H3、H5、H7、H9亚型流感病毒通用多表位核酸疫苗构建及表达研究

目的构建表达A型流感病毒多种表位的核酸疫苗，并研究其在幼仓鼠肾细胞（BHK细胞）内表达产物的生物学活性。方法筛选流感病毒主要抗原（HA、NA、NP、M）表位基因，以生物信息学软件优化其排列结构，合成流感通用的复合多表位基因（Epi），以H5、H7亚型流感病毒HA融合表达基因为骨架，将多表位基因Epi插入构建H7HA-Epi-H5HA阅读盒，定向克隆至pVAX1，构建抗A型流感H3579亚型的pVAX1-H7HA-Epi-H5HA。最后将该重组质粒转染BHK细胞，提取细胞总RNA，以RT-PCR方法检测目的基因；以间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）初步测其表达产物抗原性。结果RT-PCR检测到目的基因；IFA检测到特异性荧光存在。结论本试验所构建的重组质粒pVAX1-H7HA-EpiH5HA，在真核细胞内均获了有效地转录和表达；而且其表达产物均能与相应的抗体特异性结合，证明了其具有一定的生物学活性和抗原性，有望成为抗多种A型流感病毒的通用核酸疫苗。     

丙型肝炎病毒多表位抗原重组体免疫原性分析

目的：研究丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)多表位抗原重组体在大肠杆菌中的非融合表达及其免疫原性分析。方法：利用DNA重组技术将构建的HCV多表位抗原重组体克隆入原核表达载体pBV220并在BL-21中表达，非融合表达蛋白经SDS-PAGE检测，排阻层析纯化，利用ELISA和免疫印迹分析其抗原反应性。免疫昆明鼠和猕猴，并检测其抗体和特异性CTL(Cyto-toxic T lymphocyte)，在抗体转阴后再次用HCV病人血清攻击以检测其免疫应答能力。结果：HCV多表位重组体在pBV220／BL-21中表达量占菌体总蛋白量的15％。Western-blot和ELISA分析表明HCV多表位抗原能与HCV病人血清特异性结合，抗体水平和特异性CTL检测结果显示该抗原肽能诱导小鼠和猕猴产生较好的抗体水平和特异性CTL效应。用病人血清再次攻击后受试动物的抗体迅速阳转。结论：表达的多表位重组体具有特异的抗原反应性和免疫原性。     

弓形虫多表位基因重组抗原在弓形虫免疫检测中的应用

目的评价弓形虫多表位基因重组抗原在弓形虫感染诊断中的效果，探索多表位抗原在弓形虫免疫检测中的应用前景。方法以Ni—NTAAgarose和割胶电渗两步纯化法。获取弓形虫多表位基因的原核表达纯化产物rMAG，以适宜浓度的rMAG包被ELISA微孔板，分别检测弓形虫急性和慢性感染血清，评价试剂盒检测的敏感性和特异性。结果经Ni—NTAAgarose和割胶纯化，得到了纯度为95．86％的弓形虫多表位重组可溶性抗原。以3μg／ml的抗原浓度包被ELISA微孔板，对兔和小鼠的急慢性弓形虫感染血清进行了检测。结果检测小鼠血清141份，其中慢性感染弓形虫小鼠血清117份、正常小鼠血清24份，检测体系的敏感性为88．88％，特异性为91．67％，一致性为89．36％。检测兔血清24份，其中急性感染弓形虫兔血清18份，正常兔血清6份，阳性血清检出率为94．4％，总一致性为91．5％。结论以弓形虫多表位重组抗原构建的ELISA试剂盒既可以检测弓形虫急性感染血清．又可以检测弓形虫慢性感染血清．具有一定的应用前景。     

SARS-CoV相关重组B细胞线性多表位肽的表达及鉴定

目的 利用已筛选到的线性B细胞表位组合得到重组多表位肽,并验证其用作表位肽疫苗的可行性。方法 用搭桥PCR和人工合成DNA方法获得多表位肽编码基因片段,构建原核表达载体表达多表位肽。ELISA法测其与SARS病人血清的交叉反应性及其用于免疫动物获得的多克隆抗血清的效价。Western blot检测抗原抗体结合特异性。中和试验检测中和SARS-CoV效果。结果 成功获得PEP1和PEP2编码基因片段并表达重组多表位肽rPEP1和rPEP2。纯化的rPEP1和rPEP2与病人血清的交叉反应率分别为88.7%和97.2%;与免疫动物血清具有结合特异性,结合效价分别为1×106和5×105;中和SARS-CoV的效率分别为70%和80%。结论 成功获得交叉反应性好、免疫原性强的重组多表位肽rPEP1和rPEP2,为制备多表位肽疫苗提供了实验依据。     

