解脲脲原体对四环素类药物的耐药性及tet M耐药基因研究

目的探讨目前解脲脲原体对四环素类药物的耐药性及其与tetM耐药基因的关系。方法对分离自临床妇产科和性病门诊患者的解脲脲原体株,经鉴定确认后,采用微量肉汤稀释法检测其四环素和米诺环素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),根据药敏结果分层随机抽取部分菌株,采用PCR技术扩增四环素耐药基因tetM。结果解脲脲原体的米诺环素和四环素MIC50(50%菌株被抑制所需抗生素浓度)分别为<0.062 5 mg/L和<0.125 mg/L;MIC90(90%菌株被抑制所需抗生素浓度)分别为0.125 mg/L和1 mg/L;在34株非四环素耐药的解脲脲原体菌株中,有7株检测到tetM基因。tetM基因阳性组的四环素和米诺环素的MIC水平比tetM阴性组高,且差异有统计学意义(四环素:t=4.34,P=0.000 1;米诺环素:t=5.90,P<0.000 1)。结论在江苏部分地区四环素类药物可以重新作为治疗解脲脲原体感染的一线药物,尤其是米诺环素的抗菌效果较好;在非四环素耐药的解脲脲原体菌株中也存在tetM基因的携带,且影响其MIC的提高。     

167株男性解脲脲原体耐药性分析

目的监测山西省大同市第四人民医院检验科皮肤性病门诊男性患者尿道分泌物中分离的解脲脲原体（Ureaplasma urealyticum,Uu）对常见抗菌药物的耐药性和耐药变迁,为泌尿生殖道解脲脲原体感染者提供参考依据,更好地指导临床合理用药。方法对2010年1月～2012年12月皮肤性病门诊男性患者尿道分泌物中分离的167株解脲脲原体的红霉素、左氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、氧氟沙星、克拉霉素、罗红霉素、阿奇霉素、交沙霉素、司帕沙星、美满霉素、强力霉素、甲砜霉素12种抗菌药物耐药检测结果进行分析。结果 167株解脲脲原体耐药率为94.60%,其中耐3种药最高（22.20%）,耐9种药、耐11种药和耐12种药最低（均为1.20%）,耐药率由高到低依次是红霉素81.40%、左氧氟沙星55.10%、洛美沙星46.10%、氧氟沙星44.30%、克拉霉素34.10%、罗红霉素31.70%、阿奇霉素30.50%、交沙霉素28.10%、司帕沙星27.50%、美满霉素16.80%、强力霉素16.80%、甲砜霉素15.60%,除美满霉素外,解脲脲原体对上述抗生素耐药率,均有逐年升高趋势。结论解脲脲原体的耐药率较高,并有逐年升高的趋势,临床医生应根据药敏试验结果合理应用抗生素,对降低耐药率,有效控制疾病具有重要的意义。     

2012-2014年广州地区沙眼衣原体常用抗菌药的敏感性测定北大核心

目的 2012年1月至2014年11月保存的泌尿生殖道沙眼衣原体临床株对几种临床常用代表药物的体外敏感性进行检测和对比,分析药物敏感性的变化情况。方法用McCoy细胞培养法,以能够抑制沙眼衣原体包涵体生长的最低药物浓度为该药对沙眼衣原体的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。对扩增后感染率达90%以上的70株菌株进行MIC值测定。结果喹诺酮类药物MIC值2012年组明显高于其他两组,已达耐药水平。2013年组及2014年组MIC值明显下降,抗菌活性恢复到敏感水平。各组的MIC90分别为:2012年组:左氧氟沙星MIC90=8.0mg/L,司帕沙星MIC90=5.12mg/L,莫西沙星MIC90=2.0mg/L。2013年组:左氧氟沙星MIC90=0.5mg/L,司帕沙星MIC90<0.04mg/L,莫西沙星MIC90=0.0032mg/L。2014年组:左氧氟沙星MIC90=0.5mg/L,司帕沙星MIC90<0.04mg/L,莫西沙星MIC90<0.0016mg/L。另外,2013年及2014年组阿奇霉素的MIC90较2012年组升高4倍,但仍属于敏感水平,分别为:2012年:0.0064mg/L;2013年:0.025mg/L;2014年:0.025mg/L。其余药物三组间MIC值大致相同。结论 2013年及2014年组较2012年组喹诺酮类药物的MIC值有明显下降,提示敏感性有提高。四环素类及大环内酯类药物的敏感性无明显变化。     

