胶原-壳聚糖复合材料作为组织工程支架的研究

目的 本研究考察壳聚糖对于胶原膜理化性质的影响,选择合适比例的胶原-壳聚糖复合膜作为骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）载体.方法 胶原溶涨液中添加一定比例的壳聚糖,交联并冷冻干燥制备多孔组织工程支架,研究壳聚糖对胶原膜形态学、孔隙率、机械强度、降解特性等理化性质的影响,并初步探讨了胶原-壳聚糖材料作为组织工程三维支架材料与BMSCs的相容性.结果 制备的胶原-壳聚糖支架孔径分布均匀;相对于单纯胶原海绵支架,胶原-壳聚糖复合材料支架降低体外降解速度,提高支架材料的力学性能,稳定支架的结构.BMSCs种植于胶原-壳聚糖（mCol∶mCS=9∶1）支架14 d时,SEM观察到细胞通过微绒毛与支架纤维复合,细胞相容性好.结论 胶原-壳聚糖复合支架有良好的细胞相容性,作为BMSCs诱导体外支架材料具有好的研究前景.     

血管铸型技术检测组织工程多孔支架血管化的实验研究

目的　探索利用血管铸型技术观察组织工程多孔支架体内再血管化情况的可行性。　方法　将DegraPol多孔管状支架置入SD大鼠腹腔大网膜包埋1周,应用解剖学中的血管铸型技术,观察组织工程支架体内形成新生血管的情况。　结果　大网膜包埋后在DegraPol支架外部发现有较多的蓝色显影微细血管环绕,在微孔支架内部,蓝色显影穿透支架并沿支架内孔分布。　结论　血管铸型适合用于微血管检测,可作为组织工程人工器官再血管化检测的一种新方法。     

聚乳酸/壳聚糖多孔支架材料的生物学性能评价

通过过敏试验、热原试验和细胞培养与毒性试验，对聚乳酸(PLA)／壳聚糖多孔支架材料进行了生物学评价。结果显示，聚乳酸／壳聚糖复合三维多孔材料均呈阴性，符合ISO 10993-1标准，细胞能在材料表面更好的贴附和生长。所以，本材料具有良好的生物相容性，可以用作细胞支架材料植入体内。     

预分化脂肪干细胞与纤维蛋白胶和磷酸钙骨水泥自体异位构建血管化移植物

背景：预构骨皮瓣研究启发人们构建预构血管化骨进行游离移植来替代带血管蒂游离自体骨移植修复大段骨缺损的想法。 目的：设计一种基于预分化脂肪干细胞、纤维蛋白胶和多孔磷酸钙骨水泥支架复合体的血管化移植物。 方法：将体外分离培养的大鼠脂肪干细胞在条件培养基中进行血管内皮细胞定向分化,经鉴定活性后,复合至纤维蛋白胶和多孔磷酸钙骨水泥构建血管化组织工程支架。将血管化组织工程支架、纤维蛋白胶/多孔磷酸钙骨水泥支架及多孔磷酸钙骨水泥支架分别植入SD大鼠股四头肌肌袋内,植入后2,4周进行组织学检测、血管定量分析和Western blot检测。 结果与结论：向血管内皮细胞分化的脂肪干细胞与纤维蛋白胶和多孔磷酸钙骨水泥共培养7 d,可见细胞密度适中,与支架组织结合较好。植入实验中,各组支架孔隙中充填有纤维血管组织和脂肪组织,血管化组织工程组支架孔隙中均长入大量血管,并有小动脉长入,不同时间点的血管直径和数量及血管内皮生长因子C的表达量均优于纤维蛋白胶/多孔磷酸钙骨水泥组和多孔磷酸钙骨水泥组(P < 0.01)。表明构建的血管化组织工程支架能够实现可靠迅速血管化。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

具有三层管壁结构组织工程血管支架的生物力学性能

目的针对组织工程血管的体内培养技术路线，对所制备的具有三层管壁结构的组织工程血管支架的生物力学性能进行测试，并研究了壁厚对支架力学性能的影响，以保证后续的动物体内移植实验能顺利进行。方法采用涂敷，喷涂．滤沥的方法制备了具有三层管壁结构（多孔PLGA层．致密PU层．多孔PLGA层）的可降解组织工程血管支架，用自制的设备测试了其爆破强度和径向顺应性，并对血管支架进行了缝合强度的测试。结果所制备的厚度为0．295mm-0．432mm的三层结构血管支架的径向顺应性为3．80％／100mmHg-0．57％／100mmHg，爆破强度为160kPa～183kPa，缝合强度为0．63N／针～1．52N／针。结论支架的管壁厚度，尤其是中间层厚度，对支架的力学性能有重要影响。增大壁厚可导致径向顺应性急剧下降，爆破强度和缝合强度线性提高。在所制备的样品中，管壁厚度为0．295mm的支架其综合力学性能最优，可满足血管组织工程体内植入的力学性能要求。     