A型H3579亚型流感多表位核酸疫苗小鼠实验免疫研究

目的为了应对流感流行多亚型并存的局面,进行了多表位核酸疫苗设计,并观察其免疫小鼠的细胞和体液免疫应答反应。方法设计并合成了含有H3、H9的HA和H5N1NA中和表位,M、NP基因保守序列CTL表位的多表位基因盒(Epi)。采用pVAX载体对H5HA、H7HA及Epi进行融合表达。经肌肉注射免疫6～8周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠,ELISA法检测小鼠血清中的针对H3579亚型流感抗体。三免后2周,分离脾淋巴细胞,进行T淋巴细胞转化试验和T淋巴细胞亚类数量检测。结果免疫小鼠获得了针对H3579亚型流感的体液和细胞免疫反应。结论完整HA抗原结合多表位的DNA疫苗模式的成功,预示了该DNA疫苗可能可以有效应对当前多种亚型流感并存的局面,并为其他种类流感疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

HCV HLA-A2限制性复合多表位基因的构建、克隆表达及其免疫特性分析

目的:构建丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)HLA-A2限制性复合多表位基因的原核表达载体,表达纯化,并观察其免疫原性。方法:分别合成HCV HLA-A2限制性多表位基因、人泛素基因,串联后得到融合基因Ub-Mep,克隆入原核表达质粒pRSET-A,转化E.coliBL21,IPTG诱导融合蛋白表达,薄层扫描分析表达蛋白组成;可溶性分析后用Ni2+-NTA凝胶亲和层析柱纯化、透析并浓缩融合蛋白;Western blot分析纯化蛋白的特异性和抗原性;免疫小鼠分析其免疫原性。结果:成功构建复合多表位抗原基因的原核表达质粒pRSET-Ub-Mep,目的基因可高效表达,表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在,Ni2+-NTA纯化可获得目的蛋白,纯化蛋白具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性。结论:成功构建HCV HLA-A2限制性复合多表位基因并进行原核表达,表达的多表位基因抗原具良好的免疫原性,为进一步的HCV A2限制性复合多表位诱导的细胞免疫应答研究奠定基础。     

H1N1亚型流感病毒血凝素Th和B细胞表位预测及抗原性分析

目的:应用生物信息学方法预测H1N1亚型流感病毒血凝素Th和B细胞相关抗原表位,并初步分析其抗原性,为研制H1N1亚型流感病毒的表位疫苗奠定基础.方法:依据近年流感病毒流行趋势,从GenBank下载具有代表性的H1N1亚型流感病毒HA蛋白氨基酸序列.进行生物信息学综合分析预测,获得Th和B细胞相关抗原表位,并比较其保守性和特异性.通过Balb/c小鼠H1N1亚型流感病毒阳性血清与表位肽的结合试验,初步鉴定候选表位抗原性.结果:综合多项预测及空间构像模拟结果,我们获得了三条候选Th和B细胞表位,分别为HA_(73～87)、HA_(125～139)、HA_(188～205).候选表位处于H1N1亚型流感HAI蛋白序列上相对保守的区域内,且与目前流行的H1N1亚型流感病毒HA相应区域具有较好的一致性.而不同候选表位在BMB/e小鼠H1N1亚型流感病毒阳性血清反应中显示了不同抗体结合能力,预示了其成为功能表位的可能.结论:所筛选的表位具有成为H1N1亚型流感病毒HA Th和B细胞相关抗原表位的可能.此研究为深入揭示流感病毒感染与免疫机制,H1N1亚型流感功能表位认知及表位疫苗研究奠定了基础.     

