解剖型胫骨弹性髓内钉与矩形髓内钉治疗胫骨干骨折比较

目的　比较解剖型胫骨弹性髓内钉 (AFRIN)与矩形髓内钉 (RSIN)治疗胫骨干骨折的性能差异。方法　 5 6例胫骨骨折随机分为两组 ,分别采用AFRIN与RSIN固定 ,比较手术操作时间、插钉次数、手术出血量、术后平均骨折愈合时间、石膏固定时间、骨折对线情况等。结果　AFRIN组与RSIN组比较 :平均插钉时间分别为 (2 1± 4 )min和 (32± 5 )min ;平均插钉次数分别为 (1 6± 0 4 )次和 (2 8± 0 5 )次 ;平均出血量分别为 (2 5± 5 )ml和 (31± 4 )ml;平均骨折愈合时间分别为 (14 8±0 5 )周和 (15 1± 0 6 )周 ,平均石膏固定时间分别为 (16± 4 )d和 (2 5± 3)d。骨折愈合对线情况 :正位片成角AFRIN组 (1 8± 0 6 )° ,RSIN组 (3 5± 0 7)° ;侧位片成角AFRIN组 (1 6± 0 3)° ,RSIN组(2 7± 0 4 )°。结论　AFRIN治疗胫骨骨折比RSIN插钉更方便 ,手术效果更优。     

开放性股骨干骨折急诊扩髓髓内钉固定的疗效分析

目的　探讨开放性股骨干骨折急诊扩髓腔及髓内钉固定是否增加感染和其他并发症。方法　采用回顾性对比分析 ,依据下列标准选择病例 :①年龄在 17～ 6 5岁 ;②住院不少于 4 8h ;③病史中无明显影响全身状况的疾病 ,如糖尿病 ,慢性心、肺、肾功能不全等 ;④必须为开放性股骨干骨折 ,且进行了髓内钉固定。然后按受伤至手术时间划分为两组 ,A组为≤ 2 4h手术者 (定为急诊扩髓组 ) ,B组为 >2 4h手术者 ,再进行两组间合并伤情况、开放损伤严重度、ISS评分、住院时间、ICU时间、并发症、死亡及合并休克情况比较。结果　有 14 7例符合上述标准 ,其中A组有 6 8例 ,B组有 79例 ,两组间经统计学处理比较 ,仅在合并休克率 (A组占 5 5 9% ,B组占 2 2 6 % ,χ2 =13 0 6 0 ,P <0 0 0 1)及住院时间 (A组为 (15 8± 6 3)d ,B组为 (2 7 8± 9 1)d ,t=9 14 0 ,P <0 0 1)、开放伤严重程度 (以Ⅲ型比较A组 19例 ,B组 7例 ,χ2 =8 0 32 ,P <0 0 1)上两组间差异有显著性意义 ,而在其他方面差异均无统计学意义。结论　只要能控制休克 ,保证生命体征平稳 ,严格清创 ,开放性股骨干骨折急诊扩髓及髓内钉固定不增加患者的感染率和其他并发症及死亡率 ,并可促使患者早日康复 ,缩短住院时间 ,从而减少费用。但对Gustilo分类Ⅲ型     

交锁髓内钉与外支架治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的疗效分析

目的:评价交锁髓内钉与外支架治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的临床疗效。方法:严重胫骨开放性骨折患者39例,采用单侧外固定支架固定19例,男13例,女6例;年龄19⁷2岁,平均39岁;稳定性骨折7例,不稳定性骨折12例;合并其他部位骨折7例,颅脑损伤1例,腹部损伤2例。采用交锁髓内钉固定20例,男14例,女6例;年龄22⁷0岁,平均42岁;稳定性骨折8例,不稳定性骨折12例;合并其他部位骨折8例,颅脑伤2例,腹部伤1例。两组最初的伤口清创、软组织缺损的皮瓣移植修复是相同的。结果:随访时间平均为20个月（18³5个月）,交锁髓内钉组骨折愈合时间（6·0±2·6）个月,外支架组骨折愈合时间为（7·0±2·5）个月。交锁髓内钉组膝关节的活动范围为115°±10°,踝关节为30°±5°,外支架组膝关节的活动范围为110°±5°,踝关节为27°±4°,髓内钉组功能恢复较好,成角畸形小。外支架组1例深部感染,4例钉道感染,髓内钉组1例深部感染。按功能评定标准,髓内钉组中优8例,良7例,中2例,差3例;外支架组中优4例,良5例,中3例,差7例。两组差异具有统计学意义（P<0·05）。比较骨折愈合时间、部分负重时间、踝膝关节的活动范围,两组之间无显著性差异。结论:在彻底清创,并且具备即刻或早期皮瓣修复的技术条件下,交锁髓内钉是治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的理想选择。     

