抗人肿瘤坏死因子—α单链抗体基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达

目的：将抗ｈＴＮＦ－α单链抗体基因克隆入融合表达载体ｐＧＥＸ４Ｔ－１中，以期得到ＧＳＴ－ＳｃＦｖ融合表达蛋白。方法：将限制性内切酶酶切拼接法获得的Ｅ６ＳｃＦｖ基因克隆入融合表达载体ｐＧＥＸ４Ｔ－１中，转化大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α，经异丙基－β－Ｄ－硫代半乳糖苷（ＩＰＴＧ）诱导，１２％ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测表达产物，光密度扫描和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ验证表达产物。结果：ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示，Ｅ６ＳｃＦｖ表达产物约为５２ｋｕ左右，与预期的结果相符；光密度扫描结果表明，ＧＳＴ－Ｅ６ＳｃＦｖ融合蛋白占菌体总蛋白的４０％；Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ证实，在相应分子量处，有ＧＳＴ－Ｅ６ＳｃＦｖ融合蛋白的显色印迹；进一步对表达产物的形式分析，ＧＳＴ－Ｅ６ＳｃＦｖ融合蛋白的表达产物为包涵体形式。结论：在大肠杆菌中成功地表达了抗ｈＴＮＦ－α单链抗体基因与谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（ＧＳＴ）基因的融合蛋白     

单核细胞趋化蛋白－1在大肠杆菌中的表达

将人单核细胞趋化蛋白－１（ＭＣＰ－１）的ｃＤＮＡ插入融合蛋白表达载体ｐＧＥＸ－４Ｔ－１中，构建成质粒ｐＧＥＸ／ＭＣＰ转化大肠杆菌ＪＭ１０９，经ＩＰＴＧ诱导后合成ＧＳＴ－ＭＣＰ－１融合蛋白。用１２％ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测在３０ｋＤ左右有新生蛋白条带出现，表达量约占菌体总蛋白的３１．７％。趋化实验证明，该产物具备明确的单核细胞趋化活性。     

中国版纳猪MHCI类P1分子全长的原核表达与纯化

目的：获得原核表达的中国版纳猪ＳＬＡＩ类Ｐ１蛋白质分子。方法：ＰＣＲ扩增去信号肽的ＳＬＡＩ类Ｐ１ｃＤＮＡ序列，亚克隆至ｐＧＥＭＴ载体，测序。将亚克隆的Ｐ１　ｃＤＮＡ片段插入表达载体ｐＥＴ４２ｂ（＋），构建重组表达质粒ｐＥＴ－４２ｂ（＋）／ｓｌａ－ｐｌ，转化Ｅ·ｃｏｌｉ表达菌 ＢＬ２１－ＣｏｄｏｎＰｌｕｓ（ＤＥ３）－ＲＩＬ，ＩＰＴＧ诱导 Ｐ１－８ ｘ ｈｉｓ融合蛋白表达，经包涵体洗涤，８ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ尿素变性溶解，Ｎｉ２＋亲和层析，梯度透析后，定量保存。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ、ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ鉴定目的蛋白的表达与纯化。结果：目的蛋白（分子量３９．５ ｋＤ）表达量占细菌总蛋白 １５％，每升表达菌获得纯度９５％的目的蛋白 ４０ ｍｇ～６０ｍｇ。结论：成功建立猪 ＳＬＡ分子全长原核表达、纯化体系，为建立间接识别猪移植抗原ＳＬＡＩ类分子的人Ｔ细胞系及表位分析打下基础。     

单核细胞趋化蛋白—1在大肠杆菌中的表达

将人单核细胞趋化蛋白－１（ＭＣＰ－１）的ｃＤＮＡ插入融合蛋白表达载体ｐＧＥＸ－４Ｔ－１中，构建成质粒ｐＧＥＸ／ＭＣＰ转化大肠杆菌ＪＭ１０９，经ＩＰＴＧ诱导后合成ＧＳＴ－ＭＣＰ－１融合蛋白。用１２％ＳＣＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测在３０ｋＤ左右有新生蛋白条带出现，表达量约占菌体总蛋白的３１．７％，趋化实验证明，该产物具备明确的单核细胞趋化活性。     

人白介素1受体拮抗剂的cDNA克隆和原核表达

从活化的正常人外周血单核细胞中提取总ＲＮＡ，经逆转录多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）获得了人白介素１受体拮抗剂（ＩＬ－１Ｒａ）ｃＤＮＡ。经过ＤＮＡ测序分析，发现该片段和国外发表的ＩＬ－１ＲａｃＤＮＡ序列一致，将该目的基因插入ｐＢＶ２２０载体，并转入大肠杆菌ＨＢ１０１中，经热诱导表达重组蛋白，ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ后发现，菌体超声裂解后，在可溶性上清中有一Ｍ１７０００的特异带，约占菌体可溶性总蛋白的８０％以上     