HIV-2 gp105重组鸡痘病毒引起小鼠细胞和体液免疫应答

人免疫缺陷病毒Ⅱ型（human immunodeficiency virus type 2，HIV-2）于1986年在几内亚一比绍被发现。起初HIV-2仅在西非呈区域性流行，随后在欧洲、美洲和亚洲也出现了感染者和发病者。我国的首例HIV-2感染者于1998年在福建省发现，并检测出HIV-1与HIV-2的共感染患者。因此，研究有效的HIV-2疫苗势在必行。HIV-2env基因编码前体蛋白gp140，后者裂解后生成外膜蛋白gp105和跨膜蛋白g036。gp105是病毒的主要抗原，其表面具有大量的Ab表位、TH表位和CTL表位，能诱导机体产生强烈而广泛的中和抗体和细胞毒（CTL）反应，因此是基因工程疫苗研究的重要靶点。本研究将已构建的HIV-2 gp105重组鸡痘病毒大量制备后免疫BALB／c小鼠，观察其在小鼠体内的免疫原性，以获得第一手的实验资料。     

应用噬菌体表面展示技术筛选流感病毒H3N2抗原模拟表位

目的 筛选特异性流感病毒H3N2抗原模拟表位,为开展新的流感病毒疫苗研究探索新的途径.方法 应用噬菌体表面展示技术,以抗-H3N2的单克隆抗体作为固相筛选分子,对人工合成的噬菌体随机肽库进行5轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"的筛选过程,在第5轮筛选后,随机挑取48个克隆,经噬菌体酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)鉴定并进行交叉反应实验以及竞争抑制性实验,最后对所选克隆进行DNA序列分析,以确定H3N2抗原的模拟表位.结果 经噬菌体富集后,从随机筛选的48个克隆中得到21个阳性克隆,经ELISA鉴定及交叉反应实验、竞争抑制性实验后,确定氨基酸序列XTXPYXX为H3N2的模拟表位.结论 用噬菌体7肽库筛选得到H3N2的模拟表位,为开展用流感病毒模拟表位探索新的防治方法研究奠定了基础.     

HSV-2gD、HBsAg和IL18多表位基因疫苗的构建方法

目的研究多表位串联重组核酸疫苗中IL18与HBsAg(S)抗原、P6(NP6)抗原在质粒中所处位置的差异对抗原表达是否有影响。方法分别将IL18连接在融合蛋白P6-S(NP6-S)的氨基端和羧基端,即构建4种质粒:pc-IL18-P6-S、pc-IL18-NP6-S、pc-S-P6-IL18和pc-S-NP6-IL18。采用DNAstar软件分析4种质粒表达的融合蛋白的抗原性。将重组质粒分别转染CHO细胞进行瞬时表达,通过间接免疫荧光和Western blotting检测S、P6(NP6)抗原的表达情况,以确定最佳的连接方式。结果应用DNAstar软件分析可知IL18在融合蛋白的氨基端的抗原性高于在羧基端。间接免疫荧光检测结果发现IL18位于融合蛋白羧基端的质粒表达的抗原性优于氨基端,即:质粒pc-S-P6-IL18和pc-S-NP6-IL18的S、P6(NP6)抗原的表达情况均优于质粒pc-IL18-P6-S和pc-IL18-NP6-S,故选用质粒pc-S-P6-IL18和pc-S-NP6-IL18作为优势质粒。结论成功构建了4种质粒,并确定了优势质粒,此项技术将为新一代多基因核酸疫苗的研制提供实验依据,从而为构建更加有效的多价DNA疫苗奠定了良好的基础。     

A live attenuated cold-adapted influenza A H7N3 virus vaccine provides protection against homologous and heterologous H7 viruses in mice and ferrets

The appearance of human infections caused by avian influenza A H7 subtype viruses underscores their pandemic potential and the need to develop vaccines to protect humans from viruses of this subtype. A live attenuated H7N3 virus vaccine was generated by reverse genetics using the HA and NA genes of a low pathogenicity A/chicken/BC/CN-6/04 (H7N3) virus and the six internal protein genes of the cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 ca (H2N2) virus. The reassortant H7N3 BC 04 ca vaccine virus was temperature sensitive and showed attenuation in mice and ferrets. Intranasal immunization with one dose of the vaccine protected mice and ferrets when challenged with homologous and heterologous H7 viruses. The reassortant H7N3 BC 04 ca vaccine virus showed comparable levels of attenuation, immunogenicity and efficacy in mice and ferret models. The safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of this vaccine in mice and ferrets support the evaluation of this vaccine in clinical trials.     

