腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及临床

目的: 改进和完善下腹部横行腹直肌(transverse rectus abdom in is myocutaneous,TRAM)肌皮瓣乳房再造术式。方法: 将TRAM瓣改进为保留腹直肌及其前鞘的下腹部横行腹壁下动脉穿支(deep inferior epigastric perforator,DIEP)皮瓣用于乳房再造4例,并复习文献阐述其优点。结果: 皮瓣全部成活,不仅再造了乳房,同时又有腹壁整形的效果,患者满意。结论: 该皮瓣具有TRAM瓣的所有优点,又避免了腹部并发症;DIEP瓣的大小、厚薄、血管蒂的长短应用都有很大的灵活性,从而大大拓宽了临床应用范围。     

腹壁下动脉穿支横行下腹部皮瓣游离移植乳房再造

目的 对下腹部横行腹直肌(TRAM)肌皮瓣的术式进行改进和完善，从而避免腹部并发症，扩大皮瓣的临床应用范围。方法 TRAM瓣改进为保留腹直肌及其前鞘，分离出腹壁下动脉穿支横行下腹部皮瓣(DIEP)，用于21例乳房再造。结果 20例双侧腹壁下动脉的双蒂穿支皮瓣病例全部成活；1例仅保留单侧穿支的皮瓣远端出现缺血现象。随访5月～3年，再造乳房外形满意，未见腹壁薄弱、腹疝等腹部并发症发生。下腹供区疤痕隐蔽，同时也达到了腹壁整形减肥的效果。结论 移植横行下腹部DIEP瓣再造乳房，供区损伤小，组织量充足，血供丰富，是目前最为理想的手术方法。DIEP瓣也能根据需要修复多种软组织缺损，因保留了腹直肌及其前鞘，对供区的创伤最小，对肥胖者还能起到腹壁整形的作用。该皮瓣的应用代表了整形外科的发展方向。     

应用多源性供血腹部皮瓣再造阴茎

目的探讨采用多源性供血腹部皮瓣作阴茎再造的临床效果。方法根据腹壁多源性供血的解剖学基础,设计以含腹壁下脐旁穿支血管（1～2支以上）及腹壁浅或旋髂浅血管供血的皮下筋膜蒂或带皮肤筋膜窄蒂,保留腹直肌前鞘、仅带少量肌袖。对皮下脂肪厚的腹壁皮瓣,将远端不少于1／2预制成真皮下血管网皮瓣作阴茎再造。结果手术均获成功,皮瓣完全成活,外形逼真,功能较为满意。结论采用腹部深浅两套以上血管支供血的腹部皮瓣,是阴茎再造较理想的选择方法。     

腹壁上动脉蒂下腹部横形皮瓣的临床应用

目的:总结以腹壁上动脉为蒂的下腹部横形皮瓣行乳房重建和胸部创面修复的临床应用经验。方法:以腹壁上动脉为蒂,腹壁上、下动脉运行区域携带约中1/3部分腹直肌及前鞘的下腹部横形皮瓣共10例,其中应用于乳腺癌根治术后即刻乳房重建5例,修复胸壁放射性溃疡3例,复发性乳腺癌再手术创面一期修复2例。结果:皮瓣16cm×8cm~25cm×14cm,10例皮瓣全部成活,腹部创面均直接拉拢缝合,胸、腹部没有严重并发症发生。随访3个月至3年,皮瓣受区外形满意,腹部无腹壁疝发生及明显腹壁薄弱表现。结论:携带约中部1/3部分腹直肌肌束及前鞘的腹壁上动脉为蒂的下腹部横形皮瓣,有可靠的血供,皮瓣切取面积大,操作简化,能有效地防止腹壁疝和腹壁薄弱的发生,是乳房重建和胸壁创面修复的理想选择。     

Extended pedicle rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for thigh reconstruction

A rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap can provide a large amount of tissue for defect coverage. Rarely a flabby and redundant abdominal tissue was used as a huge extended flap. We report a case of recurrence malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the thigh which was radically resected. The resultant massive defect was success reconstructed with an extended pedicle inferiorly based rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap.     

游离肌皮瓣修复下肢大面积软组织缺损

目的:探讨下肢软组织缺损的修复。方法:受区彻底清创,并解剖出拟吻合的胫前或胫后血管。合并骨折者先安装外固定架,再依软组织缺损面积切取背阔肌皮瓣或腹直肌皮瓣。皮瓣移至受区,胸背血管或腹壁下血管与胫前或胫后血管吻合。结果:应用该方法共修复29例,21例采用腹直肌皮瓣,8倒背阔肌皮瓣。皮瓣全部成活。结论:胸背皮瓣和背阔肌皮瓣血管蒂恒定,可切取面积大,是修复下肢软组织缺损的较好皮瓣。     