胶原-壳聚糖/bFGF培养人成纤维细胞生物特性研究

目的：研究一种适于人成纤雏细胞生长的组织工程支架材料，确定碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)的用量。材料与方法：采用胶原与壳聚糖整合bFGF做为人成纤维细胞生长的支架材料，用体外细胞培养法确定胶原与壳聚糖在材料中的配比，用体外细胞相容性直观法观察材料与人成纤维细胞的相容性。结果：选择出了胶原与壳聚糖在材料中较佳的配比，确定了bFGF在材料中的用量范围．人成纤维细胞在胶碌一壳聚糖／bFGF膜持续生长繁殖，具有生物降解性。材料与细胞呈低毒性反应。结论：胶原—壳聚糖／bFGF可做为组织工程的支架材料。     

负载可降解缓释微球壳聚糖支架的生物相容性

背景:负载缓释转化生长因子β1微球壳聚糖支架在体外能够促进软骨细胞生长,且可以诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向软细胞分化,有望作为软骨缺损修复的组织工程材料,然而要进行相应体内实验,其生物相容性是不容忽视的。目的:制备负载缓释微球壳聚糖支架并对其生物相容性进行体内外评价。方法:以溶血试验、急性毒性实验、皮内刺激实验、热源性实验、肌内植入实验,评价自制负载缓释微球壳聚糖支架的生物相容性。结果与结论:支架溶血率为1.6%,镜下未见明显红细胞破坏;材料急性毒性评价程度为无毒;皮内原发刺激记分及原发刺激指数均为0;热源性实验体温升高为(0.17±0.06)℃;肌内植入实验大鼠均成活,全身良好、无感染,4周左右新生毛正常分布,8周大体观察支架周围血管明显增多,与周围肌组织整合良好,心肝肺肾等内脏均无特殊变化,随时间延长,淋巴细胞浸润逐渐减少,可见血管及纤维长入支架,包裹逐渐变薄,支架渐降解。结果说明负载微球多孔壳聚糖支架具有优良的生物相容性。     

犬平滑肌样细胞和胶原包埋PGA支架组织的相容性

目的 研究骨髓间充质干细胞所诱导的犬平滑肌样细胞和胶原包埋聚羟基乙酸（PGA）支架的组织相容性。方法 胶原包埋PGA构建复合支架,犬骨髓间充质干细胞诱导血管平滑肌样细胞,评价组织相容性。结果 HE染色见胶原包埋PGA组有平滑肌样细胞生长;甲苯胺蓝染色见平滑肌样细胞被染成浅蓝色,胶原包埋PGA组较单纯PGA组明显增多;电镜观察,胶原包埋PGA组可见到细胞在支架上贴附和生长良好。结论 细胞和胶原包埋PGA的支架组织相容性良好。     

多孔壳聚糖膜的制备及皮下植入组织学观察

目的 分析交联剂戊二醛对多孔壳聚糖膜孔隙率与孔径的影响,并探讨该多孔膜作为皮下植入式葡萄糖传感器保护膜的可行性.方法 通过致孔剂法利用硅胶和不同量的戊二醛制成多孔壳聚糖膜,并采用密度法和切片法分析其孔隙率与孔径等结构参数,扫描电子显微镜观察其表面形态.将无交联的多孔膜植入到9只SD大鼠皮下,第7、17、45天取材切片染色,观察组织形态学变化,定量分析多孔膜内外胶原沉积与血管增生密度.结果 戊二醛能提高多孔壳聚糖膜的孔隙率,5％交联度时孔隙率最大达76.2％/73.0％(密度法/切片法),但同时降低了多孔膜孔径.使用孔径最大的不交联多孔膜(38.5 μm)皮下植入,膜内胶原沉积含量由第7天的6.74％增加到第45天的22.5％,而Masson染色测量的膜内增生血管密度由0.37％增加到2.56％,与HE染色测量结果一致(由0.11％增加到1.65％).第45天时膜外胶原沉积含量38.3％,是膜内的1.7倍.结论 多孔壳聚糖膜能降低材料-组织界面纤维成分的致密性,增加血管增生,具有良好的组织相容性,有望应用于植入式葡萄糖传感器.     

