磁化传递对比磁共振成像在诱发性大鼠肝硬化肝癌中的初步应用研究

目的 初步探讨磁化传递对比（MTC）磁共振成像（MRI）技术在诱发性大鼠肝硬化肝癌中的作用。方法二乙基亚硝胺溶液诱发的大鼠肝硬化肝癌模型16只，结合病理检查发现〉5．0cm的癌结节66个，对照组为10只正常Wister大鼠。所有大鼠均行附加MT脉冲前后MRI扫描，序列包括SE序列T1WI、FSE序列T2WI。测量MR图像上正常肝组织、硬化肝脏及肝癌组织附加MT脉冲前后的的信号强度，计算信噪比（SNR）、对比噪声比（CNR）及磁化传递率（MTR）。结果SE序列T1WI上，附加MT脉冲后正常肝实质信号强度降低，SNR低于无MT脉冲图像（P=0．002）；肝硬化组织附加MT后信号强度显著下降，SNR明显低于无MT时（P=0．000）；肝癌附加MT后SNR两者无显著差异（P-0．334），CNR较附加MT前降低但无统计学差异（P-0．158）。FSE序列T2WI上，正常肝实质附加MT后信号强度降低，SNR低于无MT脉冲时（P=0．021）；肝硬化附加MT后SNR显著低于无MT时（P=0．000）；肝癌附加MT脉冲前后信号强度无明显变化，SNR无统计学差异（P=0．549），CNR较附加MT前增高，但两者间无显著差异（P=0．205）。SE序列T1WI上，肝硬化MTR显著高于正常肝实质及肝癌（P=0．001）；正常肝实质与肝癌MTR类似（P=0．788）。FSE序列T2WI上，硬化肝组织的MTR较正常肝实质及肝癌明显增高（P=0．002；P=0．000）；正常肝实质与肝癌的MTR无统计学差异（P=0．352）。结论FSE序列T2WI附加MT脉冲图像上肝硬化组织信号降低，而肝癌信号强度变化不明显，对比度提高。有利于肝硬化背景上肝癌病灶的检出和显示。     

肝硬化的MRI诊断及临床评价

目的 研究肝硬化及其并发症的MRI表现、诊断及其临床价值。方法 收集108例临床综合诊断为肝硬化病例的MRI资料，其中合并有原发肝细胞癌32例（小肝癌6例），20例行Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描。结果 肝硬化及其并发症MRI表现：（1）肝内弥漫性结节，按结节大小分为小结节、大小结节混合和大结节型。结节呈T1WI等或略高、T2WI低信号影。（2）肝脏增大或缩小，肝表面凹凸不平，各叶比例失调。（3）脾脏肿大、脾静脉扩张、胃冠状静脉或／和脾门静脉曲张，T1WI及T2WI均呈迂曲扩张的流空无信号影。（4）肝细胞癌，呈T1WI低、等或略高，T2WI高信号影。小肝癌在Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描中具有“快进快出”特征性强化形式。（5）腹水、呈T1WI明显低、T2WI明显高信号影。结论 MRI是诊断肝硬化及其并发症的可靠检查方法，Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描对小肝癌诊断有重要意义。     

肝癌在MR平扫与增强扫描上的影像特点与手术病理结果对比分析

目的：通过对MR成像与手术病理的对照分析,探讨原发性肝癌的MR影像表现特点。方法：收集了1996年9月至2001年3月间,经手术病理证实的原发性肝癌44例共48个肝癌瘤灶。结果93．7％肝癌在T2WI和T2WI加脂肪抑制上不均匀中高信号。68％的肿瘤在动态增强扫描动态期呈明显强化或瘤周不规则强化。50％（24／48）的肿瘤MRI可见包膜。54．2％（26／48）的瘤灶可见肿瘤内有纤维分隔状改变。结论：我们认为肝癌在MR上的主要表现特点为,T2WI为不均匀中高信号,比肝脏信号高,动态增强扫描动脉期肿瘤呈快速强化表现,肿瘤的包膜及其内分隔状态改变是肝癌的典型征象之一。     

肝肿瘤CT和MRI诊断与鉴别

目前肝脏病变的影像诊断中，除超声（ultrasound，US）检查外，计算机断层扫描（computed tomography，CT）和磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）是最常用的无创性检查技术，随着技术的不断更新，CT和MRI机已发展成为多螺旋CT（64层／周扫描）与高场强MRI机（3T），其扫描速度、组织对比度和空间分辨率均显著改善，诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确性明显提高，在肝癌（主要是小肝癌[≤3．0cm]和微小肝癌[≤1．0cm]）的诊治和随访工作中，发挥着极其重要的作用。     

超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)增强MRI对原发性肝癌的诊断价值

目的：检验SPIO增强MRI对原发性肝癌的定位，定量，定性诊断价值。方法：选取经螺旋CT增强，MR平扫，SPIO增强扫描检查且有手术或穿刺活检病理或DSA血管造影资料并经随访，实验室生化检查及临床资料证实为原性肝癌者20例。结果：SPIO增强T2MRI检出79个病灶，其中经手术，穿刺活检病理证实或DSA血管造影显示有肿瘤血管团和/或肿瘤染色的原发性肝癌病灶69个；另有10个为异常信号灶，SPIO增强MRI较CT增强及MR平扫病灶检出率分别增加66%和59%，病灶-肝脏对比噪声比增加52%（P=0.004)。结论：（1）SPIO增强T2WI病灶-肝脏对比噪声比显著增加；（2）病灶检出率明显高于MR平扫及螺旋CT增强影像；（3）结合MR平扫影像，SPIO增强MR影像对肝癌病灶的定位。定量及定性诊断有重要意义；（4）SPIO增强MR影像对肝脏良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

