人头包干付费模式对产科医药费用影响的研究

目的:通过对职工生育保险人头包干支付模式对产科医药费用影响的研究,探讨医疗保险支付方式对医疗服务和药品费用的制约作用,以期控制医药费用的不合理增长。方法:统计2008—2011年间银川市职工生育保险参保职工住院分娩的住院医药费用和药品费用等,用统计学方法比较人头包干付费前后,各项费用的变化情况。结果:人头包干付费实施后,研究对象的人均住院费用、人均药品费用、药占比均有降低。结论:人头包干付费对降低职工生育保险参保职工住院分娩费用效果明显,通过费用限制,在控制医药费用不合理增长中起到了积极作用。     

支付方式对住院分娩费用的影响——基于四所县医院的抽样调查

目的：分析不同支付方式对住院分娩服务费用的影响,以及是否可以降低个人自付费用。方法：使用双重差分的方法,以按项目付费为对照组,分析按人头付费、单病种付费一剖官产控制、单病种付费在住院分娩补助项目实施前后对不同分娩方式分娩费用的影响。结果：按人头付费和单病种付费可以有效降低顺产的住院分娩费用和个人自付费用,但按人头付费对剖宫产的住院分娩费用无影响。结论：支付方式改革确实可以控制医疗费用和个人自付费用,但同时必须注意服务类型的影响。     

杭州市甲状腺恶性肿瘤单病种定额付费实施效果评价

目的：以甲状腺恶性肿瘤为例分析杭州市单病种定额付费实施的效果及存在的问题。方法：利用方差分析、t检验和Mann-whitney非参数检验等统计学方法分析实施单病种定额付费前后患者次均费用、明细费用、平均住院日等数据的变化情况。结果：实施单病种定额付费后,患者次均费用下降3 566元,其中药费下降1 775元,下降幅度最为显著（P < 0.05）;Mann-whitney非参数检验结果显示平均住院日差别有统计学意义,实施单病种定额付费后平均住院日下降2.8天。结论：单病种定额付费实施后有效降低了甲状腺恶性肿瘤患者的医疗费用,减轻了患者的负担,建议制定科学合理的付费机制,将更多疾病纳入单病种定额付费管理。     

单病种付费政策效应分析——以徐州市某三甲医院为例

目的 分析单病种付费政策的费用控制效果以及对医院、患者、医保基金等方面的影响,评估政策的实施效果,为医保支付方式改革提供参考。方法 使用2017—2019年徐州市某三甲医院的数据,建立双重差分(difference - in - differences, DID)模型分析胃息肉患者次均住院费用、次均自付费用、住院天数、实际补偿比等相关指标在政策实施前后的变化。结果 政策实施后,次均住院费用下降29.46%,次均自付费用下降38.37%,住院天数下降59.71%,月均住院人次数增加55.30%,单病种月收入基本维持稳定。结论 单病种付费政策能够有效降低患者的次均费用和自付比例、提高医疗机构效率、维持医保基金稳定运行。在疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related groups, DRGs)条件不成熟的情况下,单病种付费政策依然具有应用价值。     

住院分娩医保按人头付费降低剖宫产率的探讨

目的了解住院分娩产妇按人头付费对降低剖宫产率的影响。方法通过分析国内剖宫产率居高不下的主要影响因素,对比国内外医保支付方式,对按人头付费医保方式进行探讨。结果按人头付费医保方式可有效降低剖宫产率和住院费用,促进医疗质量,降低新生儿死亡率。结论通过住院分娩医保按人头付费,降低非医学因素的剖宫产,医师始终遵循临床路径管理指南,避免了重复检查、可避免的药品使用和耗材的消耗,因而实现了优质服务和适度医疗的统一,不仅保证了参保人员享受基本医疗服务的权益,也保障了医疗质量和医院的合理利益,同时,使医疗机构逐步将工作的重点转向预防保健。通过加强孕期教育,降低剖宫产率,降低成本,增加业务收支结余,配合医疗体制改革,具有重要的社会效益和经济效益。为降低剖宫产率,必须改变现有的医保按病种付费的支付模式。     

住院分娩医保按人头付费降低剖宫产率的探讨

目的了解住院分娩产妇按人头付费对降低剖宫产率的影响。方法通过分析国内剖宫产率居高不下的主要影响因素,对比国内外医保支付方式,对按人头付费医保方式进行探讨。结果按人头付费医保方式可有效降低剖宫产率和住院费用,促进医疗质量,降低新生儿死亡率。结论通过住院分娩医保按人头付费,降低非医学因素的剖宫产。医师始终遵循临床路径管理指南,避免了重复检查、可避免的药品使用和耗材的消耗,因而实现了优质服务和适度医疗的统一,不仅保证了参保人员享受基本医疗服务的权益,也保障了医疗质量和医院的合理利益,同时,使医疗机构逐步将工作的重点转向预防保健工作,通过加强孕期教育,降低剖宫产率,降低成本,增加业务收支结余,配合医疗体制改革,具有重要的社会效益和经济效益高。为了降低剖宫产率,必须改变现有的医保按病种付费的支付模式。     

