帕金森病患者睡眠障碍的多导睡眠图研究

目的 了解帕金森病（Parkinson disease，PD）睡眠障碍的多导睡眠图（PSG）监测表现及睡眠结构、进程特点。方法 对42例临床确诊的PD患者和40名健康对照者行全夜PSG监测，分析比较各项睡眠结构、进程参数及快速眼动睡眠（REM）期视频监测特点。结果 经PSG监测发现，PD组入睡困难、睡眠破碎、白天过度嗜睡等的发生率（分别为73．8％、59．5％、46．1％）均高于对照组（P〈0．05）；PD组患者总睡眠时间、非快速眼动睡眠2期、REM潜伏期、睡眠效率、睡眠纺锤波密度较对照组缩短或降低（P值分别为0．000、0．000、0．045、0．000、0．000），睡眠潜伏期、觉醒时间、觉醒次数、〉5min的觉醒次数、Epworth嗜睡量表评分均延长或增加（P值分别为0．022、0．000、0．007、0．001、0．ooo）。另外，监测中发现PD组有6例（14．3％）出现睡眠始发REM时段，而对照组无一例出现。PD组中有36例（85．7％）在REM睡眠中呈现肌电活动不消失（RWA），其中19例出现REM期睡眠行为障碍（RBD）；对照组有6例出现RWA，其中2例出现RBD。统计学分析显示，PD组RWA、RBD的发生率（分别为85．7％、45．2％）与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 研究显示PD患者睡眠结构、睡眠进程等多项睡眠参数改变；PD患者中RBD发生率高，其临床症状表现形式多样，且很多时候RBD可先于PD的其他症状而早期出现。     

睡眠时相相关阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停对急性脑梗死患者睡眠结构及预后的影响

目的 探讨REM期与非快动眼睡眠（non-rapid eye movement，NREM）期相关OSA对急性脑梗死（acute ischemic stroke，AIS）患者睡眠结构及预后的影响。 方法 回顾性收集2011年2月-2018年8月于苏州大学附属第二医院就诊且完成PSG的AIS患者，收集 的数据包括一般资料，情绪、认知、睡眠量表评估，MRI 、PSG检查，出院时功能恢复情况（应用NI HSS 量表和mRS量表评估）及3个月预后（应用mRS量表评估）。根据总睡眠期、REM期和NREM期睡眠AHI， 将患者分为单纯脑梗死组、脑梗死合并REM期相关OSA组和脑梗死合并NREM期相关OSA组，对3组一 般资料、临床量表评分、睡眠数据及预后情况进行单因素和多因素分析，观察睡眠不同时相OSA对患 者睡眠结构及预后的影响。 结果 最终纳入110例患者，其中单纯脑梗死组30例（27.3%），脑梗死合并REM期相关OSA组15例 （13.6%），脑梗死合并NREM期相关OSA组65例（59.1%）。脑梗死合并NREM期相关OSA组BMI高于单纯 脑梗死组。脑梗死组病灶部位多位于大脑半球，脑梗死合并REM期相关OSA组病灶依次位于脑干、大 脑半球、间脑。与单纯脑梗死组相比，脑梗死合并NREM期相关OSA组NREM1期睡眠时间及比例高， 慢波睡眠时间及比例低。与脑梗死合并REM期相关OSA组相比较，脑梗死合并NREM期相关OSA组微 觉醒指数、呼吸相关微觉醒指数、自发相关微觉醒指数高，上述差异均具有统计学意义。各组间3个 月后mRS评分差异无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析提示入院时高NIHSS评分、低受教育水平、高BMI是脑 梗死患者预后不良的独立危险因素。 结论 NREM期相关OSA会改变脑梗死患者的睡眠结构，使其浅睡眠1期延长，深睡眠（NREM 3期 和4期）缩短，睡眠片段化，此种改变可能会导致脑梗死患者预后更差。     

脑梗死和失眠症患者的多导睡眠图对照研究

为探讨脑梗死和失眠症患睡眠参数改变的生物学特点，对30例脑梗死和30例失眠症患及22名正常人，采用多导睡眠图进行通宵睡眠描记，对照分析相关睡眠参数。结果，脑梗死组和失眠症组均有睡眠潜伏期延长，夜间觉醒次数多，总睡眠时间减少，深睡眠和REM睡眠及REM活动度降低的特点（P＜0．05－0．01），脑梗死组和失眠症组有关睡眠参数比较也具有差异性（P＜0．05－0．01）。提示，脑梗死组和失眠症组两睡眠参数皆有特征性改变，这些改变特点是脑梗死和失眠症睡眠障碍的病理生理学基础。     

