Head injuries after serious bicycle accidents

Between 1987 and 1988 there were 47 serious or fatal injuries among bicycle riders in the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo (Serious injury was defined as being hospitalized for at least 24 hours). Collisions with vehicles, mostly cars, were responsible for about 80% of these cases. Two-thirds of the accidents occurred in adults aged 20 and over.We were able to trace the records of 24 of the 47 who were injured. Head trauma was the most common form of severe injury, occurring in 11 of the 24 cases. Two of the 11 died instantly and one died after 14 days of hospitalization, all from severe brain damage. Eight suffered severe head trauma, 7 of which had brain injury and 2 of the 7 were left with severe residual brain damage. In view of the efficacy of bicycle helmets in preventing head trauma there is a great need to expand their use among bicyclists in Israel.Corresponding author.     

Head injuries incurred by children and young adults during informal recreation.

To examine injuries related to playground equipment, children's vehicles, roller skates, and skateboards, 1991 data on emergency room patients younger than 25 years in the Consumer Product Safety Commission's 91 surveillance hospitals were used. Head injury was the primary diagnosis for an estimated 58,480 patients, exceeding the total number of head injuries to bicyclists younger than 25 years. The head injury rate decreased with age. The large number and high rate of head injuries in children involved in a variety of recreational activities suggests the value of multipurpose helmets.     

Head and spinal cord injuries: a pilot study of morbidity survey procedures.

This paper describes a pilot case-finding survey which allowed statistical resolution of a number of methodological issues facing researchers who conduct such surveys. The pilot study for a national survey assessing the incidence, prevalence, and economic impact of head and spinal cord injuries, was conducted in eight geographically representative country sites and involved a study of field procedures in several different types of medical facilities. The scope of this paper is limited to the study of procedures used in hospitals. It concluded that: (1) inexperienced field staff were as productive as experienced field staff for activities such as listing discharges and abstracting patient records; (2) field staff familiarity with facility record systems was associated with success in securing hospital cooperation; (3) endorsements by national chapters of relevant professional and health-related associations were sufficient for securing hospital cooperation; and (4) neither hospital characteristics (e.g., size) nor the degree of participation by cooperating hospitals was associated with any significant differences in field staff productivity.     

Head injuries in accident and emergency departments. How different are children from adults?

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim of the study was to examine the differences between child and adult patients attending accident and emergency departments after recent head injuries. DESIGN AND SETTING--A retrospective survey based on existing case records from 23 Scottish accident and emergency departments for 1985 was compared with prospective data from one hospital over 9 months in 1984. PATIENTS--3838 children under 15 and 4775 adults attended hospital with head injuries during the period analysed. MAIN RESULTS--Only 9% of children and 20% of adults had evidence of brain damage (altered consciousness on arrival, or history of altered consciousness with amnesia on arrival). Scalp lacerations were recorded in approximately 40% of both children and adults, more commonly in those without brain damage. Fewer children than adults had a skull x ray; in both age groups x rays were more often done if there was evidence of brain damage, headache, or vomiting, and less often when there was a scalp laceration. Only 11% of children were admitted compared with 20% of adults. Admission rates per 100,000 population per year were 4011 for children and 1473 for adults (1967 overall); admission rates for brain damage were 290 for children and 341 for adults (331 overall). CONCLUSIONS--These are the first population based estimates of frequency of head injuries presenting at accident and emergency departments, analysed by age, gender and cause of injury. They should be of value when planning services for the head injured.     

股骨头是如何坏死的

目前，大概没有一种骨科疾患能像股骨头骨坏死那样为人们所熟知和关心。股骨头坏死是在X线技术应用于骨科以后才做出的诊断。近百年来．骨科医师和基础医学工作者对此病进行了多学科的深入研究．新的诊断和治疗方法不断涌现。但是，就目前的医疗水平．尚无一种理想的治疗方法能完全控制股骨头坏死的进展。