髋臼横断骨折不同内固定方法对臼顶负重面积的影响

目的 :采用压敏片技术测量髋臼横断骨折及采用不同内固定方法后臼顶负重区的负重面积。方法 :取成年男性防腐尸体骨盆 5具 (含双侧股骨中上段 )。标本分为如下各组 :Ⅰ组 (完整骨盆 ) ,A组(前柱单钢板内固定 ) ,B组 (后柱单钢板内固定 ) ,C组 (前柱单钢板加后柱单钢板内固定 ) ,D组 (前柱拉力螺钉加后柱单钢板内固定 ) ,用特制的夹具将骨盆和股骨固定于单足站立中立位 ,去除髋关节囊 ,将压敏片贴于股骨头上 ,分别测量各组标本髋臼臼顶负重区的负重面积 ,对所得数据通过SPSS 10 0软件进行方差齐性检验 ,LSD法多重比较。结果 :Ⅰ组 ,A组 ,B组 ,C组 ,D组的臼顶负重区负重面积 (cm2 )分别为 :4 4 3± 0 5 7、2 36± 0 4 2、2 6 1± 0 4 4、3 30± 0 5 2、34± 0 4 1。对以上 5组中臼顶负重面积进行LSD法多重比较 ,结果为Ⅰ组与A、B、C、D四组差别均有显著性意义 (PⅠA<0 0 1,PⅠB<0 0 1,PⅠC<0 0 5 ,PⅠD<0 0 5 ) ,A组与B组差别无显著性意义 (PAB>0 0 5 ) ,C组与D组差别无显著性意义 (PCD>0 0 5 ) ,A、B两组与C、D两组间差别均有显著性意义 (PAC<0 0 5 ,PAD<0 0 5 ,PBC<0 0 5 ,PBD<0 0 5 )。结论 :对于髋臼横断骨折 ,即使给予解剖复位内固定 ,髋臼臼顶负重面积也不能恢复至正常。双柱内     

生物固定技术治疗胫腓骨下段严重开放骨折

目的 :探讨微创术式 ,有限内固定结合外固定的生物固定技术治疗胫腓骨下段严重开放骨折的原则及效果。方法 :40例胫腓骨下段严重开放骨折行清创术及有限内固定术 ,结合应用外固定支架等行外固定。对照组 3 0例应用AO技术坚强内固定。两组伤口均Ⅰ期闭合。结果 :2组下肢力线恢复好 ;试验组伤口甲级愈合 2 8例 ,对照组 17例 ;伤口愈合时间试验组 (17.5 4± 2 .3 4)d ,对照组 (2 0 .2 8± 3 .46)d ,　两组差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;骨折愈合时间试验组 (4 .86± 1.2 5 )个月 ,对照组 (5 .72± 1.67)个月 ,两组差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :微创的有限内固定结合外固定的生物固定技术治疗胫腓骨下段严重开放骨折和AO固定技术比较也具有良好的效果 ,是治疗这类骨折的有效方法。     

距下关节镜辅助下闭合复位经皮螺钉内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨距下关节镜辅助下闭合复位经皮螺钉内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的适应证及优、缺点。方法2003年2月至2004年12月,在距下关节镜辅助下采用闭合复位经皮螺钉内固定治疗单侧跟骨关节内骨折12例,男7例,女5例;年龄23～61岁,平均36.8岁;右侧8例,左侧4例;高处坠落伤11例,车祸伤1例。SandersⅡ型8例(ⅡA型1例,ⅡB型5例,ⅡC型2例),Ⅲ型4例(ⅢAB型2例,ⅢAC型1例,ⅢBC型1例)。结果12例中11例手术顺利,达到或接近解剖复位,1例SandersⅢAB型骨折由于中间的骨折块压缩过深而未能达到复位要求,改为小切口切开复位小蝶形钢板内固定治疗。术中关节镜检查证实关节面骨折间隙和台阶均<1mm。术前B"hler角为18.4°±5.8°,Gissane角为109.1°±10.2°,跟骨宽度为(35.9±2.2)mm;术后B"hler角为25.4°±3.5°,Gissane角为118.1°±6.4°,跟骨宽度为(32.3±1.1)mm。9例获得随访,随访时间10～25个月,平均17.4个月。按Maryland足评分系统评价术后功能,其评分为82～100分,平均92.5分,优6例,良3例。所有获得随访患者无一例发生骨折再移位等并发症,足外形良好,能够穿正常鞋,无明显跛行。结论距下关节镜辅助下闭合复位经皮螺钉内固定适用于SandersⅡ型和部分SandersⅢ型跟骨骨折的治疗,可获得良好的复位和可靠的固定,并明显降低软组织损伤等并发症的发生率,是一种有效、可行的微创治疗方法。     