脑梗塞患者的多导睡眠图研究

目的：探讨脑梗塞病人睡眠参数改变与临床的关系。方法：应用多导睡眠图对40例脑梗塞患者进行监测，并与22例正常人比较。结果：脑梗塞病人睡眠潜伏期延长，总睡眠时间减少，睡眠效率低，夜间醒转次数多，REM睡眠时间减少，REM活动度及密度降低。结论：脑梗塞病人睡眠减少可能与脑血流灌注不足有关，记忆减退与REM睡眠减少有关。     

伴中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的抑郁症患者多导睡眠监测特点

目的 探讨伴中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的抑郁症患者多导睡眠监测（PSG）特点。方法 回顾性分析2017年12月-2019年10月在苏州市广济医院睡眠医学中心完成整夜多导睡眠监测（PSG）的门诊和住院患者以及健康体检人群,从中筛选出四组被试,分别为伴中重度OSAHS的抑郁症患者（n=31）、不伴OSAHS的抑郁症患者（n=79）、中重度OSAHS患者（n=96）和正常对照组（n=32）。比较四组被试睡眠进程相关指标（总睡眠时间、睡眠潜伏期、觉醒次数）和睡眠结构相关指标（N1、N2、N3期及REM期占总睡眠时间的比例,REM潜伏期、REM期持续时间）以及睡眠呼吸相关指标（氧减指数）等参数。结果 睡眠进程方面,四组被试总睡眠时间、睡眠潜伏期和觉醒次数差异均有统计学意义（F=2.874、3.959、12.291,P<0.05或0.01）。睡眠结构方面,四组被试N2期、N3期占总睡眠时间比例差异均有统计学意义（F=13.885、48.013,P均<0.01）;四组被试REM潜伏期、REM期持续时间、REM期占总睡眠时间比例差异均有统计学意义（F=41.492、11.827、10.552,P均<0.01）。睡眠呼吸相关指标方面,四组被试氧减指数差异有统计学意义（F=170.585,P<0.05）。结论 伴中重度OSAHS的抑郁症患者存在严重的睡眠进程和结构紊乱,同时伴有更频繁和更严重的呼吸相关事件。     

28例路易体痴呆患者的视频-多导睡眠图分析

目的研究路易体痴呆（DLB）患者的视频～多导睡眠图,探讨路易体痴呆患者的睡眠结构。方法对临床诊断DLB28例及正常对照28人进行研究。所有入组者均进行简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）和视频～多导睡眠图（Video-PSG）监测。结果（1）睡眠结构分析：与对照组相比,DLB组总睡眠间期时间（SPT）减少,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;总睡眠时间（TST）减少、睡眠效率（SE）下降、总醒觉时间（TWT）、入睡后清醒时间（WASO）增多、1期睡眠时间（TS1）、2期睡眠时间（TS2）、NREM睡眠时间（TNREMS）和REM睡眠时间（TREMS）均明显减少,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;（2）睡眠呼吸事件分析：DLB组与对照组相比,各项指标差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;（3）其他睡眠事件分析：与对照组相比,DLB组睡眠期周期性肢体运动次数（PLMS）、快动眼睡眠行为异常（RBD）明显增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论DLB患者存在睡眠结构紊乱,睡眠异常行为亦很常见。视频-多导睡眠图对于研究DLB患者的睡眠障碍很有帮助。     

急性脑梗死患者睡眠结构的变化

目的 研究急性脑梗死患者睡眠结构的变化及影响因素.方法 采用加拿大产stellate Harmoaie system视频多导睡眠仪对86例急性脑梗死患者的睡眠进行全夜监测,并与63例正常相同年龄范围人群对照.结果 与对照组相比,急性脑梗死患者的总睡眠时间(TST)、睡眠效率(SE)、快速动眼期(REM)均明显减少(P＜0.01),而觉醒期(WASO)明显增加(P＜0.01).65.1%(56/86)脑梗死合并伴有睡眠呼吸紊乱(SRDB),伴有SRBD患者的S1期睡眠明显增加(P＜0.05),快速动眼期(REM)明显减少(P＜0.05),而且重度SRBD的脑梗死患者的总睡眠时间(TST)、Sl期睡眠、REM潜伏期(RL)明显高于轻度SRBD患者.与皮层下,脑干、小脑比较,大脑皮层梗死者的睡眠质量最差(P＜0.05).神经功能缺损的程度与快速眼动(REM)睡眠时间呈负相关(r2=0.537,P=0.00).结论 急性脑梗死患者存在着明显的睡眠效率低和睡眠结构的紊乱,与睡眠呼吸紊乱程度、梗死的部位及神经功能缺损程度有关.常规筛查和评估脑梗死后的睡眠功能,尽早干预,有可能改变脑梗死的不良转归.     