SLE病人外周血Bcl—2／JH基因重排检测的意义

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）方法检测３１例ＳＬＥ病人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）Ｂｃｌ－２／ＪＨ基因重排现象和流式细胞仪间接双标记法分析其Ｔ（ＣＤ３）、Ｂ（ＣＤ１９）细胞Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白的表达。结果显示，ＳＬＥ病人Ｔ细胞Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达明显高于正常人（４２．９５％±２８．４７％对比９．９４％±４．９６％，Ｐ＝０．０００４），尤其以活动期ＳＬＥ病人为明显，而Ｂ细胞Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达与正常人之间并无统计学差异（７９．２１％±１０．６９％对比８１．９６％±６．９７％；Ｐ＝０．４６０２）。７例ＳＬＥ病人具有典型的Ｂｃｌ－２／ＪＨ基因重排（占２２．５８％），且均为ＳＬＥ活动期病人，其Ｔ细胞Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达明显高于无基因重排的ＳＬＥ病人，其Ｂ细胞Ｂｃｌ－２表达并无差异（Ｐ＞０．３９０５）。说明Ｂｃｌ－２／ＪＨ基因重排现象可见于ＳＬＥ，并与Ｔ细胞Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白高表达有关，表明细胞凋亡抑制基因Ｂｃｌ－２在ＳＬＥ发病机制中具有重要作用。     

应用PRPL串联启动子表达HIV-2gag蛋白

探讨ＨＩＶ－２ｇａｇ非融合蛋白的表达。方法：应用ＤＮＡ重组技术,将ＨＩＶｇａｇ基因全序列（ｇａｇ）和部分（ｇａｇ’）ｃＤＮＡ片段克隆到ｐＢＶ２２０载体ＰＲＰＬ串联启动子下游,构建成ＨＩＶ－２ｇａｇ重组表达载体ｐＢＶ－ｇａｇ和ｐＶＢ－ｇａｇ’,在大肠杆菌中表达。结果：ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示,ＰＢＶ－ｇａｇ’在２１ｋＤ处可见一明显的客外蛋白带,经薄层扫描分析占菌体总蛋白的６．１％,蛋白印迹结果证明,表达     

金黄色葡萄球菌中毒休克综合征毒素1在大肠杆菌中的分泌型表达

中毒休克综合征毒素１（Ｔｏｘｉｃｓｈｏｃｋｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｔｏｘｉｎ－１，ＴＳＳＴ－１）在中毒休克综合征（Ｔｏｘｉｃｓｈｏｃｋｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ，ＴＳＳ）的发病过程中起重要作用。本研究应用ＰＣＲ和ＤＮＡ重组技术，构建了ＴＳＳＴ－１分泌型表达载体ｐＲＴＳ２０并在大肠杆菌细胞周质表达出分子量为２２×１０３的重组ＴＳＳＴ－１，表达量约占周质总蛋白的６％～８％。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹杂交表明，表达产物具有特异的抗原活性。对ＴＳＳＴ－１生物学特性、结构功能关系有待进一步研究。本文对ＴＳＳＴ－１抗毒素的制备具有一定的参考意义。     

大鼠神经肽Y前体融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的超表达

应用逆转录－聚合酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）从大鼠腋组织钓得神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）ｃＤＮＡ编码区序列。经ＤＮＡ序列测定证实其准确性后，将该ｃＤＮＡ定向亚克隆入一大肠杆菌的表达载体ｐＭＡＬ－Ｃ＿２的果糖结合蛋白（ＭＢＰ）基因中。ＤＮＡ测序表明ＮＰＹｃＤＮＡ与表达载体中ＭＢＰ开放阅读框架一致。将重组质粒转入大肠杆茵ＤＨ５α菌系中，该重组大肠杆菌在液体ＬＢ培养基中经１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ终浓度的ＩＰＴＧ诱导４ｈ，所表达的ＮＰＹ－ＭＢＰ融合蛋白产量高达大肠杆菌总蛋白量的６０％～７０％。超表达的ＮＰＹ经纯化后将为进一步进行结构与功能研究提供材料来源。     

猪卵透明带-3α基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达和鉴定

目的通过遗传工程获得ＺＰ３α融合蛋白,以便用表达产物制备ＺＰ３α单克隆抗体。方法根据重新测序的猪ＺＰ３αｃＤＮＡ５＇端非编码碱基数,ｐＷＲ４５０表达质粒家族的ｐＷＲ４５０－２被选用来表达β－半乳糖苷酶（ＬａｃＺ）／ＺＰ３α融合蛋白。带５＇端非编码区和信号顺序的全长ＺＰ３αｃＤＮＡ片段,用ＥｃｏＲⅠ酶切自ｐＺ５８质粒,然后被重组插入ｐＷＲ４５０－２质粒中被截短ＬａｃＺ＇基因的３＇端多克隆区。此重组质粒转化大肠杆菌ＴＧ１后,ＺＰ３α融合蛋白的表达通过ＩＰＴＧ诱导。结果在１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＩＰＴＧ存在下可观察到ＬａｃＺ／ＺＰ３α融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达,表达量约占总细菌蛋白的５％。在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上,融合蛋白显示相对分子质量为１０．２×１０４。在蛋白印迹实验中,融合蛋白显示了与兔抗猪ＺＰＩｇＧ的特异免疫学反应。结论猪ＺＰ３α融合蛋白的可获得性将有助于今后开展制备抗ＺＰ３α单抗和评价它的抗生育功效等研究     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.