天津市参保糖尿病门特患者按人头付费模式探讨及效果评价

目的探讨按人头付费模式控制参保糖尿病(DM)门诊特殊病种(简称门特)患者门诊费用的效果,旨在为该政策的进一步完善提供科学依据。方法从天津市医疗保险数据库中选取2013年1月1日至2014年12月31日天津市全部871 371例次DM门特患者就诊记录,收集性别、年龄、医保类型、疾病诊断、是否参加按人头付费模式、医院级别和各项门诊费用等相关信息。按照患者是否参加按人头付费分为参加按人头付费的DM门特组(简称按人头付费组,9 505例次)和未参加按人头付费的DM门特组(简称门特组,共861 866例次)。用R 3.4.2统计学软件进行Wilcoxon秩和检验和χ2检验。采用多因素logistic回归分析患者参加按人头付费的影响因素。采用多重线性回归分析DM门诊费用的影响因素。采用倾向性评分匹配法及双重差分模型评估按人头付费模式实施后,DM患者门诊费用的变化情况。结果共871 371例次DM门特患者就诊记录纳入本研究。其中男性439 426例次(50.43%),女性431 945例次(49.57%)。年龄中位数为60岁(P25～P75:54～68岁)。2013年天津市DM门诊总费用约27亿元,2014年约33亿元。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄越大(OR=1.008,95%CI:1.005～1.010),并发症数目越多(OR=1.365,95%CI:1.338～1.392),在二级医院就诊(OR=2.496,95%CI:2.332～2.671),医保类型为城镇职工医保(OR=4.824,95%CI:4.156～5.598),男性患者(OR=1.098,95%CI:1.037～1.163)参加人头付费的可能性越大。多重线性回归分析结果显示,年龄、性别、医保类型、并发症数目、医院级别和是否参加按人头付费是DM患者各项门诊费用的影响因素(P0.05)。倾向性评分匹配前,按人头付费组和门特组在性别、年龄、并发症数目、医保类型和医院级别的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);倾向性评分匹配后,两组间以上因素的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),且按人头付费组的药品费、检查费、治疗费和门诊总费用均明显高于门特组。双重差分结果显示,2014年天津市参加按人头付费模式的DM患者各项门诊费用均高于门特患者,其中全年平均药品费高出2 228.86元/例次,检查费高出83.03元/例次,治疗费高出6.10元/例次,门诊总费用高出2 368.18元/例次,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论按人头付费模式对DM门特患者各项门诊费用的控制效果有限,建议各部门加强监管,建立有效机制以完善按人头付费政策,在控制医疗费用的同时,使患者得到更好的医疗服务。     

定额付费对剖宫产率影响的实验研究

目的:当前剖宫产率过高已成为严重的公共卫生问题。通过该实验来验证定额付费对医院降低剖宫产率的作用,为新医改政策的落实提供实证依据。方法:对参合孕产妇住院分娩实行定额付费,即:不论平产、阴道助产、剖宫产均支付同等数额的住院费用。将定额付费作为实验因素,观察干预组与对照组、干预组实施前后剖宫产率、平均住院费用和死亡率等指标变化。结果:干预地区实施该方法后剖宫产率降低14.08个百分点,平均住院费用降低33.96%。结论:改革付费机制,可以有效改变医院的行为,达到降低剖宫产率、控制费用和提高医疗质量三重目的。     

总额预付对某医院住院费用的实施效果分析

目的通过比较分析住院费用在总额预付制实施前后的变化情况,探讨总额预付的改革效果,为医保付费方式研究提供基础。方法选取2010年6月—2014年6月的住院次均费用、住院药品次均费用、住院检查次均费用和平均住院日等数据,统计方法用F检验和Wilcoxon秩和检验。结果实施后住院次均费用下降6.99%,药品次均费用下降31.79%,检查次均费用下降15.10%,结果具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论总额预付制可以有效降低住院医疗费用、药占比和平均住院日,控制了医疗费用的大幅增长,降低了患者的费用负担,但这种模式仍然存在一定的问题,需要进一步完善。     

北京某院DRGs付费改革实施效果分析——以经皮冠状动脉支架植入病组为例

[目的]对比分析CHS-DRG政策实施前后北京X医院出院结算纳入经皮冠状动脉支架植入病组的患者费用情况。[方法]采用横断面研究方法，对比分析政策实施前后(2019年、2021年)该院出院结算纳入经皮冠状动脉支架植入病组的各项数据指标进行统计分析。[结果]政策实施后，冠脉支架植入患者的住院例均费用平均降低了18,944.73元，例均个人负担平均降低了9172.37元，患者例均自付比例降低了7.86%。费用构成方面，耗材费用占比下降了21.56%。体现临床价值的医疗服务收入占比提升了20.97%。医院例均可支配收入增加了9357.19元。[结论]DRGs付费改革有利于不断规范医院和医务人员的医疗行为，有效控制医疗费用不合理增长，减轻参保人的就医经济负担。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.