2012-2014年广州地区沙眼衣原体常用抗菌药的敏感性测定

目的 2012年1月至2014年11月保存的泌尿生殖道沙眼衣原体临床株对几种临床常用代表药物的体外敏感性进行检测和对比,分析药物敏感性的变化情况。方法用McCoy细胞培养法,以能够抑制沙眼衣原体包涵体生长的最低药物浓度为该药对沙眼衣原体的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。对扩增后感染率达90%以上的70株菌株进行MIC值测定。结果喹诺酮类药物MIC值2012年组明显高于其他两组,已达耐药水平。2013年组及2014年组MIC值明显下降,抗菌活性恢复到敏感水平。各组的MIC90分别为:2012年组:左氧氟沙星MIC90=8.0mg/L,司帕沙星MIC90=5.12mg/L,莫西沙星MIC90=2.0mg/L。2013年组:左氧氟沙星MIC90=0.5mg/L,司帕沙星MIC900.04mg/L,莫西沙星MIC90=0.0032mg/L。2014年组:左氧氟沙星MIC90=0.5mg/L,司帕沙星MIC900.04mg/L,莫西沙星MIC900.0016mg/L。另外,2013年及2014年组阿奇霉素的MIC90较2012年组升高4倍,但仍属于敏感水平,分别为:2012年:0.0064mg/L;2013年:0.025mg/L;2014年:0.025mg/L。其余药物三组间MIC值大致相同。结论 2013年及2014年组较2012年组喹诺酮类药物的MIC值有明显下降,提示敏感性有提高。四环素类及大环内酯类药物的敏感性无明显变化。     

江门地区解脲脲原体和人型支原体对8种抗生素的敏感性测定及其与tetM基因检测的评价

目的 了解解脲脲原体(Uu)和人型支原体(Mh)对8种抗生素敏感性，检测其terM基因并进行比较。探讨其临床及实验意义。方法 以微量肉汤稀释法进行抗生素敏感性测定，以聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测tetM基因。结果 对Uu分离株：四环素和强力霉素药物浓度(MIC50)分别为0．5μg／ml和0．125μg／ml，耐药率分别为27％、26％；交沙霉素效果最好，耐药率为0。对Mh分离株：四环素、强力霉素MIC50分别为1μg／ml和0．06μg／ml，耐药率分别为40％和10％；交沙霉素效果最好，耐药率为0。Uu、Mh分离株的tetM阳性检测率分别为25％和36％。结论 Uu、Mh分离株对四环素、强力霉素的敏感性较差，对交沙霉素敏感性最好；载有tetM株可能成为耐药株。     

生殖支原体、解脲脲原体对12种抗生素的药物敏感性分析

目的提高非淋菌性尿道炎（NGU）临床合理用药率。方法对61株生殖支原体（Mg）、252株解脲脲原体（Uu）行12种抗生素的药物敏感性试验。结果 Mg对阿奇霉素、美满霉素、克拉霉素、强力霉素、罗红霉素、交沙霉素的敏感性较高。Uu对强力霉素、美满霉素、克拉霉素、交沙霉素、四环素、阿奇霉素的敏感性较高。Mg、Uu对喹诺酮类药物均不敏感。结论对NGU患者不宜采用喹诺酮类药物作为经验治疗;宜根据药物敏感性结果足量足疗程使用抗菌药物,无药物敏感试验参考时,可使用美满霉素、克拉霉素、强力霉素、交沙霉素、阿奇霉素治疗。     