失眠症患者睡眠质量及多导睡眠图研究

目的调查分析失眠症患者主、客观睡眠状况及睡眠质量。方法采用睡眠状况自评量表和多导睡眠图监测仪对27例失眠症患者和20例正常对照组分别进行睡眠质量评定和整夜多导睡眠图描记,次日晨完成早晨问卷。结果失眠症组睡眠问题多于对照组(P<0.01)。失眠症组总睡眠时间(TST),睡眠效率、REM睡眠时间、睡眠维持率、N3时间、N3%均低于对照组(P<0.05或0.01),睡后觉醒时间、觉醒次数、N2%、觉睡比、微觉醒总时间均高于对照组(P<0.01)。失眠症组入睡困难因子与睡眠维持率负相关(r=-0.44,P<0.05),与微觉醒总时间正相关(r=0.49,P<0.05);服药情况因子与觉醒次数、睡眠潜伏期、REM潜伏期、N2时间及N2%正相关(r=0.41～0.66,P<0.05或0.01),与REM睡眠时间及比例、N3时间及N3%负相关(r=-0.53～-0.41,P<0.05或0.01)。SRSS总分与N2%正相关(r=0.47,P<0.05),与睡眠维持率负相关(r=-0.41,P<0.05)。失眠症组的主观睡眠潜伏期大于客观睡眠潜伏期(P<0.01),主观总睡眠时间少于客观睡眠时间(P<0.01),而对照组主客观睡眠潜伏期、睡眠时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论失眠症患者的睡眠质量比较差,存在入睡过长、频繁觉醒、深睡眠及REM睡眠减少等睡眠问题。同时对自身睡眠状况的评价存在主、客观的不平衡,失眠症患者有过分估计自己失眠的特点。     

强迫症患者的Quisi睡眠监测研究

目的 探讨强迫症患者Quisi睡眠参数的变化特征.方法 应用德国Quisi仪对27例强迫症(OCD)患者的Quisi进行全夜监测,并与33名正常受试者(NC)对照.结果 与正常成人组比较,OCD组Quisi主要表现为REM睡眠潜伏期前移,REM活动度,REM强度,REM密度和第1阶段睡眠均增加以及睡眠潜伏期延迟和睡眠效率降低.结论 在缺乏相关设备的基层医院,Quisi技术可用于对强迫症的检测.     

抑郁症患者睡眠障碍与血浆增食欲素A的关系

目的 探讨抑郁症患者睡眠障碍与血浆增食欲素A的关系,以期为抑郁症睡眠障碍的干预提供理论基础.方法 67例抑郁症患者行24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)评定,根据睡眠情况分为睡眠障碍组(研究组,n=37)及非睡眠障碍组(阳性对照组,n =30),多导睡眠图检测睡眠情况,放射免疫法检测血浆增食欲素-A水平,并与26例健康体检者进行对比(阴性对照组).结果 与正常对照组及非睡眠障碍组比较,抑郁症睡眠障碍组患者HAMD抑郁量表评分及血浆Orexin-A水平均明显增加(P＜ 0.05,P＜0.01);总睡眠时间减少,睡眠潜伏期长,觉醒次数及时间增多,睡眠效率及维持率明显下降,浅睡(S1期睡眠)增加而深睡(S3、S4期睡眠)减少(P＜0.05,P＜ 0.01);REM潜伏期缩短,REM睡眠时间增多,REM活动度、强度及密度明显增强(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);相关性分析表明,血浆Orexin-A水平与睡眠潜伏期、觉醒时间、觉醒次数均呈正相关(r分别为0.447、0.591、0.670,P＜0.01),与S3％+S4％呈负相关(r=-0.872).结论 睡眠障碍者抑郁程度较非睡眠障碍者更高,血浆Orexin-A水平升高可能是引起抑郁症睡眠障碍的一项重要因素,其机制可能与其促进觉醒有关.     