用于颌骨重建的腓骨肌瓣的制备

目的　总结用于颌骨重建的腓骨肌瓣制备的经验。方法　制备腓骨肌瓣，修复下颌骨缺损。结果　７ 例移植骨均成活，供区下肢功能无影响。结论　腓骨肌瓣材料丰富，制备方便；腓动、静脉血管蒂及肌袖的妥善保护是腓骨肌瓣制备的关键。     

带血管蒂胸脐皮瓣临床应用20例分析

应用带血管蒂胸脐皮瓣修复会阴，手和前臂远端缺损２０例，取得较好效果。会阴部缺损以腹壁下血管为蒂岛状胸脐皮瓣修复；手及前臂远端缺损以腹壁下血管脐旁穿支为蒂胸脐皮瓣修复。修复手和前臂远端的胸脐皮瓣其远端１／２～２／３都修薄成真皮下血管网皮瓣。对解剖学要点，手术操作及皮瓣修薄等进行了讨论。     

腓肠内侧动脉带蒂皮瓣与肌瓣移植治疗小腿软组织缺损

对21例髌前和胫前区软组织缺损，采用腓肠内侧动脉穿支带蒂皮瓣或肌瓣治疗，其中皮瓣10例，肌瓣11例。2例术后发生表浅感染，皮瓣和肌瓣全部成活，取得了较满意的效果。提示带蒂移植适宜修复髌前或胫前软组织缺损。     

双蒂胸骨甲状肌甲状舌骨肌甲状软骨膜瓣喉功能重建21例分析

目的:探讨喉癌行垂直部分喉切除术后的修复方法.方法:对21例T1、T2声门型、声门上型喉癌行垂直部分喉切除术,术中运用单侧双蒂胸骨甲状肌甲状舌骨肌甲状软骨膜瓣进行修复治疗.结果:术后拔管率为100%(21/21),发声良好率为90.5%(19/21).结论:双蒂胸骨甲状肌甲状舌骨肌甲状软骨膜瓣是喉垂直部分切除术后修复较理想的方法之一.     

带血管蒂的股薄肌瓣修复会阴部缺损的应用解剖

目的 :为带血管蒂股薄肌瓣转位修补会阴缺损提供解剖学基础。方法 :对30侧成尸下肢股薄肌的主要血管、神经 ,血管蒂的长度 ,入肌部位等进行解剖学观测。结果 :股薄肌的血供主要由股深动脉的股薄肌支 ,血管蒂长(120 5±1.1)mm ,起始处外径(3.0±0.3)mm ,入肌部位在股薄肌中上1/3交界处前缘深面。股薄肌由闭孔神经前支支配。结论 :以中、上段血管为蒂股薄肌瓣转位修复会阴部缺损 ,术式可行     

以眼轮匝肌为蒂的皮下蒂皮瓣修复上下睑缺损

目的 :探讨以眼轮匝肌为血供的皮下蒂皮瓣修复上下睑缺损的可行性。方法 :通过对 30例动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人头颅标本 ,解剖观察眼轮匝肌形态及血供 ,临床修复 8例上下睑缺损 ,为眼轮匝肌为蒂的皮下蒂皮瓣的使用提供可靠的依据。结果 :8例上下睑缺损修复均取得满意效果。结论 :以眼轮匝肌为蒂的皮下蒂皮瓣是修复上下睑缺损理想的组织材料     

Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for breast reconstruction: experience with 43 flaps

Background In the past decade, there has been increasing breast reconstructions after mastectomy. The ideal material for reconstruction of a breast is fat and skin. The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap has been the gold standard for breast reconstruction until recently. Abdominal wall function is a major concern for plastic surgeons in breast reconstruction with TRAM flaps. The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) free flap spares the whole rectus abdominis muscle, includes skin and fat only, and therefore preserves adequate abdominal wall competence. The aim of this study was to summarize our experience in breast reconstruction with DIEP flap.Methods Between March 2000 and August 2005, a total of 43 breast reconstructions were performed on 40 patients by our surgeons using DIEP flap (3 patients had bilateral procedures), 14 of them were immediate surgeries and 26 were delayed. Abdominal function, satisfaction with the donor site and reconstructed breast, and the sensation recovery was assessed respectively during follow-up. Results The mean age of the patients was 38.6 years (range, 28－50). The size of the flaps was 11 cm×26 cm in average (height 10－12 cm, width 15－33 cm). The mean length of the vascular pedicles was 9.3 cm (range, 7－12). The patients were followed up for a mean of 16 months (range, 6－30 months). During the follow-up, 2 (5%) patients had total flap loss, 2 (5%) had partial necrosis, 4 (9%) had wound edge necrosis in the abdomen, and 1 had axillary seroma. None of the patients had hernia, and all of them were able to resume their daily activities after the operation. Patient satisfaction with the reconstructed breast rated high, 95% of the patients achieved spontaneous return of sensation in the reconstructed breast, but none of them had a sensation equivalent or approximate to the normal. Conclusions The DIEP flap has the same benefits as the TRAM flap without destroying the continuity of the rectus muscle. It can reduce donor-site morbidity and provide an aesthetic refinement in breast reconstruction.     