解脲脲原体生物群分布与耐药性差异研究

目的 了解本地区泌尿生殖道感染人群中解脲脲原体感染的生物群分布特点及其耐药情况。方法 采用液体选择培养基对泌尿道分泌物标本进行培养、鉴定及药敏;选取解脲脲原体阳性标本进行PCR分群和分型;分析各生物群型别及其耐药性差异。结果 985例检测标本中,单独解脲脲原体阳性395例,总阳性率为40.10%,其中女性368例,男性27例,其阳性率分别为42.45%、22.88%,女性阳性率高于男性,其差异有显著统计学意义(χ²=16.550,P<0.01)。395例单独解脲脲原体阳性标本作PCR分群分型显示,单独生物一群阳性278例,阳性率为70.89%;单独生物二群阳性80例,阳性率为20.25%。单独生物一群中以单一血清6型(121例,43.21%)、3/14型(96例,35.53%)感染为主。单独生物二群均为混合血清型感染,基因亚型1(血清型2、5、8、9)和亚型3(血清型7、11)混合感染(49例,61.25%);基因亚型2(血清型4、10、12、13)和亚型3(血清型7、11)混合感染共检出(31例,38.75%)。结合药敏结果发现,解脲脲原体对喹诺酮类药物耐药率较高,对四环素类药物较敏感,且多重耐药现象严重。生物一群对司帕沙星的耐药性高于生物二群,二者差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.701,P=0.017<0.05),且生物一群对米诺环素、多西环素、阿奇霉素的耐药性远高于生物二群,其差异有显著统计学意义(χ²=10.811,χ²=19.103,χ²=7.541,P均<0.01)。进一步结合分型结果发现,生物一群中单一血清型S6耐药率最高的抗菌药为氧氟沙星(76.86%),S1型耐药率最高的抗菌药为罗红霉素(95.74%),S3/14型耐药率最高的抗菌药为罗红霉素和阿奇霉素(均为86.46%)。结论 泌尿生殖道感染人群中解脲脲原体阳性率较高,女性高于男性,以生物一群单一血清型感染为主;本地区耐药形势严峻,生物一群耐药性高于生物二群;生物一群中各血清型的耐药性存在不同程度的差异。结合解脲脲原体生物分群分型结果可辅助合理选用抗菌药物,以避免滥用致耐药株产生。     

鸟分枝杆菌复合群对16种抗感染药物药敏试验的分析

目的 通过比较3种新型喹诺酮类药物(西他沙星、加替沙星和莫西沙星)与其他13种抗感染药物对鸟分枝杆菌复合群(MAC)分离株的体外活性,初步探讨喹诺酮类药物用于治疗MAC疾病的可能性.方法 琼脂梯度稀释法测定上述16种抗感染药物对MAC分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),比较其能抑制90%菌株生长的MIC(MIC90).结果 与胞内分枝杆菌相比,鸟分枝杆菌菌株的MIC范围分布更广,且MIC90多高于胞内分枝杆菌.4种大环内酯类药物中,克拉霉素对鸟分枝杆菌和胞内分枝杆菌的MIC90最低,分别为32和16 mg/L;4种利福霉素类化合物中利福拉齐对鸟分枝杆菌和胞内分枝杆菌的MIC90最低,分别为0.5和0.25 mg/L;5种喹诺酮类药物中西他沙星对鸟分枝杆菌和胞内分枝杆菌的MIC90最低,均为4 mg/L,加替沙星和莫西沙星均为8 mg/L.2株克拉霉素敏感株(MIC=0.5 mg/L)对其他抗感染药物均接近或达到MIC范围的下限,3株克拉霉素不敏感株(MIC=64 mg/L)对除喹诺酮类以外的抗感染药物均接近MIC范围的上限.结论 利福拉齐、西他沙星、加替沙星和莫西沙星对MAC分离株具有较强的体外活性.     