Nucleotide Sequence of the 4.3 kbp BamHI-N Fragment of Fowlpox Virus FP9

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 4.3 kbp BamHI-N fragment of the fowlpox virus (FPV) genome revealed that it encodes 7 proteins with homology to vaccinia virus (VV) E11L, E10R, O1L, O3L, I1L, I2L and I3L encoded proteins. No evidence of FPV homolog of VV O2L could be found. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用反向遗传学技术构建H5N9重组流感病毒株

目的 利用反向遗传学技术构建来源人感染禽流感病毒H5N1和H7N9 HA和NA基因的H5N9亚型禽流感病毒.方法 全基因合成A/Beijing/01/2003(H5N1)禽流感病毒HA基因片段和A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU10/2013(H7N9)禽流感病毒NA基因片段,插入到pHW2000载体,与携带有A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)的6个内部基因的pHW2000重组质粒一起转染293T和MDCK混合细胞,拯救H5N9重组病毒.结果 核酸测序、HA和NA基因转录和表达检测、细胞病变分析确定利用该反向遗传学系统可以成功拯救H5N9病毒.重组H5N9病毒在MDCK细胞上复制增殖能力低于相同方法拯救H1N1病毒.结论 利用反向遗传学技术成功构建一株H5N9重组病毒.     

Avian influenza A virus H7N9 in China,a role reversal from reassortment receptor to the donator

Reassortment can introduce one or more gene segments of influenza A viruses (IAVs) into another, resulting in novel subtypes. Since 2013, a new outbreak of human highly pathogenic avian influenza has emerged in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and South-Central regions of China. In this study, using Anhui province as an example, we discuss the possible impact of H7N9 IAVs on future influenza epidemics through a series of gene reassortment events. Sixty-one human H7N9 isolates were obtained from five outbreaks in Anhui province from 2013 to 2019. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that all of them were characterized by low pathogenicity and high human or mammalian tropism and had introduced novel avian influenza A virus (AIV) subtypes such as H7N2, H7N6, H9N9, H5N6, H6N6, and H10N6 through gene reassortment. In reassortment events, Anhui isolates may donate one or more segments of HA, NA, and the six internal protein-coding genes for the novel subtype AIVs. Our study revealed that H7N9, H9N2, and H5N1 can serve as stable and persistent gene pools for AIVs in the YRD and South-Central regions of China. Novel AIV subtypes might be generated continuously by reassortment. These AIVs may have obtained human-type receptor-binding abilities from their donors and prefer binding to them, which can cause human epidemics through accidental spillover infections. Facing the continual threat of emerging avian influenza, constant monitoring of AIVs should be conducted closely for agricultural and public health.     

HIV-2 gag rFPV与rDNA疫苗的联合免疫研究

目的 探讨HIV-2核心蛋白基因gag重组DNA疫苗与重组鸡痘病毒进行联合免疫引起小鼠的免疫应答，为研究HIV-2基因重组疫苗的免疫策略提供实验基础。方法 大量制备并纯化HIV-2 gag重组DNA疫苗和重组鸡痘病毒，以肌肉注射的方式免疫BALB／c小鼠，ELISA法检测小鼠血清HIV-2抗体，流式细胞仪测定CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞亚类数量，乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放法检测脾CTL对HIV-2靶细胞的杀伤活性。结果 重组DNA疫苗和重组鸡痘病毒单独免疫及二者联合免疫均刺激小鼠产生HIV-2特异性抗体，脾T细胞亚类数量增加，并产生针对HIV-2靶细胞的特异性CTL杀伤活性，但联合免疫组在各项指标上均高于单独免疫组。结论 以HIV-2gag重组DNA疫苗进行基础免疫、以HIV-2gag重组鸡痘病毒进行加强免疫能诱导小鼠产生更强的特异性细胞和体液免疫应答。     

Preparation of anti-idiotypic antibody against avian influenza virus subtype H9

To generate monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies(mAb2)against avian influenza virus subtype H9(H9 AⅣ),BALB/c mice were immunized with purified chicken anti-H9-AⅣ IgG and the splenocytes of immunized mice werefused with myeloma cells NS-1.Hybridoma cells were screened by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayswith both chicken and rabbit anti-H9-AⅣ IgG as coating antigens.One hybridoma cell clone secreting monoclonalantibody against idiotypes shared by both chicken and rabbit anti-H9-AⅣ IgG was established.Experimentsdemonstrated the mAb2 was able to inhibit the binding of hemagglutinin to anti-H9-AⅣ IgG and to inducechickens to generate hemagglutination inhibition antibodies,indicating this anti-species-sharing-idiotypic antibodybore the internal image of hemagglutinin on avian influenza virus.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2005;2(2):155-157.     