新型壳聚糖-胶原支架与牙周膜细胞的生物相容性

背景：目前胶原作为牙周组织工程支架材料仍具有机械强度差、降解速度快等缺点,将其与壳聚糖复合可改善上述问题。 目的：评估新型壳聚糖-胶原支架材料的体外生物相容性。 方法：通过MTT法评估100%,75%,50%,25%壳聚糖-胶原支架材料浸提液对人牙周膜细胞的毒性。选择第4-6代生长状态良好的人牙周膜细胞与壳聚糖-胶原支架共培养,观察细胞在支架上的生长情况,并检测与壳聚糖-胶原支架复合培养前后人牙周膜细胞碱性磷酸酶活性的变化。 结果与结论：新型壳聚糖-胶原支架具有双层结构,一侧表面致密,一侧表面疏松多孔。MTT法检测不同浓度材料浸提液毒性评级为0或1级。扫描电子显微镜及组织学观察可见细胞在壳聚糖-胶原支架上增殖良好,且致密层可起屏障膜作用,阻挡细胞进入支架内部;复合培养24 h后,人牙周膜细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性与复合培养前无明显差异(P > 0.05),复合培养48,72 h后人牙周膜细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性高于复合培养前(P < 0.05)。以上结果提示新型壳聚糖-胶原支架具有良好的生物相容性及屏障功能,可进一步应用于牙周组织工程的研究。     

Enhanced angiogenesis in porous collagen-chitosan scaffolds loaded with angiogenin

Artificial dermis lacks a vascular network, and angiogenesis is slow in vivo. Controlled delivery of angiogenin (ANG), a potent inducer of angiogenesis, should promote angiogenesis in artificial dermis. In this study, a porous collagen-chitosan scaffold was fabricated and heparinized using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) with a freeze-drying method. Using radioiodine labeling, the effect of heparin on the binding of ANG to the scaffold was studied. The release of ANG from the heparinized scaffold was investigated using a radioiodine labeling method or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. In vivo angiogenesis of the scaffold was studied for 28 days. All scaffolds possess three-dimensional porous structures, and their mean pore sizes increase upon EDC-NHS cross-linking. The binding of ANG to the scaffold showed a linear correlation with ANG concentration. With ANG concentrations of 160 ng/mL, the binding of ANG to the heparinized scaffold was 36.5%. In vitro, ANG was released from the heparinized scaffold in a controlled manner. The presence of ANG enhanced the angiogenesis of the heparinized scaffold after subcutaneous implantation into rabbits. The results of this study indicate that a porous collagen-chitosan scaffold loaded with ANG may be valuable in the development of artificial dermis requiring enhanced angiogenesis.     

Promotion of angiogenesis by sustained release of rhGM-CSF from heparinized collagen/chitosan scaffolds

A novel dermal substitute of combining recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) with a porous heparinized collagen/chitosan scaffolds was developed, considering the inadequate angiogenesis during repair of full-thickness skin defects. The physicochemical properties of heparinized collagen/chitosan scaffolds were examined and in vitro release pattern of rhGM-CSF from scaffolds was measured by ELISA. Four groups of composite scaffolds (heparinized or unheparinized scaffolds loaded with or without rhGM-CSF) were fabricated for subcutaneous implantation in young adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Tissue specimens were harvested at different time points after implantation for histopathological, immunohistochemical observation, and Western blotting analysis. The heparinized scaffolds (H(1)E) showed slower biodegradation and sustained release of rhGM-CSF in vitro, although no significantly different release pattern was observed between the H(1)E and unheparinized scaffolds (H(0)E). In vivo investigation revealed that the heparinized scaffolds loaded with rhGM-CSF (H(1)E/rhGM-CSF) had the best cellular adhesion and migration, new vessel formation, and highest expression of VEGF and TGF-β1, indicating promoted angiogenesis. This study demonstrated that composite dermal substitute of combining rhGM-CSF with a porous heparinized collagen/chitosan scaffolds could be a potential therapeutic agent for full-thickness skin defects because of its sustained delivery of rhGM-CSF.     