氟喹诺酮类药物对动物源MRSA和MSSA的防耐药变异浓度比较

目的比较4种氟喹诺酮类药物对动物源性MRSA和MSSA的耐药突变体的选择能力。方法采用琼脂平板稀释法分别测定环丙沙星、左氧沙星、加替沙星和吉米沙星对MRSA和MSSA的MIC值和MPC值,并计算MIC90和MPC90。结果 4种氟喹诺酮药物对85株动物源性MSSA的MPC90值分别为4mg/L、2mg/L、0.5mg/L、0.5mg/L,加替沙星的MPC90/MIC90比值最小;对21株动物源性MRSA的MPC90值分别为128mg/L、64mg/L、16mg/L、8mg/L,吉米沙星的MPC90/MIC90比值最小。结论对动物源性MSSA,加替沙星防耐药突变能力优于其它,加替沙星和吉米沙星单药能有效限制耐药突变株的选择,而左氧沙星和环丙沙星则易选择耐药菌株。对动物源性MRSA,4种药物单药给药均不能有效限制耐药突变株的选择。     

非淋病性尿道炎患者解脲脲原体耐药性分析

目的：通过调查非淋病性尿道炎患者解脲脲原体（Uu）感染现状及耐药性,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供实验依据。方法：采用法国生物梅里埃公司Mycoplasma IST2支原体试剂盒对1897例非淋病性尿道炎患者进行支原体培养和药敏试验。结果：Uu阳性检出率为43.2%（819/1897）。Uu对喹诺酮类抗菌药物环丙沙星、氧氟沙星敏感率最低,分别为14.8%、24.7%;对原始霉素、强力霉素、交沙霉素敏感率较高,分别为100%、100%、97.4%;对红霉素、四环素敏感率分别为62.5%、91.4%;对阿奇霉素、克拉霉素敏感率均为75.9%。结论：Uu为非淋病性尿道炎的重要病原体,必须加强耐药性检测,以有效控制Uu感染。     

泌尿生殖道解脲支原体合并人型支原体感染耐药性分析

目的 了解本地区泌尿生殖道解脲支原体(Uu)对9种抗菌药的敏感性及Uu合并人型支原体(MH)感染后的耐药性变化.方法 支原体鉴定及药敏采用体外液体培养法.试剂盒由珠海丽珠生物公司提供.实验步骤按试剂盒操作手册进行.结果 检测出Uu单独感染阳性病例33例,UU合并MH感染病例27例.Uu合并MH感染组对克拉霉素、阿奇霉素...     

粪肠球菌感染抗菌药物联合应用的体外效应研究

目的　评价万古霉素、奈替米星、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和加替沙星 6种抗菌药物分别与第一代头孢菌素头孢硫脒联合用药 ,对于临床分离的粪肠球菌 (Enterococcusfaecalis,Ef)的体外联合抗菌效应。方法　采用棋盘法设计 ,微量肉汤稀释法测定。测定不同浓度组合的 6组抗菌药物对 30株临床分离的革兰阳性球菌的最低抑菌浓度 ,并计算FIC指数。FIC≤ 0 .5为协同作用 ,0 .5 2为拮抗作用。结果　头孢硫脒对粪肠球菌的MIC50 为 2～ 8mg L ,与万古霉素、奈替米星、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、加替沙星联合应用后 ,其MIC50 分别显著地降低至 0 .1 2 5 ,0 .2 5 ,0 .2 5 ,0 .2 5 ,0 .2 5 ,0 .2 5mg L。FIC指数分布 :FIC≤ 0 .5占 50 %～ 86 .7% ;0 .5 2为 0。结论　 6种抗菌药物与头孢硫脒分别联合用药后 ,对粪肠球菌基本表现为协同作用和相加作用 ,并以协同作用为主 ,无关作用较少 ,无拮抗作用     

Activity Analyses of Staphylococcal Isolates From Pediatric, Adult, and Elderly Patients: AWARE Ceftaroline Surveillance Program

Ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin with bactericidal activity against resistant Gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and common Gram-negative organisms. We evaluated the activity of ceftaroline and various antimicrobial agents against S. aureus isolates according to patient age. A total of 2143 consecutive unique patient strains of clinical significance were collected between January and December 2010 from 65 US medical centers as part of the Assessing Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance Evaluation (AWARE) Program. Ceftaroline and various comparator agents were tested by reference Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods. Ceftaroline was consistently active against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (MIC(50), 0.25 μg/mL; MIC(90), 0.25 μg/mL; 100.0% susceptible) and MRSA (MIC(50), 0.50 μg/mL, MIC(90), 1 μg/mL; 98.4% susceptible) from all age groups. In general, resistance rates to erythromycin, clindamycin, and levofloxacin were higher in the population aged ≥65 years, whereas resistance rates to clindamycin and levofloxacin were lowest among isolates from patients aged 6-17 years. When tested against MSSA, levofloxacin resistance was higher among isolates from patients aged ≥65 years (16.1%) than among isolates from the other age groups (6.1%-10.5%), and ceftaroline was generally 16-fold more active than ceftriaxone (MIC(50), 4 μg/mL; MIC(90), 4 μg/mL; 97.9% susceptible overall). Ceftaroline (MIC(50), 0.50 μg/mL; MIC(/90), 1 μg/mL), daptomycin (MIC(50), 0.25 μg/mL; MIC(90), 0.5 μg/mL), linezolid (MIC(50), 1 μg/mL; MIC(90), 1 μg/mL), and vancomycin (MIC(50), 1 μg/mL(;) MIC(90), 1 μg/mL) were the most active compounds tested against MRSA strains, and the activity of these compounds did not vary significantly among the age groups. In contrast, susceptibility rates to clindamycin and levofloxacin varied from 94.0% and 60.7% (aged 6-17 years), respectively, to only 57.6% and 15.1% (aged ≥65 years), respectively, among MRSA strains. The results of this study showed major differences in the susceptibility rates to clindamycin and levofloxacin according to patient age group. The results also indicate that ceftaroline is highly active against MSSA and MRSA isolated from US medical centers, independent of patient age group.     

万古霉素等十种抗生素对耐苯唑西林葡萄球菌的体外活性比较

为了比较万古霉素等１０种抗生素对１９９５年分离的９５株耐苯唑西林的金黄色葡萄球菌和７２株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的体外活性，用ＮＣＣＬＳ颁布的琼脂稀释法测ＭＩＣ。结果受检的１０种抗生素中万古霉素的活性最好，其ＭＩＣ５０及ＭＩＣ９０分别为１ｍｇ／Ｌ及２ｍｇ／Ｌ，平均值为１２４ｍｇ／Ｌ；耐药率为０％。其次为壁霉素，其ＭＩＣ５０及ＭＩＣ９０分别为２ｍｇ／Ｌ及８ｍｇ／Ｌ，平均值为２５１ｍｇ／Ｌ；耐药率为２％。利福平ＭＩＣ５０及ＭＩＣ９０分别为０１２５ｍｇ／Ｌ及３２ｍｇ／Ｌ，平均值为０２２ｍｇ／Ｌ；耐药率为１４％。其它依ＭＩＣ９０的大小排序，为氧氟沙星，甲氧苄啶，红霉素，庆大霉素，磷霉素，磺胺甲恶唑等。用柱状图显示了前三种药的ＭＩＣ值的分离，万古霉素具有良好的分散性，全部落在敏感区，且为单峰。结果表明万古霉素对ＭＲＳＡ和ＭＲＳＣｏＮ有良好的抗菌活性。     

左氧氟沙星联合阿米卡星对肺炎克雷伯菌耐药突变选择窗的研究

目的探讨左氧氟沙星联合阿米卡星对肺炎克雷伯菌突变选择窗(MSW)的影响。方法琼脂倍比稀释法测定左氧氟沙星及其与阿米卡星联合对30株肺炎克雷伯菌的防突变浓度(MPC)和最低抑菌浓度(MIC),计算并比较左氧氟沙星单独及其与阿米卡星联合对肺炎克雷伯菌的选择指数(SI)。结果与阿米卡星联合,使左氧氟沙星对肺炎克雷伯菌的MPC范围由2～16 mg/l降至1～8 mg/L,MPC50由2 mg/L降至1 mg/L,MPC90由8 mg/L降至2 mg/L,P<0.01;左氧氟沙星单药及与联合阿米卡星对肺炎克雷伯菌的选择指数(SI)范围均在2～64,两组SI50均为16;SI90均为32,P>0.05;左氧氟沙星联合阿米卡星组较左氧氟沙星组SI降低的菌株有15株,无变化的有11株,增高的为4株。结论联合阿米卡星可降低左氧氟沙星对肺炎克雷伯菌的MPC,主要使左氧氟沙星对肺炎克雷伯菌的MSW变窄。     