One-stage extralong neurovascular pedicled segmental muscle flap transfer in the treatment of late facial paralysis]

One-stage extralong neurovascular pedicled segmental muscle flap transfer was used in the treatment of late facial paralysis in 10 cases. The length of ultralong neurovascular pedicle (14-17.5 cm) was longer than that of normal muscle flap (3.5-8 cm), since the former included dorsal thoracic artery, vein and nerve with their branches and ending segments as a whole. Compared with the current operations, the design of this operation can omit the cross-facial nerve graft in the first stage of operation and prevent the possible failure of additional nerve anastomosis. Ten cases were followed up for more than a year. All of them revealed voluntary movement of the transferred muscle flap with satisfactory results.     

创伤致皮肤软组织缺损的皮瓣修复

目的：进一步阐明带蒂皮瓣和游离皮瓣在创伤救治中的价值,总结应用中的经验体会。方法：对１９９１～１９９８年收治的创伤早晚期的住院病例进行分析总结。结果;本组２２８例需皮瓣修复的病例中用带蒂皮瓣修复１７６例,用游离皮瓣修复５２例,占同期创伤病例４６４例的４９．１％,常见的严重手部挫斯脱伤多应用以旋骼浅血管为蒂的骼腰部皮瓣和以腹壁下浅血管为蒂的下腹部皮瓣带蒂移植修复,在远位皮瓣中应用的比例较高（５０．０     

吻合血管的腓肠内侧动脉肌瓣治疗足部损伤的临床观察

应用吻合血管腓肠内侧动脉肌瓣移植治疗足部软组织缺损7例（男性6例,女性1例）。年龄19～46岁（平均33岁）。肌瓣表面行一期中厚网状游离植皮,供区直接缝合。术后随访7个月-5．5年（平均2．5年）,肌瓣和其上植皮全部成活。无明显的供区功能障碍。取得了较满意的效果。该肌瓣具有血供丰富、血管解剖恒定以及血管蒂长等优点,游离移植适于修复足部软组织缺损。     

桥式交叉游离股前外侧肌皮瓣移植修复小腿大面积软组织缺损

目的观察桥式交叉游离股前外侧肌皮瓣移植修复小腿大面积软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法应用桥式交叉游离股前外侧肌皮瓣移植修复小腿严重创伤后大面积皮肤软组织缺损合并深部组织外露的患者8例。软组织缺损范围最小28cm×9cm,最大23cm×20cm。术后两下肢用单臂外固定支架固定于平行位,3周断蒂。结果皮瓣全部成活,无血管危象发生。有1例因皮瓣过大皮瓣远端尖部坏死,经换药后愈合。随访3～10个月（平均8个月）,皮瓣质地柔软,外形满意,骨折6～7个月愈合。结论该方法特别适宜小腿因严重创伤后肢体仅残留有1根主干血管,局部带蒂皮瓣不能修复的巨大创面,必须应用游离皮瓣移植覆盖创面的患者。在修复患肢缺损同时把健肢损伤降低到最低限度。     

腓肠内侧动脉为蒂的肌瓣转移修复髌前软组织缺损

目的:总结腓肠内侧动脉带蒂肌瓣修复髌前软组织缺损的临床应用结果。方法:用这种方法修复5例髌前区软组织缺损,行一期中厚网状游离植皮,供区直接缝合,供区均选用同侧小腿。结果:除1例术后发生表浅感染经交换敷料逐渐愈合,其他4例肌瓣和其上植皮均全部成活,无供区功能障碍,取得满意效果。结论:该肌瓣以腓肠内侧动脉为血供,具有血供丰富、血管解剖恒定、血管蒂长、肌瓣较薄的优点,带蒂移植适宜修复髌前软组织缺损。     

带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸10例疗效分析

目的:探讨漏斗胸的外科治疗。方法:应用带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术对10例漏斗胸病人进行外科治疗。结果:本组病例手 术效果满意,术中翻转胸骨片血运丰富,术后长期随诊,无复发。结论:带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸具有手术操作简便、出血少、 术后恢复快、矫正效果满意、术后无复发等特点。     

背阔肌组织瓣在口腔颌面外科中的应用

目的 探讨背阔肌组织瓣的应用解剖学特点，及其在口腔颌面外科组织缺损和功能重建中的用途及优缺点。方法 对51例背阔肌组织瓣整复口腔颌面部缺损或畸形的病例进行临床分析总结。结果 51例组织瓣均成活，成活率100％。肌皮瓣有效地修复了组织缺损，解除了烧伤疤痕引起的颌颈粘连。肌瓣整复面部萎缩畸形8例术后外形丰满对称。节段肌瓣治疗面瘫24例术后8－12mo随访功能重建优良率83．3％。结论 背阔肌可以形成肌瓣、肌皮瓣或骨肌皮瓣，组织量充分，是口腔颌面部组织缺损修复、面部畸形整复及功能重建的良好材料，手术并发症率低。其缺点是术中需变换患体位，不利于两组人员同时操作，延长了手术时间。