Fabrication and characterization of hydrophilic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend cell scaffolds by melt-molding particulate-leaching method

Porous PLGA/PVA scaffolds were fabricated by blending poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to improve the hydrophilicity and cell compatibility of the scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. PLGA/PVA blend scaffolds with different PVA compositions up to 20wt% were fabricated by a melt-molding particulate-leaching method (non-solvent method). The prepared scaffolds were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry, the measurements of water contact angles and bi-axial tensile strengths, etc. for their surface and bulk characterizations. The scaffolds exhibited highly porous and open-cellular pore structures with almost same surface and interior porosities (pore size, 200-300 microm; porosity, about 90%). The PLGA/PVA blend scaffolds with PVA compositions more than 5% were easily wetted in cell culture medium without any prewetting treatments, which is highly desirable for tissue engineering applications. In vitro cell compatibility of the control hydrophobic PLGA and hydrophilized PLGA/PVA (5wt%) blend scaffolds was compared by the culture of human chondrocytes in the scaffolds and the following analyses by MTT assay and SEM observation. It was observed that the PLGA/PVA blend scaffold had better cell adhesion and growth than the control PLGA scaffold. For in vivo evaluation of tissue compatibility, the scaffolds were implanted into the skull defects of rabbits. The results were evaluated by histology examinations. The PLGA/PVA (5wt%) blend scaffold showed better bone ingrowth into the scaffold and new bone formation inside the scaffold than the PLGA scaffold. It seems that 5% addition of PVA to PLGA to fabricate PLGA/PVA blend scaffolds is enough for improving the hydrophilicity and cell compatibility of the scaffolds.     

胶原复合梯度磷酸三钙负载软骨细胞的体外培养

目的 观察新型三维支架材料胶原复合梯度磷酸三钙在体外与软骨细胞的相容性和黏附性,评价其作为软骨组织工程支架的可行性.方法 取8周龄新两兰大白兔膝关节软骨,以酶消化法获得高纯度软骨细胞,培养3代后与三维支架材料胶原复合梯度磷酸三钙在体外复合培养.用倒置相差显微镜、HE染色、免疫组织化学及扫描电镜观察软骨细胞形态、Ⅱ型胶原表达及成软骨能力,同时观察支架材料与软骨细胞的相容性.结果 扫描电镜观察显示支架材料具有疏松多孔结构,孔隙结构规则,孔径100～150 μm,材料内部孔与孔之间贯通良好.支架亲水性好.软骨细胞吸附于支架表面,增殖并逐渐顺孔隙迁徙至支架内部,在孔壁贴附良好,表型维持稳定,可分泌细胞外基质.结论 胶原复合梯度磷酸三钙三维支架具有良好的细胞相容性.     

Three-dimensional nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan scaffolds as potential tissue engineered periodontal tissue

The development of suitable three-dimensional scaffold for the maintenance of cellular viability and differentiation is critical for applications in periodontal tissue engineering. In this work, different ratios of porous nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan (HA/chitosan) scaffolds are prepared through a freeze-drying process. These scaffolds are evaluated in vitro by the analysis of microscopic structure, porosity, and cytocompatibility. The expression of type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity are detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Human periodontal ligament cells (HPLCs) transfected with enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) are seeded onto the scaffolds, and then these scaffolds are implanted subcutaneously into athymic mice. The results indicated that the porosity and pore diameter of the HA/chitosan scaffolds are lower than those of pure chitosan scaffold. The HA/chitosan scaffold containing 1% HA exhibited better cytocompatibility than the pure chitosan scaffold. The expression of type I collagen and ALP are up-regulated in 1% HA/chitosan scaffold. After implanted in vivo, EGFP-transfected HPLCs not only proliferate but also recruit surrounding tissue to grow in the scaffold. The degradation of the scaffold significantly decreased in the presence of HA. This study demonstrated the potential of HA/ chitosan scaffold as a good substrate candidate in periodontal tissue engineering.     

Heparinized PCL/keratin mats for vascular tissue engineering scaffold with potential of catalytic nitric oxide generation

Abstract

Heparins are capable of improving blood compatibility, enhancing HUVEC viability, while inhibiting HUASMC proliferation. Combination of biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with keratin and heparins would provide an anticoagulant and endothelialization supporting environment for vascular tissue engineering. Herein, PCL and keratin were first coelectrospun and then covalently conjugated with heparins. The resulting mats were surface-characterized by ATR-FTIR, SEM, WCA, and XPS. Cell viability data showed that the heparinized PCL/keratin mats could motivate the adhesion and growth of HUVEC, while inhibit HUASMC proliferation. In addition, these mats could prolong blood clotting time and reduce platelet adhesion as well as no erythrolysis. Interestingly, these mats could catalyze the NO donor in blood to release NO, which could enhance endothelial cell growth, while decrease smooth muscle cell proliferation and platelet adhesion. In summary, the heparinized mats would be a good candidate as a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. This study is novel in that we prepared a type of heparinized tissue scaffold that could catalyze the NO donor to release NO to regulate endothelialization without angiogenesis and thrombus formation.     