强迫症患者睡眠脑电图与认知功能改变的相关性研究

目的探讨强迫症患者睡眠脑电图与认知功能改变的相关性。方法对20例强迫症患者(研究组)及20例正常对照个体(对照组)进行多导睡眠脑电图、P300及韦氏智测测定,并将研究组中睡眠脑电图各参数与P300及韦氏智测各指标进行相关分析。结果与对照组相比,研究组在多导睡眠脑电图的许多指标上均有显著性差异,表现为醒起时间长、醒觉时间长、运动觉醒时间长、觉睡比(%)高、睡眠效率(%)低、睡眠维持率(%)低、快速眼动睡眠(REM)睡眠时间少、睡眠结构的第一阶段时间明显延长;睡眠脑电图的指标与P300及韦氏智测存在不同的相关性。结论强迫症患者的睡眠脑电图改变与其事件相关诱发电位P300等认知功能指标有一定相关性。     

抑郁症及其亚型的睡眠脑电图研究

目的 探讨抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图的异常改变以及抑郁闰不同亚型之间的差异。方法 采用日本光电ＲＭ－６０００多导生理记录仪,对１８例抑郁症患者和１９名健康人进行睡眠脑电图检查。结果 与对照组比较,抑郁症组出现明显的醒觉时间增多、睡眠总时间减少、晒起时间增加、睡眠效率下降、睡眠维持率下降、第一阶段睡眠百分比增加、快速眼球运动（ＲＥＭ）潜代期缩短和ＲＥＭ密度增加,经统计学处理差异均有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

Sleep disturbance in anxiety disorders

Many patients suffering from the majority of anxiety disorders complain about their sleep by reporting difficulties in initiating and maintaining it. Polysomnographic studies have shown that, in comparison to normal subjects, the sleep of patients with panic disorder is characterized by longer sleep latency, increased time awake and reduced sleep efficiency. Sleep architecture is normal and there are no significant changes in REM sleep measures. Nocturnal panic attacks are non-REM-related events and occur without an obvious trigger in 18-45% of panic disorder patients. Regarding generalized anxiety disorder, the patients complain of 'trouble sleeping' in 60-70%, while polysomnography has shown increased sleep latency and decreased sleep continuity measures. The findings in REM sleep and sleep architecture generally do not show any aberration to exist. In patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), results from the sleep laboratory do not seem to support the subjective complaints of poor sleep. The early reports of shortened REM latency in OCD could not be replicated by recent studies. A dysregulation of the REM sleep control system has been reported for patients with PTSD. Finally, no significant differences were found in all sleep parameters between social phobia patients and controls.     

Nocturnal polysomnography in obsessive–compulsive disorder

To determine if sleep abnormalities occur in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), 2 nights of sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were obtained from 13 medication-free outpatients with OCD and 13 age- and sex-matched normal volunteers. Patients were awake more on night 2 than on night 1, whereas control subjects had less time awake on night 1; no other differences between groups were found on sleep latency, sleep time, minutes of movement, sleep efficiency, rapid eye movement (REM) latency or amount of stage 1, 2, 3, or 4 or REM sleep. Within the patient group, total scores on the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale were negatively correlated with total sleep time (r=−0.51, P=0.07), sleep efficiency (r=−0.51, P=0.07), and duration of stage 1+2 sleep (r=−0.49, P=0.09) but not with REM time (r=−0.05, P=0.87) or latency (r=−0.26, P=0.39). Previous sleep studies in OCD have had divergent results, especially regarding REM latency; our results suggest that many OCD patients have essentially normal sleep EEG findings.     

Electroencephalographic sleep in mania

Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep patterns were examined in nine unmedicated patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for a current manic episode (four men and five women) for two to four consecutive nights. Compared with age- and sex-matched normal control subjects, manic patients exhibited significantly decreased total recording period, decreased time spent asleep, increased time awake in the last two hours of recording, shortened rapid eye movement (REM) latency, increased REM activity, and increased REM density. These results suggest that mania is associated with marked disturbances of sleep continuity and REM measures. Sleep continuity and REM sleep abnormalities of a similar nature and degree have been reported in major depression and psychotic depression. Thus, it is possible that various forms of affective disorders and psychotic disorders have pathophysiologic mechanisms in common.     