β-Lactamase production and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Moraxella catarrhalis isolates: report from Pakistan

ObjectiveTo assess the frequency of β-lactamase production and antimicrobial resistance in Moraxella catarrhalis isolated from clinical specimens in Pakistan.MethodsThis cross sectional study (January to December 2010) was conducted in clinical microbiology laboratory of Aga Khan University Hospital. A total of 97 clinical respiratory specimens growing Moraxella catarrhalis were included. Frequency of β-lactamase production and antimicrobial resistance rates against ampicillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline were noted by performing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MICs were calculated as MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀.Resultsβ-Lactamase production was detected in 84% of isolates, which correlated well with high MIC of ampicillin. Majority of isolates were susceptible to erythromycin (97%) and tetracycline (96%) with MIC₉₀=0.12 mg/L and MIC₉₀=1 mg/L respectively. All isolates were found susceptible to ciprofloxacin (MIC₉₀=0.06 mg/L).ConclusionsResult suggests that empirical use of ampicillin should be discouraged while treating respiratory tract infections. This also emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance in order to detect emerging resistance in Moraxella isolates.     

Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected in Belgium during winter 2000-2001

A total of 314 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected by 10 different laboratories were tested for their susceptibility by using a microdilution technique following NCCLS recommendations. The following antibiotics were included: penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, miocamycin, clindamycin and tetracycline. The insusceptibility rate (IR) to penicillin was 21.0% [10.8% intermediate (> or = 0.12-1 microgram/mL) and 10.2% high-level (> or = 2 micrograms/mL)], to cefotaxime 7.3% [3.5% intermediate (> or = 1 microgram/mL) and 3.8% high-level (> or = 2 micrograms/mL)], to imipenem 3.8% [3.8% intermediate (> or = 0.25-0.5 microgram/mL) and 0% high-level (> or = 1 microgram/mL)], to ciprofloxacin 11.2% [8.3% intermediate (2 micrograms/mL) and 3.9% high-level (> or = 4 micrograms/mL)], to erythromycin 30.3% [3.5% intermediate (0.5 microgram/mL) and 26.8% high-level (> or = 1 microgram/mL)] and to tetracycline 38.5% [0.9% intermediate (4 micrograms/mL) and 37.6% high-level (> or = 8 micrograms/mL)]. No decreased susceptibility was found for gemifloxacin (> or = 0.5 microgram/mL). This compound was the most active with MIC50, MIC90 and an IR of 0.015 microgram/mL, 0.03 microgram/mL and 0% respectively, followed by amoxicillin/clavulanate, amoxicillin and imipenem (MIC50, MIC90 and IR: 0.015 microgram/mL, 1 microgram/mL, 1.6%/0.015 microgram/mL, 1 microgram/mL, 1.9%/0.008 microgram/mL, 0.12 microgram/mL, 3.8% respectively). Compared to the 1999 surveillance, penicillin and tetracycline-insusceptibility increased with 4.9% and 15.6% respectively, while cefotaxime, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin insusceptibility decreased with 5.4%, 5.8% and 4.4% respectively. MICs of all beta-lactams rose with those of penicillin for penicillin-insusceptible isolates. Imipenem, cefotaxime, amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate were generally 4, 2, 1 and 1 doubling dilutions respectively more potent than penicillin on these isolates while ampicillin, cefuroxime and cefactor were generally 1, 2 and 4 dilutions respectively [table: see text] less potent. Most penicillin-insusceptible isolates remained fully susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate (92.4%), amoxicillin (90.9%) and imipenem (81.8%). Erythromycin-tetracycline insusceptibility was the most common resistance phenotype (14.3%). Three- and four-fold resistance was found in 12.4% and 1.6% respectively of the isolates. Most penicillin-insusceptible isolates were of capsular types 14 (22.7%), 23 (21.2%), 6 (18.2%), 9 (13.6%) and 19 (12.1%).