ratio, and serum cholesterol concentration. Predominance in men diminishes with increasing age, and by age 50 years, incidence rates among men and women are similar. The effect of BMI also decreases with age and may be negligible at age 60 years.     

Factors associated with home deliveries in Thampalakamam, Trincomalee

INTRODUCTION: In Sri Lanka, more than 95% of women deliver in hospital. There is regional variation in the rate of home deliveries, and in some areas a significant number of mothers deliver at home. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to identify the factors associated with home deliveries in Thampalakamam, Trincomalee. METHODOLOGY: Ours was a community based, exploratory type of case control study. Cases were home deliveries during the period from Jan 1, 2000 to Dec 31, 2002 in Thampalakamam Divisonal Director of Health Services (DDHS) area. Controls were institutional deliveries among women residing in Thampalakamam DDHS area during the same period. A total of 139 cases and 278 controls were identified for this study. Data was collected at the household level using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The following factors were found to have strong association with home deliveries: being a Muslim (OR = 33.0, 95% CI 16.8-64.8), low (< grade 5) maternal education (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.8-6.6), parity more than 3 (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.5-6.6) not being visited by a public health midwife (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 0.8-6.9), not being seen by a medical officer during the antenatal period (OR = 7.0, 95% CI 0.6-83.3). Lack of transport (35.5%) was mentioned as main reason for home deliveries by the women. Of the home deliveries 95% were assisted by a traditional birth attendant. CONCLUSIONS: Poor education of women and deficiencies in the delivery of antenatal care were found to be important risk factors for home deliveries.     

绝经前后代谢综合征与慢性肾脏病的相关性

目的探讨绝经前后代谢综合征（MS）与慢性肾脏病（CKD）风险的关系。方法于2012 年6月~10 月对珠海市湾仔社区 1346名社区妇女开展横断面调查,获得其个人史、生活方式、身体测量指标、血尿生化指标等,以估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）小于 60 mL/min/1.73 m2或者白蛋白尿诊断CKD,采用国际糖尿病联合会（IDF）关于MS的诊断标准,根据流行病学调查获得自然绝 经年龄划分绝经前后状态,分别在绝经前和绝经后妇女中确定MS和CKD的患病率,然后使用SPSS 软件（版本19.0）建立 logistic回归模型分析绝经前后妇女中MS与CKD关系。结果在调整绝经前妇女潜在混杂因素前后,MS均与CKD显著相关, 比值比（OR）分别为3.10（95%CI 1.32~7.28,P=0.009）和4.09（95%CI 1.63~10.32,P=0.003）。当针对糖尿病、高血压及尿酸进行 调整时,绝经前妇女中MS和CKD之间没有相关性（OR 1.56,95%CI 0.31~7.63,P=0.592）。未经调整上述因素的分析中,绝经 后妇女MS与CKD显著相关（P<0.001）。进一步调整年龄、教育状况、吸烟、身体活动和饮酒情况后,绝经后妇女MS仍与CKD 显著相关,OR为2.60（95%CI 1.69~3.99,P<0.001）。当针对糖尿病、高血压及高尿酸进行调整时,绝经后妇女MS和CKD的相 关性仍然显著（OR 1.61,95%CI 1.09~2.37,P=0.018）。在绝经后妇女的未调整模型中,较高的血压、较高的血清甘油三酯水平和 较高的空腹血糖与CKD显著相关,OR分别是2.77（95%CI 1.57~4.89,P<0.001）,1.84（95%CI 1.16~2.90,P=0.009）,2.07（95%CI 1.30~3.28,P=0.002）。调整年龄、吸烟、饮酒、教育状况及身体活动情况后,较高的血压、血清甘油三酯及空腹血糖仍与绝经后妇 女的CKD发病风险显著相关,它们的OR分别为2.28（95%CI 1.22~4.26,P=0.01）,1.71（95%CI 1.03~2.86,P=0.039）和2.25 （95%CI 1.36~3.73,P=0.002）。结论妇女绝经前后MS与CKD均具有相关性,在绝经前这种相关性依赖于高血糖、高血压或高 尿酸,而在绝经后不存在这种依赖性。     