神经衰弱多导睡眠图的研究

本文对22例神经衰弱和29例正常成人多导睡眠图的对照研究表明:神经衰弱患者睡眠潜伏期和记录总时间延长、觉醒时间次数增加、觉睡比值增大、睡眠效率和睡眠维持率下降、REM活动量、强度和密度均增高。这些改变是神经衰弱睡眠障碍的病理生理学基础。     

Sleep disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy

The objective of this study was to evaluate sleep macrostructure and sleep disturbance in a group of 39 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Patients completed questionnaires to evaluate their sleep and subjective daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) and undergone Polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). Daytime sleepiness was the most frequent complaint (85%), followed by wakefulness during sleep, history of seizures during sleep (75%) and initial insomnia (26%). Parasomnias (67%), obstructive sleep apneas (13%), restless legs syndrome (15%) and periodic limb movements (5%) were the most frequent sleep disorders. The most frequent changes of sleep patterns were: sleep architecture fragmentation (100%), decreased amount of REM sleep (92%) and increase in time awake after sleep onset (77%). There were significative correlations between the ESS and the MSLT (p<0,05). In conclusion, TLE patients have fragmented sleep with increased sleep stages shifts, increased number of awakenings and in time awake after sleep onset. REM sleep was decreased. Daytime sleepiness was the most frequent complaint in TLE patients.     

Successful separation of depressed, normal, and insomniac subjects by EEG sleep data.

Data from all-night EEG sleep studies were used to distinguish normal subjects, primary depressed patients, and primary insomniac patients. In part 1, we compared 41 normal subjects, 56 depressed patients, and 18 insomniacs. In a univariate comparison with normal subjects, depressed patients showed less total sleep, longer sleep latency, more early morning awake time, more intermittent awake time, less delta sleep, less sleep efficiency, and shorter rapid eye movement (REM) latencies; compared with insomniacs, depressed patients showed greater early morning awake time, shorter REM latency, greater REM index, and greater REM density. Using multivariate discriminant analysis, 82% of the sample were correctly classified by diagnosis: 100% of the normal subjects, 72% of the depressed patients, and 77% of the insomniacs. Eight variables contributed to the multivariate separation of depressed individuals from insomniacs and normals: total sleep time, total recording period, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, early morning awake time, awake time, REM time and REM%. When the discriminant functions were applied to a second group of 18 primary depressed patients, 82% were correctly classified as depressed. These results suggest that primary depressed patients and primary insomniac patients may show relatively characteristic patterns of sleep abnormality.     

抑郁症、焦虑症、强迫症患者睡眠脑电图及P300的比较

目的探讨抑郁症、焦虑症、强迫症患者睡眠脑电图的差异及其与事件相关诱发电位P300关系.方法对31例抑郁症、20例焦虑症、20例强迫症患者进行多导睡眠脑电图和P300测定,将3组的多导睡眠脑电图结果与P300各指标进行相关分析.结果 (1)抑郁症、焦虑症、强迫症3组睡眠进程各个指标的差异均无统计学意义;(2)与焦虑症组和强迫症组比较,抑郁症组快速眼动(REM)睡眠的活动量小、强度低、睡眠时间少,睡眠周期数少、睡眠结构中REM睡眠比率均低,而睡眠结构的第1阶段比率高(P<0.01和<0.05);焦虑症组与强迫症组间睡眠脑电图各项指标的差异无统计学意义;(3)各组睡眠脑电图的各项指标与P300存在不同的相关性.结论抑郁症与焦虑症、强迫症睡眠结构比率和REM睡眠的特点不同,关注睡眠特别是REM睡眠的神经机制可能会进一步认识认知功能的改变.     

Sleep in untreated patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

The present meta-analysis investigated the characteristics of sleep in patients with schizophrenia without neuroleptic treatment at the time of sleep recording. The 20 selected studies included 652 participants (321 patients with schizophrenia and 331 healthy subjects). Effect sizes were evaluated using d values for the following sleep variables: sleep latency (SL), total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency index (SEI), total awake time (TAT), stage 2 percentage (S2%), stage 4 percentage, slow-wave-sleep percentage, rapid-eye-movement (REM) percentage, and REM latency. The initial meta-analysis revealed that patients with schizophrenia have the following sleep disorders: increased SL, decreased TST, and decreased SEI. A moderator analysis revealed that these sleep disorders were worse for the neuroleptic-withdrawal group relative to the never-treated group. However, only never-treated patients showed significantly increased TAT and diminished S2%. These results confirm that patients with schizophrenia have sleep disorders that are not necessarily a consequence of neuroleptic treatments, suggesting that sleep disorders are an intrinsic feature of schizophrenia. However, it must be noted that some sleep disorders may be amplified by residual effects of neuroleptic withdrawal, while others appear to be dampened by neuroleptic treatment.