Development of rHA1-ELISA for specific and sensitive detection of H9 subtype influenza virus

A recombinant antigen-based single serum dilution ELISA was developed for simultaneous detection and subtyping of influenza viruses. Recombinant baculovirus encoding the hemagglutinin (HA₁ subunit) of H9N2 virus was generated. To evaluate the rHA1-ELISA, microplates were coated with purified HA1 protein and tested with reference control sera. Subsequently, 92 field sera collected from chickens suspected to be infected with H9N2 AIV were employed to test the efficacy of the rHA1-ELISA. The sera were tested simultaneously by HI and a commercial AIV ELISA kit. The rHA1-ELISA appeared to be highly specific and sensitive for direct detection of H9N2 antibodies in serum samples.     

Generation and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus A, subtype H5N1

The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 in 1997 has since resulted in large outbreaks in poultry and in transmission from poultry to humans, mostly in southeast Asia, but also in several European countries. Effective diagnosis and control measures are essential for the management of HPAIV infections. To develop a rapid diagnostic test, a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza virus A subtype H5 was generated. Eleven mAbs were produced and characterised according to their reactivity by indirect and sandwich ELISA and western blotting against different H5 subtypes representing past and viruses currently circulating. Ten out of 11 mAbs reacted strongly with the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of H5 viruses, whereas one mAb reacted with the M1 protein. Targeted HA protein epitopes seemed to be conformational. One hybridoma clone binds to a linear epitope of the M1 protein. One specific mAb reacts with HPAIV H5 in the immunofluorescence test, and two antibodies neutralised H5 viruses. On the basis of the results, the set of seven mAbs is appropriate for developing diagnostic tests. With the generated mAbs, a sandwich ELISA was developed recognising all H5N1 strains tested but no other influenza viruses. With this ELISA, as little as 0.005 HA units or 0.1 ng/ml H5N1 was detected, surpassing other ELISA tests. The novel reagents have the potential to improve significantly available rapid antigen detection systems.     

Immunoprotection against influenza H5N1 virus by oral administration of enteric-coated recombinant Lactococcus lactis mini-capsules

Edible vaccines that can be made widely available and easily administered could bring great benefit to the worldwide battle against pandemic viral infections. They can be used not only for the vaccination of humans and domesticated animals, but also for wild herds and live stock which are otherwise difficult to vaccinate. In this study, we report the development of an edible mini-capsule form of live, non-persisting, recombinant Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) vaccine against the highly virulent influenza H5N1 strain. Recombinant L. lactis-based H5N1 HA antigen expression constructs were made and shown to be able to induce higher levels of HA-specific serum IgG and fecal IgA antibody production after oral administration. The vectors were then formulated into a mini-capsule dosage form and fed to mouse. Four doses of oral administration rendered complete protection of the mouse against lethal challenges of H5N1 virus.     

含H5N1-HA基因重组腺病毒疫苗的构建及其诱导免疫应答的初步探讨

目的 构建包含H5N1-HA基因的重组腺病毒疫苗并探讨其免疫效果.方法 用Admax系统构建包含H5N1-HA基因的重组腺病毒疫苗,并用PCR、Western-Blot等方法对重组病毒疫苗进行鉴定;疫苗免疫小鼠后,通过HI实验和ELISPOT实验检测其体液免疫和细胞免疫反应,评价其免疫效果.结果 成功得到了含有H5N1-HA基因的重组腺病毒疫苗;基因表达鉴定表明,HA基因能够在细胞中进行表达;血凝抑制实验结果显示小鼠产生的针对HA抗体滴度在1:320和1:640之间;ELISPOT结果显示实验组和对照组(PBS)相比斑点数量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),以上免疫结果表明重组腺病毒载体疫苗可以诱导小鼠产生良好的特异性体液和细胞免疫反应.结论 含H5NA-HA的重组腺病毒疫苗可以诱导小鼠产生良好的免疫反应,为研制人禽流感疫苗打下基础.