股骨干骨折带锁髓内针固定后骨折端旋转畸形的测量

目的　对股骨干骨折带锁髓内针固定后旋转畸形的程度进行定量测定 ,以纠正旋转对位 ,减少其发生率和严重程度。方法　采用CT扫描 (“常用法”)测量 3 6例以闭合复位、带锁髓内针固定治疗的股骨干骨折患者的双侧前倾角 ,计算双侧的差值 ,用来判断骨折远近端旋转畸形的程度。前倾角增大表明远骨折端内旋 ,前倾角减小则代表远骨折端外旋。结果　患侧组前倾角值为 ( 15 0 4±11 3 4 )° ,最大值为 4 8° ,最小值为 - 10° ;健侧组前倾角值为 ( 13 96± 10 2 0 )° ,最大值为 3 1 3 0°,最小值为- 4 8° ,使用配对资料t检验 ,P <0 0 0 1,差异有非常显著性的意义。其中差值最大为 3 7° ,最小为0 90° ,平均相差 10 4 8°。患侧与健侧相比前倾角增大 (远骨折端内旋 )与减小 (远骨折端外旋 )各有 18例 ;而其中内旋者平均为 11 5 6°,外旋者平均为 9 3 9°。内旋小于 10°者有 8例 ,10°至 15°者有 6例 ,大于15°者有 4例 ;外旋小于 10°者有 11例 ,10°至 15°者有 4例 ,大于 15°者有 3例。超过 10°的旋转对位发生率是 4 7% ( 17/ 3 6) ,超过 15°者有 7例 ( 19 4 % )。结论　股骨干骨折采取闭合复位带锁髓内针治疗后旋转畸形的发生率较高 ,临床上应予重视。术中应在影像监视器监控下严格纠正旋转对     

关节镜下同种异体组织重建膝关节前后交叉韧带的临床研究

目的　评价关节镜下同种异体组织重建膝关节前后交叉韧带 (ACL ,PCL)的疗效。方法　回顾调查了 36例孤立性交叉韧带损伤病人 ,将其分为 2组 ,A组 :ACL损伤 2 8例 ;B组 :PCL损伤 8例。分别应用同种异体B -PT -B、半腱与股薄肌腱、胫后肌腱、跟腱 -骨和四头肌腱 -骨重建 ,平均随访 2 1 5个月。结果　Lysholm评分 :A组术前平均 6 3± 5 6 ;术后 90±5 5 ;B组术前平均 6 1± 7 6 ,术后 88± 6 0 ;两组手术前后差异显著 (P <0 0 1) ;IKDC评分 :A组A级 2例 (7% ) ,B级 16例 (5 7% ) ,C级 8例 (2 9% ) ,D级 2例 (7% ) ;B组A级 1例 (12 5 % ) ,B级 3例 (37 5 % ) ,C级 3例 (37 5 % ) ,D级 1例 (12 5 % )。KT2 0 0 0测定 :A组由术前胫骨前移平均 11 90± 0 2 7mm减少至术后 4 30± 1 4 2mm ;B组胫骨后移由术前平均 10 5± 2 5mm减少至术后 5 9± 1 5mm ,两组手术前后有显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。术后健患侧比较 :A组平均 2 3± 0 9mm ;B组 2 7± 1 3mm ;健患差异 :A组 <3mm2 3/ 2 8例 (82 % ) ,>5mm 3例 (11% ) ;B组 <3mm 5 / 8例 (6 2 5 % ) ,>5mm 2例 (2 5 % )。前后抽屉试验大部分平均恢复 1°以上 ,并呈现明显的硬终点。术后ROM ,A组 :正常 2 6 / 2 8例 (93% ) ,接近正常 2 / 2 8例 (7% ) ;B组 :     

带锁髓内钉一期内固定治疗胫骨干开放性骨折61例分析

为探讨带锁髓内钉一期内固定治疗胫骨干开放性骨折的可行性及临床价值 ,本文对我们自 1997年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月收治并采用带锁髓内钉一期内固定的 6 1例 (6 3侧 )胫骨干开放性骨折病例进行临床分析。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　 6 1例 (6 3侧 )胫骨干开放性骨折病例 ,男4 3例 ,女 18例 ,年龄 19～ 5 5岁 ,平均 39岁。致伤原因 :车祸 36侧 ,坠落伤 13侧 ,耕田机损伤 11侧 ,其他 3侧。Ｇｕｓｔｉｌｏ分类 :Ⅰ° 9侧 ,Ⅱ°30侧 ,Ⅲ°Ａ13侧 ,Ⅲ°Ｂ7侧 ,Ⅲ°Ｃ4侧。合并伤 :多处骨折 8例 ,颅脑外伤 7例 ,小腿筋膜间隙综合征 5侧 ,创伤性休克…     

撬拨复位内固定治疗跟骨舌状骨折

1996年 8月～ 2 0 0 1年 4月 ,作者以撬拨复位骨圆针内固定治疗跟骨舌状骨折 5 4例 ,疗效满意。1　材料与方法1.1　 病例资料　本组 5 4例 (北京积水潭医院骨科 30例 ,新泰市人民医院骨科2 4例 ) ,男 38例 ,女 16例 ,年龄 18～ 5 9岁。均为高处坠落跌伤。左侧 19例 ,右侧 2 8例 ,双侧 7例 ,共 6 1足。按Essex Lopresti分类法均为舌状骨折 :Ⅰ型 12足 ,Ⅱ型 2 8足 ,Ⅲ型 2 1足。侧位X线片示B¨ohler角 0°～ 15° 38足 ,0°～ - 15° 2 3足 ;轴位X线片示跟骨宽度均增加。手术均在伤后 3h～ 9d施行。1.2　治疗方法　硬膜外麻醉或腰麻。单侧…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.