Chitosan-alginate hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

A biodegradable scaffold in tissue engineering serves as a temporary skeleton to accommodate and stimulate new tissue growth. Here we report on the development of a biodegradable porous scaffold made from naturally derived chitosan and alginate polymers with significantly improved mechanical and biological properties as compared to its chitosan counterpart. Enhanced mechanical properties were attributable to the formation of a complex structure of chitosan and alginate. Bone-forming osteoblasts readily attached to the chitosan-alginate scaffold, proliferated well, and deposited calcified matrix. The in vivo study showed that the hybrid scaffold had a high degree of tissue compatibility. Calcium deposition occurred as early as the fourth week after implantation. The chitosan-alginate scaffold can be prepared from solutions of physiological pH, which may provide a favorable environment for incorporating proteins with less risk of denaturation. Coacervation of chitosan and alginate combined with liquid-solid separation provides a scaffold with high porosity, and mechanical and biological properties suitable for rapid advancement into clinical trials.     

Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/OGP coated porous poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffold for bone tissue engineering

As one of the stimulators on bone formation, osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) improves both proliferation and differentiation of the bone cells in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this work was the preparation of three dimensional porous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold with high porosity, well interpore connectivity, and then its surface was modified by using chitosan (CS)/OGP coating for application in bone regeneration. In present study, the properties of porous PCL and CS/OGP coated PCL scaffold, including the microstructure, water absorption, porosity, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility in vitro were investigated. Results showed that the PCL and CS/OGP-PCL scaffold with an interconnected network structure have a porosity of more than 91.5, 80.8%, respectively. The CS/OGP-PCL scaffold exhibited better hydrophilicity and mechanical properties than that of uncoated PCL scaffold. Moreover, the results of cell culture test showed that CS/OGP coating could stimulate the proliferation and growth of osteoblast cells on CS/OGP-PCL scaffold. These finding suggested that the surface modification could be a effective method on enhancing cell adhesion to synthetic polymer-based scaffolds in tissue engineering application and the developed porous CS/OGP-PCL scaffold should be considered as alternative biomaterials for bone regeneration.     

壳聚糖与海藻酸钙双相陶瓷骨支架的机械性能及细胞相容性

BACKGROUND: Hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate biphasic ceramic bone has good cell compatibility, but its mechanical properties are poor. OBJECTIVE: To construct chitosan/ or calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffolds and to detect their mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. METHODS: Different concentrations of chitosan (2%, 4%, 7%, 10%) or calcium alginate (3%, 4%, 5%, 7%) were mixed with biphasic ceramic bone to prepare chitosan/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold and calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold. Their morphology and structure, coagulation time, anti-dissolution properties, shear force, compressive strength and cell compatibility were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Coagulation time: with the concentration increase, the initial and final setting time of these two kinds of composite scaffolds were prolonged to some extent. (2) Scanning electron microscopy: these two kinds of composite scaffolds showed porous microstructures with different pore sizes. (3) Anti-dissolution properties: the calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold (3%, 4%, 5%, 7%) and chitosan/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold (7%, 10%) had good anti-dissolution properties in the liquid. (4) Mechanical strength: with the concentration increase, the shear force and compressive strength of the calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold were reduced. (5) Cell compatibility: the cytotoxicity of chitosan/ or calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffolds was graded as 0-1 or 2-3, respectively. These results show that the chitosan/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold has better mechanical properties and cell compatibility than the calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold.      

Potential use of collagen-chitosan-hyaluronan tri-copolymer scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering

A three-dimensional biodegradable porous scaffold plays a vital role in a tissue engineering approach. Collagen, chitosan and hyaluronan (HA) are natural extracellular matrix (ECM) or similarity, and may provide appropriate environment for the generation of cartilage-like tissue. In this study, we prepared a collagen/chitosan/HA tri-copolymer porous scaffold by freezing and lyophilization to evaluate physico-chemical properties of the tri-copolymer scaffold and its capacity to sustain chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation in vitro. The results show that the mechanical strength, the resistance to enzymatic degradation, and the waterblinding capacity were improved when chitosan and hyaluronan were incorporated into a collagen scaffold. After 21 days of culture, the porous scaffold had been surfaced with cartilaginous tissue. DNA and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) contents were significantly higher during culture periods in collagen/ chitosan/hyaluronan matrix compared to collagen alone matrix, and most seeded cells preserved the chondrocytic phenotype during culture within the scaffold. The collagen/chitosan/hyaluronan tri-copolymer scaffold has potential applications in a cartilage tissue engineering scaffold field.