PET／CT及MSCT在联合诊断原发性肝细胞癌中的应用

目的：探讨联合应用PET／CT及MSCT在肝脏原发性肝细胞癌中的诊断价值。方法：收集明确诊断的原发性肝癌18例，PET及MSCT检查后进行回顾性总结分析，采用目测和半定量分析（SUV）的方法。结果：12例未经治疗之前PET阳性率83．3％（10／12），6例治疗后随访病例PET阳性率33．3％（2／6），未经治疗的MSCT阳性率91．6％（11／12），6例治疗后CT阳性率83．3％（5／6）。PET总的阳性率66．7％（12／18）；MSCT检查总的阳性率88．9％（16／18）。肝右叶8例，肝左叶4例，尾状叶1例，左右叶均累及6例；单发病灶15例，多发及弥漫性3例；放射性分布不均，边缘欠清且较模糊，SUV〉55例，SUV2．5～55例，SUV＜2．52例，无放射性分布6例。结论：PET对肝脏原发性肝癌的诊断具有一定的局限性，结合MSCT可以提高诊断的敏感性，新型特异性显像剂将是未来发展的方向。     

螺旋CT双期扫描诊断伴肝硬化的小肝癌的探讨

目的：探讨螺旋CT双期增强扫描诊断伴肝硬化的小肝癌的价值。方法：14例伴肝硬化的小肝癌患手术及病理发现小肝癌病灶21个（直径≤3cm),回顾性分析螺旋CT双期增强扫描的结果,比较小肝癌在动脉期和门脉期内强化类型,检出率及诊断正确率,结果：动脉期检出率为85．7％（18／21）,门脉期有71．4％（15／21）,66．7％小肝癌动脉期为均一高密度,门脉期定性正确率为52．4％,联合动脉期和静脉期后,其检出率和定性正确率分别增加至90．5％和80．9％。结论：动脉期扫描明显增加小肝癌的检出,两期结合能提高检出率及定性正确率。     

MR多序列联合钆塞酸二钠增强扫描对肝硬化并TACE术后复发微小病灶诊断的研究

目的：探讨磁共振（MR）多序列联合钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）增强扫描对肝硬化并肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）术后复发微小病灶诊断应用的研究。方法：回顾性分析2021年6月至2022年7月信丰县人民医院收治的50例肝硬化并肝癌TACE术后患者临床资料。所有患者分别采用DSA造影、CT增强、MR多序列联合Gd-EOB-DTPA增强扫描定期复查。分析比较CT增强、MR多序列联合Gd-EOB-DTPA增强扫描的病灶数目、大小、包膜诊断价值。结果：DSA造影显示,50例患者中共发现61个病灶,直径0.5～2.0 cm,平均（1.25±0.74） cm,54个证实为复发小肝癌,7个病灶为非肝癌病灶,均经6个月随访时间证实,复发小肝癌中35个有病理结果,其余19个均经随访证实;CT增强发现50个复发小肝癌,8个包膜病灶;MR多序列联合Gd-EOB-DTPA增强扫描发现51个复发小肝癌,21个包膜病灶;MR多序列联合Gd-EOB-DTPA增强扫描包膜病灶检出率、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度均高于CT增强检测（P<0.05）。结论：MR多序列联合Gd-EOB-DTPA增强扫描...     

实时超声造影对不超过2cm肝细胞癌定性诊断的临床研究

目的评估实时超声造影对≤2cm肝细胞癌的诊断价值。方法实时超声造影检查104个直径≤2．0cm的肝局灶性病变，造影剂为声诺维，成像技术采用对比脉冲序列。评估超声造影对其中49个肝细胞癌的诊断价值，并与普通超声比较。结果49个肝细胞癌病灶超声造影动脉期43（87．8％）个高增强，5个（10．2％）等增强，1个（2．0％）低增强。39（79．6％）个在门静脉期及延迟期增强消退为低增强。普通超声和超声造影定性诊断≤2cm肝细胞癌的敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性分别为28．6％（14／49）vs79．6％（39／49），P〈0．001；59．8％（52／87）vs90．7％（39／43），P=0．002；63．5％（66／104）vs86．5％（90／104），P〈0．001。结论实时超声造影比普通超声显著提高了对≤2cm肝细胞癌的诊断能力，但假阴性率偏高，应予注意。     

弥散加权成像与多层螺旋CT多期增强扫描对肝癌检测的比较研究

目的:通过比较弥散加权成像(DWI)与多层螺旋CT(MSCT)多期增强扫描对肝癌的检出敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,评价DWI对肝癌的诊断价值.方法:对55例CT平扫疑为肝癌的患者进行常规磁共振扫描+DWI及MSCT多期增强扫描.由两名高级职称的影像诊断医师进行双盲阅片,达成一致的诊断意见,统计两种检查方式对小肝癌(直径≤3 cm)和非小肝癌(直径＞3cm)病灶的检出敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,并对两种检查方式对小肝癌的诊断能力行受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析.结果:对于小肝癌病灶,DWI对病灶的检出敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为94.4％、50.0％、94.4％、50.0％,而MSCT多期增强扫描为55.6％、50.0％、90.9％、11.1％;对于非小肝癌病灶,DWI对病灶的检出敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为89.4％、66.7％、97.2％、33.3％,而MSCT为92.3％、33.3％、94.7％、25.0％.对于小肝癌病灶,ROC曲线下平均面积DWI为0.944,高于MSCT多期增强扫描的0.889,并且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:应用DWI有助于提高肝癌尤其是小肝癌的检出敏感性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.