Associations among condom use, sexual behavior, and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. A study of 13,293 public school students

BACKGROUND: This school-based study explored associations between Mexican young people's condom use, other sexual behaviors, and HIV/AIDS knowledge. METHODS: Students (n=13,293, 11-24 years of age) from a random sample of public schools in the central Mexican state of Morelos completed a self-administered questionnaire. We performed logistic regression analysis of condom use and sexual behavior variables and a knowledge-based index on HIV/AIDS prevention and transmission. RESULTS: Average age at sexual debut was 13.6 +/- 1.9 years among young men and 14.2 +/- 2.2 years among young women; 34.5% of sample participants reported using condoms during their first sexual intercourse. More students had intermediate HIV/AIDS knowledge levels (46%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 45.2-46.9) than high levels (37%, 95% CI 36.2-37.8, p <0.01). Students knew more concerning HIV transmission than about prevention of HIV infection. Among young men, high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge increased likelihood of condom use (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), while among young women high levels of knowledge decreased likelihood of using condoms (OR 0.7, 95% CI, 0.5-1.0). Young men with high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge were more likely to have had three or more sexual partners (OR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.3-2.2), but young women with high knowledge levels were more likely to have only one lifetime sexual partner (OR 0.6, 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: As in previous studies in smaller samples, levels of knowledge with regard to HIV/AIDS were low in Mexican youth. HIV/AIDS education programs for Mexican students should focus on conveying knowledge on HIV prevention. Because apparently knowledge is not directly correlated with condom use among young women, prevention strategies that deal with social acceptability of condoms and social skills related with condom negotiation are also needed.     

Adipocytokines and breast cancer risk

Background Many researches suggested that obesity increased the risk of breast cancer, but the mechanism was currently unknown. Adipocytokines might mediate the relationship. Our study was aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of resistin, adiponectin and leptin and the onset, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Methods Blood samples were collected from 80 newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed breast cancer patients and 50 age-matched healthy controls. Serum levels of resistin, adiponectin and leptin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipids, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) were assayed simultaneously.Results Serum levels of adiponectin ((8.60±2.92) mg/L vs (10.37±2.81) mg/L, P=0.001) and HDL-c were significantly decreased in breast cancer patients in comparison to controls. Serum levels of resistin ((26.35±5.36) μg/L vs (23.32±4.75) μg/L, P=0.000), leptin ((1.35±0.42) μg/L vs (1.06±0.39) μg/L, P=0.003), FBG and triglyceride (TG) in breast cancer patients were increased in contrast to controls, respectively. However, we did not find the significant difference of the serum levels of resistin, adiponectin and leptin between premenopausal breast cancer patients and healthy controls (P＝0.091, 0.109 and 0.084, respectively). The serum levels of resistin, adiponectin and leptin were significantly different between patients with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and those without LNM (P=0.001, 0.000 and 0.006, respectively). The stepwise regression analysis indicated that the tumor size had the close correlation with leptin (R(2)=0.414, P=0.000) and FBG (R(2)=0.602, P=0.000). Logistic regression analysis showed that reduced serum levels of adiponectin (OR: 0.805; 95%CI: 0.704–0.921; P＝0.001), HDL (OR: 0.087; 95%CI: 0.011–0.691, P＝0.021), elevated leptin (OR: 2.235; 95%CI:1.898–4.526; P＝0.004) and resistin (OR: 1.335; 95%CI: 1.114–2.354; P＝0.012) increased the risk for breast cancer; Reduced serum levels of adiponectin (OR: 0.742; 95%CI: 0.504–0.921; P=0.003) and elevated leptin (OR: 2.134; 95%CI:1.725–3.921; P= 0.001) were associated with lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. Conclusions The decreased serum adiponectin levels and increased serum resistin and leptin levels are risk factors of breast cancer. The low serum adiponectin levels and high serum leptin levels are independent risk factors for metastasis of cancer. The association between obesity and breast cancer risk might be explained by adipocytokines.